山东省济南市初三年级英语学业水平考试模拟试题.doc

1、济南市2019年初三年级学业水平考试考前验收卷(考试时间：120分钟满分：150分)选择题部分共110分.听力测试A)听录音，从每组句子中选出一个你所听到的句子。每个句子听一遍。1A.I go to school by bike every day. BWheres the post office? CWhen did you come here? 2A.Have you received a letter from your mother? BHow long did Yao Ming play basketball? CHe doesnt know how to answer the qu

2、estion. 3A.I had fun at the party last night. BHe plays sports with friends every day. CI would like to tell you an interesting story. 4A.She didnt tell the answer yesterday. BI cant understand the words in this book.CWhen did Jack move to our apartment? 5A.I study English by working with my classma

3、tes. BCan you take your science book to school tomorrow? CHow far is it from your home to your school?B)听录音，从每题A、B、C三幅图画中选出与听到的对话内容相符的一项。每段对话听两遍。6.7.8.9.10. C)在录音中， 你将听到一段对话及五个问题。请根据对话内容及问题选择正确答案。对话及问题听两遍。11A.Sunny.BRainy.CCloudy. 12A.To pass his PE. test. BTo join the school team. CTo prepare for h

4、is marathon. 13A.About 10 kilometers. BAbout 42 kilometers. CAbout 70 kilometers. 14A.Four. BFive. CSix.15A.Its cool. BIts difficult. CIts great. D)在录音中， 你将听到一篇短文及五个问题。请根据短文内容及问题选择正确答案。短文及问题听两遍。16A.When theyre 6. BWhen theyre 10.CWhen theyre 12.17A.Because they have to study on weekdays.BBecause the

5、y dont have much free time on weekdays.CBecause they have nothing to do on weekends.18A.Cooking dinner for the family.BCutting grass and washing the car.CFeeding the family cat or dog.19A.Because they want to look after the younger ones.BBecause they want to get much money.CBecause they want to have

6、 more candies.20A.Getting money is not easy.BDoing chores takes time.CDoing chores is good for kids.读音选词根据所给句意和音标，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。 21Look at the little !It can finally fly in the sky. Abed Bbored Cbird Dbody 22Its hard to predict what will happen in the Afather Bfuture Cforest Dpicture 23Ou

7、r English gave us a answer.Apolite Bpaper Cperfect Dplane24I dont think the price of apartment will continue to /reIz/.Arice Brise Crace Draise25No matter when I have any , Ill ask my parents for help first.Adifficulty Bdifferent Cdiscussion Ddisagreement.选择填空从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。26Tom is honest

8、 boy. We all like him.Aa Ban Cthe D/ 27We need help at the old peoples home. you good with old people?ADo BDoes CAre DIs28The theatre will close some extra money is found.What a pity! We may not enjoy operas any more.Aor Bunless Csince Dand29 Tshirt is this? I think its Toms. AWhose BWhich CWhat DWh

9、o 30Would you like to play King of Glory with me?Oh, no. Thats the thing in the world I want to do.Aloud Blarge Clast Dlost31My friend Mike has eight pet animals. He has a rabbit, three dogs and mice.Aone BtwoCfour Dfive32The woman at the school gate Ms.Gao. She has gone to Beijing.Amust be Bmay beC

10、cant be Dcould be33Miho is student because she was born later than anyone else in her class.Ayoung B.younger Cthe younger Dthe youngest34Which of the following can help to improve the environment?35Anne, the information you gave me is really . Thank you very much.Not at all. I am happy I can help yo

11、u.Auseless BordinaryCvaluable Ddifferent36You look worried. Whats wrong? I went for a job interview yesterday and I the result.Awaited for Bwas waiting for Cam waiting for Dwill wait for37I think Mrs. Ling is the most excellent teacher in our school. . She teaches us well and cares us a lot.ASimply

12、BMainly CExactly DMostly38Its very kind of you to help me. Thank you very much.ASorry to help you very little BYou are welcomeCThank you DDont thank me 39I think Ill take a bus to the meeting.The bus? If you ， you will be late.Ado Bdoes Cwill do Ddoing40These rules are made the disabled this year.Ap

13、rotect BprotectedCto protect Dprotecting41Do you like spring or winter? . I like skating.AYes, I do BNo, I dont CSpring DWinter42 exciting news it is! Beijing will hold the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.AHow BHow an CWhat an DWhat43The window is broken and needs to be repaired.I agree. It can hardly the

14、 cold now.Agive out Btake out Cput out Dkeep out44Is that your new car?No, I have it for three years.Abought Bhad Cborrowed Dlent45I wonder . Yes, of course.Awhy we will visit this museumBwhen we will get to the museumCwhether the museum is worth visitingDwhat we can see in the museum.完形填空阅读短文，从每题A、

15、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个能填入文章中相应空白处的最佳答案。Over the past 20 years, I have watched the Lion King for more than a dozen of times.When I first watched the movie, the 46 of Mufasas death made mea sixyearold girl at that timecry, and since then, I have always skipped(跳过) that part. Later on, during my middleschool

16、years, I liked the love story part a lot, and Simba and Nala were really a 47 couple in my heart. Every time I watched the movie, I felt 48 Recently, Ive watched the Lion King again. This time, what impressed me most was the 49 of Pumbaa and Timonthey were ordinary and lived an ordinary life. Before

17、 joining Simba to regain his kingdom, all about their life were eating and singing.To me, the best lesson that Pumbaa and Timon have taught us is that 50 they know they are ordinary and their life is ordinary, they still love and enjoy it.In fact, in the real world, only quite a few people can achie

18、ve great things and become extraordinary, and the rest of us will just live our 51 life.A sentence in an article recommended by the Fair(WeChat Subscription) 52 me: by hard work, ordinary people only fight for the right to 53 their ordinary life in the ordinary world. It is cruel, but it is true (at

19、 least in my opinion)The best solution is to accept and enjoy it. I know its 54 but this is a part of growing up. Im not saying that we should not have great dreams, after all, just as Vince Lombardi has said, “Perfection is not attainable(可达到的), but if we chase perfection we can 55 excellence”. How

20、ever, I just think we should get 56 if our great dreams would never come true.I also dreamt about becoming extraordinary at a young age, same as most of my fellow classmates in primary school. In the senior high school, I was no longer one of the top students, and then, for the very first time, I re

21、alized that maybe I couldnt be extraordinary.Now, Im well aware that Im no more than an ordinary person but Im 57 with that. I went to an ordinary university and got my BA in English, and then to another ordinary university and received my MA in translation. Doing the editors job, I now earn myself

22、a life in Shanghai, such an expensive metropolitan city to live in.I cant 58 Michael Kors or Issey Miyake, but I have comfortable clothes which fit me well. I usually go out dinner with a couple of friends on weekends, not fancy of first class restaurants but sidewalk caf or common restaurants where

23、 we know there are delicious food and nice 59 I consider this not the passive acceptance, but an optimistic attitude of turning “this is life” to “this is the life”. But all in all, I still have 60 ， just in case they would become true one day.Yes, be ordinary and be happy.46A.view Bsight Cscene Def

24、fect47A.perfect Bnoisy Clonely Dfashionable48A.heavily Bsimilarly Cpractically Ddifferently49A.experience Blifestyle Cwisdom Dhumour 50A.in case Bnow that Cas if Deven though51A.ordinary Bhard Crough Drare52A.puzzled Btouched Cscared Damazed 53A.start Bgain Ccontinue Dstop54A.simple Bdifficult Cfool

25、ish Dharmful55A.check Bcause Cchange Dcatch56A.angry Bprepared Clost Dworried57A.grateful Bproud Chappy Dlucky58A.attract Baccept Cafford Daffect59A.service Badvice Cbusiness Dcondition60A.faults Bdreams Cchallenges Dchances.补全对话阅读对话，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案完成对话。A: 61 B: Oh, it was terrible.A: Reall

26、y? 62 B: Well, we went to the countryside and climbed a mountain. But the weather was so cold. It rained and rained all day long.A: Oh, 63 B: Ugh! How about your school trip, Tony?A: Well, it was raining here, too, so we didnt go to the countryside.B: 64 A: We went to an art museum. I saw some reall

27、y beautiful paintings.B: Sounds like you had a great school trip.A: Yes. 65 61A.Why do you like the school trip, Jane? BWhat did you do last weekend?CHow was your school trip, Jane? DWhen did you go to your school trip, Jane?62A.What can I do for you? BHow do you like your school trip?CDid you go to

28、 the beach last weekend? DWhere did you go?63A.that tastes so good. Byou look so excited today.Cthats too bad. Dthats an interesting book.64A.So how do you like your school trip? BSo what did you do then?CSo how did you go to the museum? DSo who went to the museum with you?65A.We really had a good t

29、ime. BIt made us feel bored.CWe will go swimming tomorrow. DIts a little difficult for me.阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。ANadia Comaneci, a famous gymnast(体操运动员), was born in Romania in 1961.When she was doing cartwheels(侧手翻) on the playground at the age of 7, a PE. teacher saw h

30、er. He told her family that she was very good and advised Nadia to train in the capital of Romania. Although it was a long way from her home, Nadia went because she loved gymnastics(体操)After that, she trained hard and took part in lots of competitions. In 1975, she was named as one of the Athletes o

31、f the 20th Century.In 1976, Nadia went to the Olympics in Canada. She was so fantastic in the competition that everyone waited for the score, a high score. But the scoreboard showed 1.00!Everyone was surprised. There wasnt a sound for a moment. Then a voice came, “Ladies and gentlemen, Nadia Comanec

32、i.10！”The audience(观众) cheered very loudly. So what happened? Well, when the scoreboard was built, no one thought a score of 10.00 was possible. The decimal point(小数点) was in the wrong place! In fact, the scoreboard only had three digits(数位) to show scores, such as 9.50 or 9.85 at that time.In the 1

33、976 Summer Olympics, Nadia Comaneci scored a perfect 10, which was thought impossible before. From then on, she was looked as a hero. In 1984, she got retired(退休的)66Nadia was named as one of the Athletes of the 20th Century in .A1961 B1975 C1976 D198467At first, the scoreboard showed Nadia got in th

34、e Olympics in Canada.A10.00 B1.00 C9.50 D9.8568In Paragraph(段落) 5, “Everyone was surprised” because .Ashe was fantastic in the competitionBthere wasnt a soundCshe got a score of 10Dthe score was too low69Put the following into correct order according to the passage. Nadia went to the Olympics in Can

35、ada. A PE. teacher saw her doing cartwheels on the playground. Nadia went to the capital to train. She was looked as a hero.A BC D70This passage is probably a .Anews report BnoticeCnovel Dlife storyBHundreds of years ago, a Roman army came north from England tomake war on Scotland. The Scots, a brav

36、e people, loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland, but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win.One night, the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight, my men，” he said. “Tomorrow we will

37、 fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.”They were all very tired, so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty, but they, too, were very tired, and one by one, also fell asleep.The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill.

38、Slowly they climbed up the hillside, taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more, the war would be over. Suddenly, one of them put his foot on a thistle. He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a momen

39、t, they were on their feet and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country.The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they ma

40、de it their national flower.71Hundreds of years ago there was a war between ARoman army and North EnglandBRoman army and the ScotsCEngland and ScotsDa brave people and the Scots72At first it looked as if the Romans would win because Athe Scots were not braveBthe Roman army was so strongCthe Scots di

41、d not have a good leaderDthe Romans had the support from the Scottish73“We must win or we will die.” means Athey were sure to winBthey wouldnt escape from deathCthey would win and then they would dieDthey must try hard to win, otherwise they would be killed74The Romans climbed up the hill quietly be

42、cause Athey didnt want to wake the ScotsBthey wanted to reach the topCthey wanted to catch the four guards firstDthey were afraid of the sharp needles of the thistle75The people of Scotland made thistle their national flower because .Ait is a beautiful plantBit is fresh and lovelyCit had so many sha

43、rp needles all over itDit was the thistle that helped the Scots to win the battleCAre you a happy person most of the time? Or do you easily get angry sometimes? Everyone has a different temperament(脾气). It is usually believed that both genes(基因) and environment may affect peoples temperaments in dif

44、ferent ways. But now scientists have found that the season of birth also plays a role.Scientists from Budapest, Hungary, studied 400 university students. In the study, the students needed to finish a questionnaire(问卷). The purpose of it was to find out which of four kinds of temperaments they most h

45、ad. From the questionnaire, scientists found that the students always answered something like “My mood often changes for no reason.” and “I love to deal with new projects, even if it is risky.” These answers were then matched with their birthdays.They discovered that people born in summer easily cha

46、nge between sad and happy moods compared to people born in winter. Those who always feel positive are mostly born in spring and summer.The study also found that those who were born in autumn less probablyhad a mood of depression which might easily drive them to cry, while those born in winter were n

47、ot easier to be angry.Scientists said that this was probably because the seasons had an influence on certain chemicals in the human body. And the chemicals are important to control peoples moods even in adult life.“It seems that when you are born may increase or decrease your chance of developing ce

48、rtain mood disorders(紊乱)，” lead scientist Xenia Gonda told The Telegraph.76What probably cant affect peoples temperaments according to Paragraph 1?AGenes. BAges. CSeasons. DEnvironment.77What does the underlined word “depression” most probably mean?ASadness. BHappiness. CSurprise. DExcitement.78Whic

49、h of the following sentences is NOT true from the passage?APeople born in summer change their moods more easily.BThe season of birth has an influence on humans moods.CThere were 400 middle school students taking part in the study.DThe answers to the questionnaire were matched with their birthdays.79

50、What will the writer most probably write about on?AHow many kinds of moods there are.BWhat can change the human body most.CHow the certain chemicals affect the moods.DWhether the students will continue their study.80Whats the best title of this passage?ASeasons and Moods BThe Influence of GenesCMood

51、s and Health DThe Importance of Birthplaces非选择题部分共40分.选词填空A阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的单词填空(每词限用一次)。Smile is an attitude to life. We should face everything with smiles.In our life, there may be something unpleasant. For (81) ， youfail in an exam; or another time, you have a fight with your (82) .These things may

52、make you feel (83) . Then what will you do? Why not learn to smile? Smiling to yourself can bring back your confidence. Sometimes, the greatest enemy is (84) We should also learn to smile to others. It will help us to get closer to other people. Therefore, smile is the most (85) understood language.

53、B阅读短文，从方框中选择适当的动词，并用其适当形式填空。有的需要加助动词或不定式符号(每词限用一次)。Dear Daming，I know your problem. You (86) two mistakes already. First, you used your classmates pen without her permission. Second, when you (87) the pen, you didnt tell her the truth. Yes, you must tell her at once. If you tell her the truth, perha

54、ps she (88) angry with you, but at least you will prove you are honest.Then I think your classmates pen should (89) . You can use your pocket money (90) a new pen for her. She will realize that youre really sorry.I hope the advice can help you. Im sure you will make up with her soon.Yours，Tom.改写句子按括

55、号中的要求完成句子，每个空格填一个单词。91My aunt is making a cake now.(改为否定句)My aunt a cake now.92He will go to college to study medicine in two weeks(就句子画线部分提问) will he go to college to study medicine?93“When were you born？” the old man asked me.(改写句子，句意不变) The old man asked me I born.94What should we do when we have

56、 problems communicating with parents？(改写句子，句意不变)What we to do when we dont have a good communication with parents?95No dreams will come true if we give up halfway.(改写句子，句意不变)No dreams will be unless we to them all the time.完成句子根据汉语意思完成英语句子，每个空格填一个单词。96中国共产党中央委员会于 2019 年 10 月在北京召开第十九届全国代表大会，它开启了一个新时代

57、。The national conference of CCPCC was held in Beijing in October, 2019, which a new era.97所有证据都表明是他偷了钱。All the evidence (that) he stole the money.98习近平总书记说过：“我们现在比历史上任何时候都更接近实现中国梦。”“ China Dream is now getting to us than any time in the history，” said President Xi Jinping.99许多父母都想给他们的孩子提供一个好的生活环境。Ma

58、ny parents hope to their kids a good life.100无论你遇到什么困难，你都应尽全力克服。 problems you meet, you should make an to deal with them.阅读理解七选五根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Teenage lifebetter now, or in the past?Does this situation sound familiar(熟悉)?You are complaining(抱怨) to your parents about somethi

59、ng. Maybe your computer isnt powerful enough to play the latest games. (101) Then you hear.When I was your age, there werent any computers or video games. And I didnt get a bike until I was sixteen. And it was secondhand. (102)_ So, is it really true that life is better for teenagers now? It is cert

60、ainly true that many teenagers have got more things nowadays. (103) So parents have got more money to spend on each child. And many things are cheaper than they were when our parents were children.(104) Forty years ago, no one could imagine a world with tiny computers and amazing smartphones.And now

61、 these things are necessarywe cant imagine living without them!However, technology often means we spend more time at home. And often its just us, with our computer or television. Teenagers dont do enough exercise. (105) And, although young people still get on well with their friends, some people thi

62、nk teenagers today dont have so many social activities as they did in the past.What do you think? How is teenage life better these days?AAnd it was too big for me.BA typical family is smaller now.COr your friends bikes are better than yours!DSo they arent as healthy as they were in the past.ETechnol

63、ogy is probably the greatest change in our life.FWhy dont you talk to your parents?GEducation is another great change in our life.书面表达 为了创建文明城市，请以“Doing our part(从我做起)”为题写一篇短文，内容包括：1简述图中人物活动；2关于文明的倡议。提示词：1.National Civilized City(全国文明城市)2talk loudly; drop litter; save food; get along well with要求：1.条

64、理清楚，又表明自己观点的句子；可适当发挥。 2文中不能出现校名、人名、地名等真实信息。 3100词左右。文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。Doing Our Part One morning on my way to school， _ _参考答案.15 ABCCB610 AAABB1115 BCCAB1620 BBCBC.2125 CBCDA.2630 BCBAC3135 CCDDC3640 CCBAC4145 DDDBC.4650 CADBD5155 ABCBD5660 BCCAB.6165 CDCBA.6670 BBDAD7175 BBDAD7680 BACCA.81.example82.f

65、riends83.bad84.yourself85widely86.have made87.broke88will be89.be paid90.to buy.91.isnt making92.How soon93when; was94.are; supposed/expected95achieved; stick.96.nineteenth; started/began97suggests98Achieving/Realizing/Reaching; closer99provide; with100Whatever; effort.101105 CABED.Doing Our PartFro

66、m the picture, we can see the boy is dropping litter outside the trash bin. The ground looks dirty. I think what he does is wrong. In the picture, the girl picks the rubbish up and throws it into the dustbin. I think what she does is right.As middle school students, it is our duty to behave well and

67、 try to make the school more beautiful. We shouldnt talk loudly in public. Dropping litter is not allowed in or out of school. Never waste food while eating in the dining room. Also we are supposed to get on well with the classmates. Being polite to teachers is also very important.In a word, if ever

68、yone can do our part. We can make a difference to the world.【听力原文】A)听录音，从每组句子中选出一个你所听到的句子。每个句子听一遍。1I go to school by bike every day. 2How long did Yao Ming play basketball? 3I would like to tell you an interesting story. 4When did Jack move to our apartment? 5Can you take your science book to school

69、 tomorrow? B)听录音，从每题A、B、C三幅图画中选出与听到的对话内容相符的一项。每段对话听两遍。6M: Nancy, how are you going to the cinema tonight?W: Oh, Im going there by bike. 7W: What will the weather be like tomorrow?M: It will be a nice day. 8W: Tom, Where are you going for vacation next year?M: Im going to the USA with my parents. 9W:

70、 I cant understand the new words in English. What can I do?M: You can look them up in a dictionary. 10M: There are fewer sharks in the world. W: Youre right. They are in great danger. We should try to save them. C)在录音中，你将听到一段对话及五个问题。请根据对话内容及问题选择正确答案。对话及问题听两遍。W: Hello, John. What are you doing this a

71、fternoon?M: Hi, Kate. Im going to run this afternoon. W: To run? But its raining outside. M: I dont care. I love running in the rain, and I have to run because I am training for a marathon. W: A marathon? Its a long distance, so you need to train every day for it.M: Yes. W: So do you actually run 42

72、 kilometers every day?M: Of course not. But I have to run about 10 kilometers almost every day. Then, I can run about 70 kilometers a week. W: And how many times have you run marathons before?M: Ive already run about four marathons, and Im preparing for my fifth marathon. W: Wow! You are so cool!M:

73、So would you like to run with me?W: Oh, sounds great, but its too difficult for me.Questions：11Whats the weather like?12Why does John run every day?13How far does John run in a week?14How many times has John run marathons before?15What does Kate think of the marathon for herself?D)在录音中，你将听到一篇短文及五个问题

74、。请根据短文内容及问题选择正确答案。短文及问题听两遍。In western countries, many children do chores to get pocket money. They usually start to do this at the age of 10.School students have to do homework and study for exams. They dont have much free time from Monday to Friday. So they do chores only on weekends. Younger kids

75、only do easy chores. So they dont get much money. But thats enough. Many of them only want to buy candies. And candy is cheap. They often help do the dishes after dinner, and feed the family cat and dog. When they get older, kids want to buy more and more things. They want things that are more expen

76、sive than candies. So they have to work harder. They often wash the family car, cut the grass, walk the dog or cook dinner. Doing chores is a good way for kids to learn new things. For example, they can learn how to cut grass or how to cook. Of course, their parents help them at first. Questions：16W

77、hen do children in western countries usually start to do chores to get money?17Why do children do chores only on weekends?18Which of the following do younger kids often do?19Why do older kids have to do more chores?20What does the writer want to tell us？家庭是幼儿语言活动的重要环境，为了与家长配合做好幼儿阅读训练工作，孩子一入园就召开家长会，给

78、家长提出早期抓好幼儿阅读的要求。我把幼儿在园里的阅读活动及阅读情况及时传递给家长，要求孩子回家向家长朗诵儿歌，表演故事。我和家长共同配合，一道训练，幼儿的阅读能力提高很快。观察内容的选择，我本着先静后动，由近及远的原则，有目的、有计划的先安排与幼儿生活接近的，能理解的观察内容。随机观察也是不可少的，是相当有趣的，如蜻蜓、蚯蚓、毛毛虫等，孩子一边观察，一边提问，兴趣很浓。我提供的观察对象，注意形象逼真，色彩鲜明，大小适中，引导幼儿多角度多层面地进行观察，保证每个幼儿看得到，看得清。看得清才能说得正确。在观察过程中指导。我注意帮助幼儿学习正确的观察方法，即按顺序观察和抓住事物的不同特征重点观察，观

79、察与说话相结合，在观察中积累词汇，理解词汇，如一次我抓住时机，引导幼儿观察雷雨，雷雨前天空急剧变化，乌云密布，我问幼儿乌云是什么样子的，有的孩子说：乌云像大海的波浪。有的孩子说“乌云跑得飞快。”我加以肯定说“这是乌云滚滚。”当幼儿看到闪电时，我告诉他“这叫电光闪闪。”接着幼儿听到雷声惊叫起来，我抓住时机说：“这就是雷声隆隆。”一会儿下起了大雨，我问：“雨下得怎样?”幼儿说大极了，我就舀一盆水往下一倒，作比较观察，让幼儿掌握“倾盆大雨”这个词。雨后，我又带幼儿观察晴朗的天空，朗诵自编的一首儿歌：“蓝天高，白云飘，鸟儿飞，树儿摇，太阳公公咪咪笑。”这样抓住特征见景生情，幼儿不仅印象深刻，对雷雨前后气象变化的词语学得快，记得牢，而且会应用。我还在观察的基础上，引导幼儿联想，让他们与以往学的词语、生活经验联系起来，在发展想象力中发展语言。如啄木鸟的嘴是长长的，尖尖的，硬硬的，像医生用的手术刀样，给大树开刀治病。通过联想，幼儿能够生动形象地描述观察对象。