高考英语单项填空专题讲座.ppt

1、高考专题讲座单项填空考纲解读v 单项填空题是对考生的词汇语法和理解的考查。每一个单项填空题都是一个完整的语言世界，各种语法穿插其中，对词汇量的要求也逐渐提高。v 分值：15分v 教材：高考试题决不会依据某一种教材，而是依据考试大纲，考试大纲所规定的必须掌握的词汇的用法及基本的语法知识。从2007年的英语高考大纲的“既要保证平稳过渡，又要体现新课程理念”的命题指导思想来看，2008年的考试内容及要求，考试形式和试卷结构不会做太大调整。命题趋向1)近几年高考单项填空题基本体现了“知识化，语境化和交际化”的特点，没有出现以前所谓的偏怪难题。题干大部分比较灵活简短，语境自然。这是第一个特点。We fo

2、rgot to bring our tickets,but please let us enter,_?(2006全国卷，7）A.do you B.can we C.will you D.shall weC命题趋向2)考查点的覆盖面越来越广泛，但又做到了重点突出。这主要体现在复合句和非谓语动词的 考查及名词和动词用法的考查上。【例1】Last week,only two people came to look at the house,_ want to buy it.（2007安徽，34）A.none of them B.both of them C.none of whom D.neith

3、er of whomD【例2】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft,the most recent _at the end of last March.(2007山东，33）A.has been launched B.having been launchedB.C.being launched D.to be launched命题倾向3）试题的立意由简单直接的“结构立意”转向复杂间接的“情景立意”。试题设置的语境明确，交际情景（对话形式占很大比例）多是发生在学生学习或日常生活的真实情况。-Have you been

4、wasting time on computer games again?-_.Ive been studying a lot and I need a break(2007山东，23）A.No way B.Not really C.I dont agree D.I couldnt agree more.-Is there anything wrong,Bob?You look sad.-Oh,nothing much.In fact,I _ of my friends back home.(2007全国卷，15）A.have just thought B.was just thinkingB

5、.C.would just think D.will just be thinking命题倾向4)题干变得较长，题干句的语义结构趋于复杂化，语言信息量越来越大，但是有效信息由外现转为隐藏。这主要体现在非谓语动词和动词时态的考查上。At the beginning of the class,the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.(2007全国卷，12）A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closedC.being opened and closed D.to open and

6、closeThe biggest problem for most plants,which _just get up and run away when threatened,is that animals like to eat them.(2007 湖南，24）A.shant B cant B.C.neednt D.mustnt命题倾向5)语义辨析和语义识别题越来越多，不但加强了对语义的考查，而且加重对词汇扩展能力的考查。I cant say which wine is best it is a(n)_of personal taste.(2007山东，27）A.affair B.eve

7、nt C.matter D.varietySurely it doesnt matter where the student associations get their money from;what _ is what they do with it.(2007湖北,29)A.counts B.applies C.stresses D.functions趋势分析1）纯语法的试题会减少；2）基础知识考查的覆盖面会越来越广；3）语境会更加突出；4）注重考查学生综合运用英语能力及逻辑推理能力；5）加大词义辨析（特别是动词和动词短语辨析）的考查。应试策略1）做题时，要认真研读题目，寻找关键的信息词

8、、词组或句子。切忌死抠语法条条框框，要注意上下文的关系，根据题干所提供的语境来确定最佳答案。2）做题时，要仔细分析，正确理解，通过调整语序或简化句子找到设问角度，弄清命题意图。3）做题时，要结合语境，注意惯用法和固定搭配，既要注意同义词（组）间的语法差异，又要注意它们之间的意义差异。4）做题时，要研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参照信息”，尤其是隐含于信息中的动词时间信息。发现和分析这些信息是解决问题的关键。分类突破【辨析型单项填空】：辨析型单项填空题是指通过对试题选项中的词汇短语的形式和意义进行辨析，从而根据句子的意义对选项作出正确的判断和选择。此类题型往往考查对名词动词代词形容词副词介词及

9、短语意义和应用的辨析。1）词义辨析：例1On New Years Day,people,especially girls,always wear new _-new hats,new scarves,new coats,new trousers,new shoes and new socks.A.clothes B.clothing C.cloth D.dress 例2 Mike didnt play football yesterday because he had _his leg.(2006全国卷）A.damaged B.hurt C.hit D.struckBB例3 The new m

10、odel of car is so expensive that it is _ the reach of those with average incomes.(2006江苏，24）A.over B.within C.beyond D.belowB.例4The committee is discussing the problem right now.It will _ have been solved by the end of next week.(2006江苏,26C.eagerly B.hopefully D.C.immediately D.graduallyCB1)instruct

11、ions,directions,introductions,explanations;2)sight,view,scene,scenery;3)strength,power,energy,force;4)state,condition,situation,occasion,case;5)way,method,approach,means;6)practice,manners,custom,habit;7)clothes,clothing,cloth,dress;8)surroundings,condition,environment需注意的几种名词辨析归纳：相关高考试题：1.Always re

12、ad the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.(2006福建，35)A.explanations B.instructions B.C.descriptions D.introductions2.School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous _.(2006辽宁，32)states B.conditions C.situations D.positionsBC3.At the meeting they discussed three

13、 different _ to the study of mathematics.(2006湖北,24)A.approaches B.means C.methods D.ways4.Its bad _ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.A.behavior B.action C.manner D.movementAA需注意的动词或动词短语辨析归纳：1)destroy,damage,ruin,2)hurt,wound,injure,harm;3)strike,hit,beat,knock；4)last

14、,stay,remain,keep;5)stand,hold,support,fill;6)fetch,take,bring,carry；7)turn,become,get,go,grow,come,run,fall;8)defend,protect,guard,prevent;9)separate,divide,part；10)happen,occur,take place,come about,break out11)desert,abandon,give up,leave;12)divide,separate,part;13)interrupt,disturb,bother;14)bea

15、t,defeat,win;15)treat,cure,heal;16)examine,check,test,inspect;17)gain,get,earn,obtain,acquire,achieve;18)realize,recognize,know,know of/about;相关高考试题1.We want to rent a bus which can _ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.（2006天津，6）A.load B.hold C.fill D.support2.It was already past midnight and three y

16、oung men _ in the tea house.（2006安徽，24）A.left B.remained C.delayed D.desertedBB3.Modern plastic can _ very high and very low temperatures.（2006山东，29 A.stand B.hold C.carry D.support4.On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine,she _ pale.（2004湖北，33 A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared5.We shal

17、l _ our island,whatever the cost may be.A.defend B.protect C.guard D.preventACA需注意的 形容词辨析归纳：1）normal,average,common,general,ordinary,usual;2)certain,sure3)alive,live,living,lively,lovely;需注意的 介词或其他短语辨析归纳：1)besides,except,except for,except that/when/what/etc,apart from,other than,as well as,in additi

18、on to2)2)because of,due to,owing to,thanks to;3)3)more than,more than,no more than,no more than,not more than,mot more than,other than,rather than,2）词性辨析：例1_ had I done it when I knew I had made a mistake.A.Hardly B.Directly B.C.Mostly D.Nearly例2_ I meet Mary in the street,she will greet me with a s

19、mile.A.Before B.Surely B.C.Each time D.ForAC3）词形辨析：例1 I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.(2006北京，35）A.working;stopping B.to work;stoppingB.C.working;to stop D.to work;to stopC.例2He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been

20、sold out.（2006陕西，18）D.to be told B.to tell C.told D.tellingCA4）词序辨析：多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序:限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠；注意：1)“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如:both my hands、all half his income等。2)“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful

21、、bad、cold、great等。3)“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。4)“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。5)“材料”的词如：wooden,woolen,stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical,college，writing desk，police car等。例1Although she did not know Boston well,she made her way_ to the Home Circle Building.A.easy enough B.enough easyB.C.easily enough D.

22、enough easilyC.例2lets question _ there,and they will tell us the truth.D.the present students B.the students presentE.C.present the students D.students the presentF.重点掌握词：enough,present,concerned,content,etc.CB5）短语辨析：包括：动词与不同的介词副词搭配；名词前有无冠词；介词短语搭配等。例1With no one to _ in such a frightening situation,

23、she felt very helpless.(2006陕西，14）A.turn on B.turn off C.turn over D.turn toB.例2She _ Japanese when she was in Japan.Now she can speak it freely.（2006福建，14）C.picked out B.made out D.C.made up D.picked upDD例3My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was _ it.(2006陕西，10）A.in honor of B.in m

24、emory of C.in favor ofD.in search ofC分类突破【结构型单项填空】：考查考生对英语句子结构的把握情况。表现：句子某些成分的省略；标点符号的识别；倒装或插入其他成分使句子前后分离等，因而引起句子结构的变化，扰乱考生对句子成分的判断。1）有省略的复合句-补全法由于宾语从句或定语从句中谓语部分行为动词的省略，致使考生对不定式状语产生误解。答题方法：尽量把省略部分补全，这有助于正确地确定答案。例1:He said he would do what he could _ us.A.help B.to help C.helping D.helped例2:-Where di

25、d you get to know her?-It was on the farm _ we worked.(2007山东，30）A.that B.there C.which D.whereBD2)标点符号提示：由于受汉语习惯的影响，考生往往不注意标点符号，从而弄错句子结构。例1：Mary,_ here-everybody else,stay where you are.(2006全国卷，35）A.come B.comes C.to come D.comingB.例2:Soon they came to a farm house;_ roof was much higher than the

26、others.C.which B.whose C.that D.itsD.例3:I have many friends,_ some are businessmen.(2005全国卷，24）E.A.Of them B.from which C.who of D.of whomADD3）插入语的影响-简化法有些句子插入了某些成分，从而使句子结构支离破碎，造成考生对句子结构的误解。解决方法：去掉插入语或附加的次要成分，就会迅速地找到答案。例1：It is imagination _ makes the world colorful,full of vigor and variety.(2007上海

27、春招，32）A.where B.what C.that D.when例3：E-mail,as well as telephones,_ an important part in daily communication.A.is playing B have played C.are playing D.playCA分类突破【搭配型单项填空】：考查范围：动词，介词，名词，形容词，数词等的固定搭配。例1:A clean environment can help the city bid for Olympics,which _ will promote its economic developme

28、nt.（2006山东，35）A.in nature B.in return C.in turn D.in fact例2:Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to _a good researcher.（2006山东，25）A.make B.turn C.get D.growCA分类突破【逻辑型单项填空】：考查范围：主谓一致，意义一致，人称一致，非谓语动词和介词的逻辑主语一致等。例1:-Who called me this morning when I was out?-A man calling _ Robe

29、rt.(2006福建，21）A.him B.himself C.his D./例2:We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs,_ that all children like these things.(2006全国卷，17）A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought例3:At the age of seven,_.A.his father died.B.he lost his father C.his dog followed him D.his parents div

30、orcedBAB分类突破【语境型单项填空】：在一定的语境进行语法知识和语言知识的考查，是近年高考试题中常见的题目，这就要求考生一定要以语境为切入点，认真思考，仔细分析，确定正确答案。例1:-Tom,you didnt come to the party last night?-I _,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.(2007全国卷，20）A.had to B.didnt C.was going to D.wouldnt例2:Your story is perfect;Ive never heard _ before.（2006全国

31、卷，14）A.the better one B.the best one C.a better one D.a good oneCC分类突破【交际型单项填空】：考查范围：问答情况，请求与建议，表示祝愿，道歉，感谢，表达意见，观点等。例1:-I wonder if I could possibly use your car for tonight?-_.Im not using it anyhow.(2006全国卷，34）A.Sure,go ahead.B.I dont know C.Yes,indeed.D.I dont care.例2:-Im thinking of the test tom

32、orrow.Im afraid I cant pass this time.-_!Im sure you will make it.（2006天津，9）A.Go ahead B.Good luck C.No problem D.Cheer upAD例3：-Would you like some more soup?-_.Its delicious,but Ive had enough.(2006重庆22）A.Yes,please.B.No,thank you C.Nothing more D.Id like some.例4:-How are you getting on with your c

33、leaning?Do you need my help?-_,but I think Im all right.(2006安徽，23）A.No,thanks.B.Thats OK.C.You are helpful D.Thats very kind of you.BD【其它解题方法】：1）找提示词法对有些题来说，若找准关键的提示词（如and,but,otherwise等），就会迎刃而解。例1：They are all very tired,but _ of them would stop to take a rest.A.any B.some C.none D.neither例2：_ wit

34、h me and Ill see what I can do.A.When left B.Leaving C.If you leave D.LeaveCD2)转化法所谓“转化法”就是把有些复合句、被动句、疑问句、倒装句、感叹句、强调句等转化为便于理解的简单句、主动句、陈述句等。1复合句转化为简单句：例1：_blood if you can and many lives will be saved.A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.To give2.被动句转化为主动句:例2：Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.A.will request

35、B.request C.are requesting D.are requestedBD3.疑问句转化为陈述句例3:Was it in 1969 _the American astronaut succeeded _landing on the moon?A.when;on B.that;on C.when;in D.that;in例4:_ role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.A.How interesting B.How an interesting C.What interesting D.What an i

36、nteresting DD 3)逆向思维法逆向思维是一种创造性的思维，它冲破了固有的“思维定势”，运用逆向思维，在目前灵活多变的高考试题中，可收到意想不到的结果。例1：As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not _,and asked myself what I was going to do.(2007湖南，29)A.moved B.moving C.to move D.being moved例2：Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will

37、be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as例3:In order not to be disturbed,he spent three hours _ in his study.A.locking B.locked D.lock D.lock例4:Which do you enjoy _ your weekends,fishing or watching TV?A.spending B spent C.spend D.to spend4)注意意群的应用意群就是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群。同

38、一意群中的词与词的关系紧密相关，密不可分，否则就会引起误解。请看下面一道题：-Will you please _ me the favor to find a job,sir?-Yes,Ill do what I can _ you.A.to do;help B.do;help B.C.do;to help D.to do;to help 许多同学见到该题，不加思索地选择B，因为他们认为can的后面一定要用动词原形，其实此句意群是I will do/what I can/to help you,从句what I can作主语I will do 的宾语。（一）.固定搭配在句子中充当其中一个成分。

39、Mrs Brown is used to _ all the windows open.A.sleeping alone with B.sleep alone with C.sleeping lonely for D.sleep lonely for 简析：该题是由两个固定搭配的意群组成的：(1)be used to doing（习惯于做.）(2)with的复合结构。若能把这两个固定搭配意群弄清，问题也就迎刃而解。（二）.当从句充当主句的一个成分时，注意它在整句中所充当的成分。The women used what they had _ for their daughter.A.to buy

40、a new dress B.buying a new dress C.bought a new dress D.buy a new dress 简析：许多同学看到该题不加思索地选择C，他们误以为had后接过去分词，构成完成时，殊不知此句中的what they had已是一个完整的意群，作used的宾语。主谓结构完整，后面应跟动词不定式作目的状语。（三.）带介词的不定式短语充当一个句子成分时，要注意动词后面的介词。Though the chair looks rather hard,it is very comfortable to _.A.sit B.sit on C.be sat D.be

41、sat on 简析：该题中不定式短语to sit为不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词on，才能构成一个完整的意群。(四).当动词短语充当一个成分时，要注意它与其它句子成分之间的关系。The clerk _ his letter is working in our company.A.referred B.referred to C.referred to in D.referred in 简析：该题中referred to 与in his letter各属一个意群。(五).注意口语中的省略成分。-Would you mind looking after my dog?Ill be away on

42、a business trip.-Not at all._.A.Ive no time B.Id rather not C.Id like it B.D.Id be happy to 简析：该题 中句子省略了look after your dog.（六）.当句中有插入成分时，要注意它与主句之间的关系。_ you have seen both fighters,_ will win?A.Since;do you think who B.As;who you think C.When;whoever D.Since;who do you think 简析：do you think是独立的意群，充当

43、句子中的插入成分。（七）.应注意是双宾语还是宾语从句。Please tell me the subject _ tomorrow afternoon.A.to discuss B.discussing C.to be discussed D.will be discussed 简析：有些同学误认为这道题是宾语从句，把subject当作从句中的主语，这样必然错误地选择D。其实该题是一个分词短语，to be discussed tomorrow afternoon 是一个意群，作subject的后置定语。（八）：多个定语修饰某一个名词时，要注意它们之间的并列关系。The way he though

44、t of _ this problem sounds reasonable.A.to solve B.solving C.solved D.solveB.简析：这道题很多同学会选B,认为介词后接动名词作宾语。其实，he thought of 和to solve the problem 是两个并列的意群，作并列定语，修饰前面的名词 way.【模拟试题】从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.He cant help _ housework,for he is busy preparing for the examination.A.doing B.done C.to do

45、D.but do 2.The young man spent as much time as he _ over his lessons.A.could going B.went C.could go D.had goneCA3.Cant you read?Mary said _ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing 4.The pen I _ I _ is on my desk right under my nose.A.think;lost

46、B.thought;had lost C.think;had lost D.thought;have lost AB5.Where do you suppose _ the lecture to us?A.will the professor give B.the professor will give C.would the professor give D.the professor would give 6.All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.A.once they gr

47、ew B.they once grew C.that once grew D.once grew BC复习策略1全面学习掌握语法基础知识。2 突出重点，不要平均用力。词法方面：动词及动词短语辨析，动词的时态、语态，非谓语动词；句法方面：复合句是重点，三大从句及关联词的使用是高考热点，也是复习的重点。3 注重在语境中运用知识。特别是词义辨析题，必须放在语境中去熟练运用。有了语境的衬托，单词短语的用法便会一目了然。临场应用技巧做好单项填空题，要养成一个良好的习惯：一定要把句子读完，直到最后一个单词。要对四个答案进行比照分析，并结合语境。特别是情景交际，一定要把两句话结合起来，不能孤立地对待每个句子。单项填空题的解题方法虽然很多，但答题时还需要我们灵活运用。同时，仅仅掌握解题技巧还不够，关键是具备扎实的基础知识，这要从平时做起，从点滴做起，多积累，以不变应万变。