[25483889]2021届高考英语说明文类阅读专项突破.doc

1、2021高考英语说明文类阅读专项突破命题趋势说明文类阅读是高考重点,题材多样,涉及自然科学、社会科学和人文科学,包括日常生活、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环保和经济等解题思路题型解答策略1：科普类说明文针对科普类说明文的选材特点、语篇结构、语言特点和设题特点,此类阅读试题的解题策略包括:1.精读文章第一部分,确定文章题材,搜索文章的说明对象;2.标注说明对象不同方面的关键句,掌握篇章结构;3.精读开头和结尾,把握文章的内在逻辑关系;4.精读题干,准确定位,仔细阅读信息源,与选项之间进行验证性比较。题型解答策略2：社会类说明文社会类说明文一般都比较抽象晦涩,此类阅读试题的解题策略包括:1

2、.把握主旨,明白文章阐述的主题;2.明确作者的观点及态度,避免由于概念抽象而出现理解偏差;3.预知对社会现象的研究手段,通常情况下以问卷调查为主要研究手段;4.细读题干,明确提问方向,确定信息来源。例题解析阅读下面短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C 和D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项。As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies一like fingerprint scans一to keep others out of priv

3、ate e-spaces. At present, these technolo- gies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device ( 装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the press

4、ure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they shou

5、ld be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the pass- word right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the rese

6、archers had 100 volunteers type the word touch fourtimes using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different partici- pants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commerci

7、alize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.1.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A.To reduce pressure on keys. B.To improve accuracy in typing. C.To replace the password system.D.To cut the cost of e-space protect

8、ion.2.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A.Computers are much easier to operate. B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C.Typing patterns vary from person to person.D.Data security measures are guaranteed.3.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A.Itll be

9、environment-friendly.B.Itll reach consumers soon.C.Itll be made of plastics.D.Itll help speed up typing.4.Where is this text most likely from?A.A diary. B.A guidebook. C.A novel. D.A magazine.【答案与解析】本文是说明文。为应对数据和私人信息泄露,来自 Georgia Tech 的研究人员想出一个方法,就是使用 smart keyboard(智能键盘)。因为每个人使用键盘和打字的方式都有所不同,研究中他们采

10、集了100 人使用键盘的各种数据,证明可以通过人们打字的方式来辨别不同的人。1.D 推断题。根据文章第 1 段和第 2 段第 1 句可知,为应对信息盗窃,市场上急需生物测量技术,如指纹扫描,只是这种技术成本高昂,而 Georgia Tech 研发的smart keyboard 成本低。2.C 细节题。根据第 2 段中的These patterns are unique to each person.可知,每个人打字的力度和按键的时间间隔都是不同的,这使得 smart keyboard 的运用成为可能。3.B 细节题。根据第 4 段最后两句可知,该技术成本低,易于商业化。他们希望在不久的将来将之

11、投人市场。4.D推断题。根据文意可知,文章讲述的是研究人员提出应对数据和信息盗窃的方法,属于科普类说明文。 由此推知该文最有可能来自杂志。课后习题（一）How does an ecosystem (生态系统) work? hat makes the populations of different species the way they are? hy are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, not

12、ing who eats whom and how much each one eats.ith such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.ost food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.hen a predator (掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物),the two species

13、are strongly linked; when a predator lives on vari- ous species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrange- ment is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species,it can survive the extinction(灭绝) of one of them. And if a predat

14、or can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driv- ing one another to extinction.athematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable,where small ch

15、anges of top pred- ators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species including species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human

16、activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built a

17、n early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally, the system wouldtell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key,scientists say, because once ecosystems pass the

18、ir tipping point (临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.1.hat have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosy

19、stems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.2.A strong link is found between two species when a predator . A.has a wide food choiceB.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one prey speciesD.can quickly move to another place3.hat will happen if the populations of top predators in

20、a food web greatly decline?A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.4.hat conclusion can

21、 be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems. B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C.Species of commercial value dominate other species. D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.5.How does an early-warning system help

22、 us maintain the ecological balance?A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D.By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.(二)Craft (手工艺) is becoming a heritage industrybut a recor

23、d of disappearing skills might just come in handy in the future.r Lobb (of John Lobb the bootmaker) mentioned that custom (定制的) clothing and shoe-making wereonce the norm for everyone. How come, then, today a pair of normal Lobbs would set you back over 2 ,000? The price has obviously gone up becaus

24、e of lack of competition and higher wages, but would custom clothing once again be affordable to all if the demand was there? Do we just wave goodbye to these skills, or should we fight to maintain them?The disposable culture we enjoy today has existed in our life for almost two generations now. e l

25、ike our products to be made by either a robot or invisible, cheap hands so that we can accumulate them cheaply and frequently. The concept of craft is something thats now largely considered to be strange, and seems to be limited to museums and dusty, independent shops. Hobby crafts such as knitting

26、do undergo revivals (复兴) from time to time, but I think thats because they are seen as short-lived fashionable leisure pursuits rather than a craft worthy of revivals on a commercially feasible scale.To drive a revival in any of these crafts,you would probably need to apply the same marketing techni

27、ques that are used to sell any other item today. The consumers must believe that they just have to have it. If they dont have it now, it will either go up in price or they will go out of fashionboth reasons are enough in themselves for a shopper to act.But does it finally matter if these skills will

28、 no longer serve any practicable use in the decades to come? Idont know the answer to that, but I have long thought it would be a good idea if we banked these skills somehow,just as we are now attempting to do with seeds. You just never know whether well need them in the future. aybe its time to est

29、ablish a worldwide network of volunteers to record, through the written words and videos, as many of these dying skills as possible. Actually, a rough look on YouTube fills me with hope that an army of willing volunteers is probably out there already and just needs someone or something to gather the

30、m together.1.hat can we learn about the custom clothing in paragraph 2?A.Its bright future. B.Peoples opinions on it.C.Its side effects on people.D.The reasons for its high price.2.hat does the author really want to express about the occasional revival of hobby crafts?A.It is a sign of disposable cu

31、lture.B.It goes against the fashion.C.It cant help revive the traditional crafts.D.It creates no commercial value in the long run.3.hich of the following measures may take effect in reviving crafts?A.aking them as affordable as possible for the foreigners.B.Adopting modern marketing strategies used

32、to sell other items. C.Establishing a network of volunteers to sell them worldwide. D.Drawing peoples attention to the videos of these crafts.4.From the last paragraph, we know the author .A.shows great interest in craftB.doesnt want craft to disappearC.feels sad about the disappearance of craftD.tr

33、ies to explain the reasons for crafts disappearance(三)During the rosy years of elementary school (小学),I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the

34、 ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. itch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the

35、status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorabl

36、e behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed,Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.In one study, Dr. Prinstein exa

37、mined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). e found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It c

38、learly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing,kindness, opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and

39、 connect with others.In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that

40、help somebody gain an advantage, he said.1.hat sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A.Unkind. B.Lonely. C.Generous. D.Cool.2.hat is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The classification of the popular.B.The characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interperso

41、nal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.3.hat did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A.They appeared to be aggressive.B.They tended to be more adaptable.C.They enjoyed the highest status.D.They performed well academically.4.hat is the best title for the text?A.Be NiceYou on

42、t Finish LastB.The Higher the Status, the BetterC.Be the BestYou Can ake ItD.ore Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness(四)In a world where storing wealth is considered the norm , giving money to complete strangers seems like an unreasonable idea. Yet, for the hundreds who have taken part in Free oney Day

43、 since its beginning in 2011, there is a knowing that greater sharing is needed in this world. ore than this,our experiences on Free oney Day(each September 15) confirm that people feel more comfortable in giving than receiving. In 2014 , for example,Jennifer Hinton said it took her and her three fr

44、iends over an hour to give away 35 euros in Ath- ens, Greece.Its true that few are willing to jump straight into receiving from a stranger. So we encourage Free oney Day participants to use a simple technique: suggest receivers that they keep half the money youre giving them , and pass the other hal

45、f on to someone else. This technique makes people feel a need to view the giving as legitimate (合法的), which in turn legitimizes the receiving.Perhaps many Free oney Day participants have reported unwillingness to receive partly because we have a cultural idea that receiving help is linked with weakn

46、ess. Also it can come,in part, from generosity for oth- ers and the caring ethic the Free oney Day experiment hopes to grow. Also it may come from a deeper belief that we arent worthy of love and support, especially not from people weve never helped. Additionally, insecure people feel unable to full

47、y receive the riches theyve been given and yet, when people are supported and loved, they tend to naturally give with generosity.Thus, what can you do to encourage people to receive more willingly? Perhaps your smile can help, from which theyll feel your heart. And, if so, what a wonderful opportuni

48、ty for growth because the expression give and you shall receive should actually be reversed receive and you shall give. As we become more able to receive love, were more able to give in a healthy way.1.According to the text, Free oney Day .A.is intended for homeless peopleB.takes place in September

49、every yearC.is meant to build a more secure societyD.aims to prove peoples unwillingness to receive2.According to Hinton, when given free money, people would most probably say A.It is really nice of you to give me so much help.B.Dont worry and Ill pass part of it on to someone else.C.Please give it

50、to someone who needs it more than me.D.Thank you, and would you please give me more?3.Aman prefers to receive help from a person who .A.is supportingB.is royalC.is smilingD.is wealthy4.In the authors opinion, how can we make one willing to help others?A.By ensuring he feels secure emotionally.B.By increasing his ability to receive help.C.By helping him more willing to receive.D.By convincing him giving is related to receiving.参考答案：一:BCDAD二：DCBB三：CABA四：BCCB