Unit 4 Natural disasters-【同步写作课】2023-2024学年高一英语单元写作深度指导（人教版2019必修第一册）.docx

1、必修第一册Unit 4单元写作指导与演练Write a Summary单元写作早知道写作任务本单元的写作任务是写一篇文章概要。概要写作是新高考写作的题型的类型之一。其中高考改革试验区在2018年11月和2019年6月分别实施过两次。除了这两次之外，到2023年6月，概要写作都没有再使用过。但是概要写作作为高考设题的一种形式，并没有明确排除。同时，对文章进行概要写作是英语学习的一个重要方面，对帮助学生理解文章的框架，结构和主旨有很重要的意义，因此在平时的学习中，我们还是要重视概要写作。概要写作要求概要写作的考查目标是：1. 对原文主旨及要点的理解和呈现情况;2. 概括要点时应用语法结构和词汇的准

2、确性;3. 概要文章上下文的连贯性。概要写作方法1. 准确理解文章结构和主旨。概要写作的关键是把握文章的结构和主旨。考试所提供的文章，一般是结构比较清楚的议论文或说明文。此类文章的特点是中心突出，结构明确。文章各个段落的设置要以主旨为中心，因此，从整体来理解文章，准确把握文章的主旨和结构是概要写作的关键。2. 以自然段为基础概括要点。概要写作的实质就是概括自然段的主要内容。一般来讲，一个自然段自成一个要点。以自然段为基础概括要点就是概要写作的关键所做。当然，以自然段为基础概括并不是说一个自然段一定是一个要点。也有可能几个自然段说明一个要点，或一个自然段包含数个要点。所以，判断其要点的呈现情况，

3、最关键的还是要理解文章。3. 抓住主要信息，忽略次要细节。说明文和议论文为了表达观点和说明信息，首先会有主要观点，事实或论点。而后根据需要辅以具体的支持性的细节性的信息，如例举数字，举例等。在概要写作中，我们要呈现关键信息，忽略补充和辅助信息。如，4. 利用高频词和核心词概括要点。概要写作的文章主旨明确，核心内容突出。因此，文章会出现意义比较集中的高频词或核心词。在阅读文章的时候，要善于发现核心词和高频词。这些词汇是概要的基础和核心。5. 使用正确的时态。概要写作的体裁一般是说明文和议论文。其目的是介绍和论证，因此内容都是事实或论点，所以其时态一般都使用用一般时或完成时，慎用过去时。同时，一定

4、要注意时态的一致性。6. 注意句式和语法结构的丰富性。概要写作对考生表达的书面化程度要求比较高，因此要注意写作时使用丰富的语言形式。可以酌情选择使用从句，非谓语等结构。但句子结构不可过长，也不要刻意使用太过复杂的句子结构。句子之间也要注意使用合适的连接词。连接词的使用以合适简洁为主，不要生硬。尽量避免如firstly, secondly, thirdly 这样的连接词。注意掌握正确的写作程序：1. 认真阅读原文，掌握原文的段落主旨，并标出文章的高频词，核心词。2. 整体理解文章的结构。确保对文章各个段落之间的理解逻辑合理。3. 写出各段的基本段意。并再次比较各段的逻辑关系是否合理。4. 对各段

5、的要点进行美化。使用非谓语动词，定语从句，名词性从句等进行润色。5. 综合整个文章，在合适的地方使用关联词。6. 认真誊写到答题卷。常用表达1This article/passage mainly tells us .2This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores.3This article focuses on the .4In this passage (about.)，the author.5This paper provides/gives an overview of.6The author began the essay/pas

6、sage by telling/presenting.8. First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part，the author argues/explains/mentions/states/points out (that).9Secondly/Next/Further on/Then/In the next part/In the main part，the author goes on with.10Finally，the author stresses that.本单元写作要求同学们能用所学的有关概要写作的知识给第50页的文章写一篇概

7、要写作。内容表述结构设计第一部分介绍地震发生前的现象。For several days, strange things occurred in the countryside of northeaster Hebei.此部分一般用一个句子即可。第二部分为地震的具体信息，包括地震发生的时间以及造成的危害。The city was greatly affected and nearly destroyed. Many people were killed or injured. 可以用简单句，复合句，非谓语等结构对多个信息进行综合。第三部分为重建的描述。Soldiers and medical w

8、orkers arrived to find survivors and help the people who had lost everything. With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the people, a new Tangshan was built.此处可以用过渡句引出下面的内容。具体内容表述可以用多种句式结构，注意句式结构不要重复。【小试牛刀】For several days, strange things occurred in the countryside of nort

9、heaster Hebei. Then, on 28 July 1976, an earthquake hit Tangshan city. The city was greatly affected and nearly destroyed. Many people were killed or injured. The rescue work began soon after the quakes. Soldiers and medical workers arrived to find survivors and help the people who had lost everythi

10、ng. With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the people, a new Tangshan was built.阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。（2019年6月高考改革试验区卷) Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposit

11、e extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try

12、new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a r

13、esult, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something th

14、at deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donhue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end p

15、roduct that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worke

16、d hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._审题本文的要求是对一篇有关表扬孩子方法探讨的议论文写一篇概要写作。写作时要注意：1文体：议论文的摘要。2时态：文章论述的是客观现实的问题，因此以一般过去时为主。3人称：为了让我们的论

17、述更有亲和力，应以第一人称为主体时态。谋篇文章第一段指出过度的表扬不利于孩子的成长。第二段认为不表扬孩子也不利孩子的成长。第三段指出了表扬的重点是要关注过程而非结果。第四段更进一步陈述我们要表扬孩子的努力过程，不必太过关注结果。在概要写作中要包含以上内容。遣词造句【核心词汇】1. praise 表扬2. opposite effects相反的结果3. focus on process 关注过程4. product结果5. regardless of 不管，不顾【连词成句】1. 过度的表扬对孩子有负面对影响。Too much praise or praise in a wrong way may

18、 have opposite effects on children.2. 我们的表扬要聚焦于过程而不是结果。Our praise should focus on process rather than product. 3. 我们要以正确的方式表扬我们的孩子。We should praise our kids effort in a proper way.【句式升级】1. 根据文章对第一句话进行信息拓展。Experts believe that too much praise or praise in a wrong way may have opposite effects on chil

19、dren.2. 对第三句进行高级句式提升。What we should praise is our kids effort in a proper way, regardless of the result.组句成篇根据原文内容，用适当的过渡词语和必要的扩展信息，写出一篇80词左右的概要写作。Experts believe that too much praise or praise in a wrong way may have opposite effects on children. (要点1） On the other hand, no praise also does harm to

20、 kids development. (要点2）To gain best result, our praise should focus on process rather than product. (要点3） Therefore，what we should praise is our kids effort in a proper way, regardless of the result. (要点4）Writing 1 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply

21、 because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy

22、once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure

23、you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campu

24、s visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, thi

25、ngs that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions of officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it wont cost you a penny! You can regist

26、er for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend._【佳作欣赏】It is

27、a wise choice for a student to pay a personal visit to the college you are applying to，especially the ones that are close to you. In order avoid being regret, you should at least visit the college you decided to attend. If all the above is not affordable, it will be helpful to search the online coll

28、ege fairs at CollegeWeekLive where you can get necessary information needed.Writing 2. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。With busy lives, it can be hard to find time to volunteer. However, the benefits of volunteering can be enormous. The more you volunteer, the more benefits you will experience. Of course

29、, volunteering does not have to involve a long-term commitment or take a huge amount of time out of your busy days. Giving in even simple ways can help those in need and improve your health and happiness. It brings you benefits in a number of ways, but it doesnt have to take over your life to be ben

30、eficial.One of the better-known benefits of volunteering is the impact on the community. Volunteering allows you to connect to your community and make it a better place. Even helping out with the smallest tasks can make a real difference to the lives of people, animals, and organizations in need. An

31、d volunteering is a two-way street. It can benefit you and your family. Dedicating your time as a volunteer helps you make new friends, expand your network, and boost your social skills. Volunteering provides many benefits to both mental and physical health. Almost everyone has to fight against stre

32、ss, anger, and anxiety. The social contact aspect of helping and working with others can have a profound effect on your overall psychological well-being. Nothing relieves stress better than a meaningful connection to another person. Working with pets and other animals has also been shown to improve

33、mood and reduce stress and anxiety. Volunteering can also advance your career. If youre considering a new career, volunteering can help you get experience in your area of interest and meet people in the field. Even if youre not planning on changing careers, volunteering gives you the opportunity to

34、practice important skills used in the workplace, such as teamwork, communication, problem solving, project planning, task management, and organization. You might feel more comfortable stretching your wings at work once youve developed these skills in a volunteer position first._【佳作欣赏】By doing volunt

35、eering work, you can give a hand to those who are in need of help and it doesnt require a great deal of time and energy. It not only provide help to the others but also helps you make new friends and improve your social skills. It is also good for your mental and physical health. Through voluntary w

36、ork, you can also improve related skills and promote your career development.Writing 3. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Feeling hungry? If youre feeling starved, what is the easiest way to satisfy your hunger? Many of us will reach for a takeaway menu and order some delicious but possibly unhealthy food.

37、 And our increasingly busy life adds to our need to buy ready-made food on the go or delivered to our home.Eating options are endless, and new technology means we can feed our desire at the push of a button. Takeaway delivery apps make ordering food quick and convenient. This is especially the case

38、during the recent coronavirus crisis, when people stuck at home with nothing to cook or lacked the skills to prepare a meal for themselves. Its calculated that in the UK alone, people eat three million takeaway meals a day, and the three biggest delivery apps together offer a choice of 100 cuisines

39、from 60,000 restaurants. Amelia Brophy, Head of UK Data Products at YouGov, told the BBC that its research “suggests that the frequency of takeaways ordered is expected to increase in the future.Its no wonder we are tempted （诱惑）to skip the grocery shopping, avoid the kitchen, and tuck into （大口吃）some

40、thing that someone else has prepared. But ordering a deep crust pizza, a spicy curry or a box of noodles, can come at a price both financially and to our health. Eating too much processed and unhealthy fast food has effect on obesity and the risk of developing certain diseases. Children and adolesce

41、nts who eat fast food at least three times a week are more likely to develop eczema, according to one study. Eczema is a skin condition that causes patches of itchy skin.Of course, reducing salt, sugar and fat is one way to make takeaway food healthier. Yet, thats far from enough. The best advice yo

42、u might want to take is to find a recipe book and try making your own meal._【佳作欣赏】With the fast pace of modern life, busy people tend to order takeaway food when hungry. Wide food choices and easy ordering are making it more and more popular. However, takeaway food actually costs us a lot financiall

43、y and also does great harm to our health. Although reducing salt, sugar and fat can make takeaway food a little healthier, you are still strongly advised to cooking your meals by recipe.Writing 4. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Around the world，music therapy (疗法）is being used to treat different medical

44、conditions and illnesses. Some of the ways people use music therapy are to reduce pain, such as inchildbirth or during cancer treatments, or to stimulate brain activity after an injury. Musictherapy has also been successful in aiding children to overcome disabilities. Children canmove their bodies w

45、ith the music and stamp along to the beat.Why is music a useful therapy? Being comforting and relaxing，music stimulates our brains. We respond to the sounds of music emotionally and physically. The complexity ofmusic (the different tempos, rhythms，melodies and harmonies) provokes (激发）the biggestresp

46、onse. Thus, classical music is most typically used for therapies due to complex soundsand patterns. Although rap or hip hop might be fun to listen to, ifs unlikely that such styles ofmusic would produce the same kind of therapeutic effect. Playing a musical instrument ratherthan simply listening to

47、music can also be therapeutic for some people，helping relieve stressand anxiety.Have scientists been able to prove that music can heal diseases? Music has been shown to reduce pain by increasing the release of endorphins (内啡肽）. Endorphins are thebodys natural painkillers, and when we listen to music

48、, our brains respond by releasing thesenatural painkillers. It has also been known to contribute to the brain development of thebabies who have just been born and even babies still in the mothers womb. Certain types ofmusic have also been found to lower blood pressure and slow a persons heart rate.

49、Manypeople are hopeful that music could replace the need for some medicines that are normallyused to treat certain illnesses. At present, music therapy is used in a variety of settings such ashospitals, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, day cares, and schools.Although music therapy is not yet c

50、onsidered a mainstream treatment, it is recognized more and more as a useful addition to traditional treatment. So next time you are feeling lowor stressed out, put on some relaxing music and let the music heal you._【佳作欣赏】Music therapy is a useful way to treat various illnesses worldwide，especially

51、for children. The reason is that comforting music or playing musical instruments can activate our brain and help easepressure and anxiety. Music has already been proved to generate positive effects ofreducing pain, developing the babies brain, lowering blood pressure and slowing heart rate. Though m

52、usic therapy is not adopted widely, it is regarded as an effective helper to traditional treatmentWriting 5. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。If you plan to learn a foreign language,you might think its going to be really challenging.Youve probably heard a lot of talks about how its easier to learn languag

53、es as a young child,and that learning as an adult can be difficult.You might even know friends or family members who have tried to learn a foreign tongue and failed.Thats because they are surrounded by the failure.Were here to cheer you up with some good news and inspire you to get started.Can you l

54、earn languages at any age?Scientists are always learning about human brain.Decades ago,experts believed that the brain developed during childhood and then stayed that way for life.However,modern studies have shown us that the brain has the ability to continually form new neural(神经系统的)connections thr

55、oughout adulthood.A 2010 Swedish study tested two groups of people,one in the range of age 21 through 30 and another between 65 and 80.Surprisingly,they found no significant differences in neuroplasticity(神经可塑性).In other words,this suggests that its possible for you to learn new things at any age.Re

56、search also suggests.that learning languages throughout adulthood improves the adult brain in general.In a 2012 Chinese study,experts looked at a group of adults who were learning Mandarin(普通话)over a nine-month period.They found that these adults showed improvement in the part of the brain that allo

57、ws neural cells to communicate.The better your neural cells communicate,the easier it will be for you to learn new things.Why may adults have an easier time learning?Children might have a naturally high degree of neuroplasticity,but that doesnt mean learning is necessarily easier for them.In fact,ad

58、ult brains have a number of great qualities that,might actually make learning easier, especially if you take advantage of free language learning apps like Mondly._【佳作欣赏】It is commonly thought that learning a foreign language is really hard for adults. But modern studies have revealed that age is not

59、 the limitation to learning in adulthood. Moreover, learning throughout adulthood can activate brain neural cells, greatly benefiting the brain. Actually, adults learn more easily than kids, for their brains have many characteristics that are beneficial to learning.Writing 6. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内

60、容概要。An old saying goes that a near neighbor is better than a distant cousin. This saying has fully proved that neighbors are so significant in our life.In the past, neighbors helped one another build houses and clear fields. They could offer timely help when someone was in trouble. Families depended

61、 on one another for friendship and entertainment. They shared happiness and sorrow from time to time, which brought a harmonious atmosphere.However, nowadays, lack of communication and interaction between neighbors is a norm. Close relationship between neighbors is not common in our cities. A family

62、 may not even know the other families that live next door to them. We live in an age of machines and the Internet, and each family have its own car, TV set, and washing machine. People no longer depend on neighbors as much as they once did. Machines and the Internet keep people apart. In our grandpa

63、rents time, women met while they hung out the washing, and men stopped and talked while they mowed their lawns. Today, they cant hear anything above the noise of their power lawn mowers. And women stay inside with their electrical dryers. Children are inside watching their favorite TV shows or playi

64、ng computer games.Is the idea of being a good neighbor old-fashioned? In 1965, a power cut hit New York City, and many thousands of people were left helpless. Suddenly everyone shared the same problem, and the largest city became a group of eight million neighbors. People with cars offered rides to

65、those walking. Other people helped direct traffic. Trapped in elevators, people played word games and helped keep each other in good spirit. In times of trouble, people still depend on one another. As time goes on, people may once again feel that being a good neighbor is important._【佳作欣赏】Neighbors p

66、lay an important role in our life.( 要 点 1）In the past, neighbors helped one another and lived a harmonious life. （要点 2）Admittedly,owing to devices and the Internet, neighbors drift apart, resulting in little contact between each other now. （要点 3）Nevertheless,undergoing a power failure enabled reside

67、nts in New York City to become neighbors, and they assisted and encouraged one another, which illustrates the significance and popularity of being a good neighbor.（要点 4）Writing 7. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Children are starting to carry cell phones at younger ages. In a recent study, 22% of kids in

68、 primary school reported having their own cell phone compared with 60% of tweens and 84% of teens. Like many parents, you may wonder whether your child is ready for a cell phone. As you might imagine, there are different attitudes towards it.Many parents consider safety as the main reason for giving

69、 their child a cell phone. They want to be able to reach their child whenever they need to. They also want to give their child the security of being able to reach them whenever he needs to. This is especially true if your child is home alone after school or walks home alone, says Barbara Greenberg,

70、PhD, a clinical psychologist in Fairfield County, CT. However, if your child has a cell phone, he has access to websites that may be inappropriate. He may see content that is violent and could be related to death or sex. Lots of kids have fantasies in their mind about things they dont understand, Gr

71、eenberg says. Theres also the issue of inadequate sleep, Greenberg says. Kids with cell phones are likely to stay awake late into the night playing games and texting with friends. Cell phones also bring the risk of cyber-bullying(网络欺凌). Before, once you got indoors you were safe, Greenberg says. But

72、 with cell phones and social media, nobody is ever safe from bullying. Your child is ready for a cell phone when he can sit down with you to create guidelines for its use, Greenberg says. If theyre unwilling to make this list, they arent ready. For most kids, this happens around age 12 or 13, she sa

73、ys. Parents should make the decision, not well-meaning grandparents or friends who gift your child with a phone. Ask yourself whether your child has good judgment and a history of good decision-making, Greenberg says. If he is immature or tends to make bad decisions, he isnt ready._【佳作欣赏】Opinions on

74、 whether kids are ready for cell phones are divided among parents.(要点1) Some parents support it, because they focus on the convenience it brings, especially on safety matters. （要点2）However, others object to it, believing cell phones may bring inappropriate use of websites, insufficient sleep and ris

75、ky cyber-bully.（要点3） It is suggested that cell phones should be given to well-prepared children who can make a responsible guideline list.（要点4）Writing 8. 阅读下面短文. 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Did you know that 60.2% of US families own dogs? Thats over 75 million families. Besides getting a faithful companion,

76、these friends also provide many health benefits that can be truly life changing for your fitness and wellness.Most dogs need to do their business outside many times per day, so you are up and moving more often than non-pet owners. The average dog owner spends 300 minutes per week walking, compared t

77、o a non-pet owners 168 minutes. Frequent daily exercise lowers your blood pressure and reduces your chances of suffering from heart disease.Your physical health isnt the only thing that gets better with a companion dog. You can also improve your mental well-being. People suffering from anxiety find

78、it helpful to have a dog on hand thats happy to provide assistance. You can find many dogs operating as emotional support animals, and help people in stressful situations feel better. If your dog is a more active type, you could find yourself taking your friend all over the place. If you take your d

79、og to the forest, you actually lower your tendency to suffer negative（消极的） feelings. A research study discovered that the part of the brain that is most active when you deal with negative things calms down when you spend time among the trees.The dog ownership routine allows you to build healthy habi

80、ts and it also gives you the opportunity to make social connections. Dog parks are filled with people you share a common interest with, and there are plenty of people who love to give dogs a friendly pat轻拍）during walks. All of these are opportunities to have new great friendships and other emotional

81、 connections._【佳作欣赏】Many US families have dogs and these companion animals help improve peoples health in many ways. (要点1) Taking the dog for a walk every day contributes to physical health. (要点2) Besides, dogs, which can offer people emotional support or get them close to nature, bring psychological benefits. (要点3) They also provide more chances of positive social interaction with people of the same interest. (要点4)