[32084018]【寒假特训】01 由句内句组及语篇层次破解完形填空-2022年高二英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、01 由句内句组及语篇层次破解完形填空【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 完形填空解题技巧u 五大方法速判句内层次题解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文章的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，可边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。1 利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些固定结构、固定句式，这时就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。这个技巧主要指惯用搭配，讲究词与词的搭配，涉及到关联词、动词、副词、形容词、名词和短语等。示例Katherine Ellison, a Pulitzer Prize-

2、winning investigative journalist says she didnt understand why her son behaved like that, and admits, her behavior was also(58) _ the situation.58. A contributing to B. composed of C. resulting from D. giving rise to【答案】A【解析】本题考查固定搭配。Katherine Elision不明白为什么儿子在学校时那样的表现，然后承认自己的行为举止对此也有责任。contributing

3、to对.有贡献。2 利用生活常识和文化背景解题在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。示例He had spent those years well,graduating from college, completing two internships(实习) in Washington, D.C, and _, becoming a technical assistant in Sacramento.A. hopefully B. finally C. particularly D.

4、certainly【解析】有上文及全句的意思可知，在这儿是作者六年求学和工作的最后一个环节，表示毕业之后找到了一份工作，从预期上讲，应该是结论性的，所以，惟有finally符合题意，选B。3利用对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。示例A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a

5、 pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on. 59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable解析该题利用相似短语之间的对比关系来命题。设空部分与下文的a small, noisy room with the television on存在对比关系。作者想借此说明“相同的作业”对于“不同家庭背景的学生”所表现出的事实上的不公平。答案C。4.利用逻辑关系解题此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应

6、用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语，二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。示例AI is already revolutionizing our lives. But though computers can assist us, they are not like us. Our health of experience gives us creativitybut it also makes us vulnerable to accumulating. Conscious and unconscious biases (偏见). _23_, AI systems today r

7、eceive their “training” using very specific collections of relevant data. A. For example B. In contrast C. As a result D. In addition解析 句意：相反，今天，人工智能系统接受他们的“训练”使用非常具体的相关数据集合。A. For example例如；B. In contrast相反；C. As a result结果；D. In addition此外。由上下文语境可知，上文讲“丰富的人类经验给人带来的缺点，即人会有偏见”，下文讲“人工智能没有复杂的情绪/经验，帮人避

8、免偏见”，上下文是相反的意思，用In contrast。故选B项。5. 利用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。示例 The cyber school was _37_ as a free option for students in kindergarten through grade 8 who have trouble succeeding in the districts _38_ public school.38. A. virtu

9、al B. superior C. traditional D. specialized解析 句意：网络学校兴起是为了那些从幼儿园到8年级的学生提供自由的选择，这些学生无法正常去该地区传统的公立学校。A. virtual虚拟的；B. superior高级的；C. traditional传统的；D. specialized特定的。根据文章可知，本文讲述网络学校，与网络学校对应的是传统学校，故选C。u 四种方法智取句组层次题比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。1利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义

10、衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。示例. and each branch has an office that handles these requests. Other branches of the government (12) _ requests to use public spaces and buildings, such as monuments or parks.A. addres

11、s B. introduce C. receive D. propose解析.A. address解决，处理；B. introduce引进，介绍；C. receive收到；D. propose提议；根据上下文，上文说每个分支都会有处理这些请求的办事处，故下文进行互补，其他分支来处理使用公共空间和建筑.的请求。考察同义词复现的做题方法，选A；2 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案或根据作者对

12、人物或事情的褒贬性排除干扰做出正确的选择。示例More than five million American children and teens have been diagnosed with attention Deficit /hyperactivity Disorder, a condition that makes it difficult-if not (51) _to focus and complete the tasks.51、A impossible B, acceptable C likely D. interesting解析.A. not impossible 双重否

13、定表肯定，意为注意力缺失症很难集中和完成一项任务，可能性很小。3利用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。示例 The city _63_ this with modern structures suc

14、h as man-made reservoirs. These reservoirs are not the only solution, _64_. Over a thousand years ago, indigenous people developed another way to solve water problems.64.A. furthermore B. howeverC. thereforeD. moreover解析.句意：然而，这些水库并不是唯一的解决办法。A. furthermore此外；B. however然而；C. therefore因此；D. moreover而且

15、。上文“The city _ this with modern structures such as man-made reservoirs.”和下文“These reservoirs are not the only solution”之间是转折关系，故用转折副词。故选B项。示例As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. 55 the faults already found out

16、 in the education system as a whole such as child-centered learning, the “discovery” method, and the low expectations by teachers of pupils there have been several serious 56 which have a direct effect on language teaching. 55. A. Due to B. In addition to C. Instead of D. In spite of【解析】B 选项分别解释为“由于

17、”、“除外”、“代替”、“尽管”。理解上下文语境可知其逻辑关系是列举补充关系，故选B。该段主旨是：语言教学失败除了自身原因外，还有其它诸因素的直接影响。下文破折号后的there have been several为判断其逻辑关系提供了线索。4利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。示例Exercise is one way to feel strong and powerful. Another way to gain confidence is to work on your _34_ in something like ch

18、ess, music, computers, or writing.34. A. researches B. studies C. skills D. exercises【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一种获得自信的方法是提高你在象棋、音乐、电脑或写作方面的技能。A. researches研究；B. studies学习，研究；C. skills技能；D. exercises练习。根据后面的语境可知，此处是指提高自己各方面的技能（skills）来获得自信，故选C。u 三种方法突破语篇层次题语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，

19、从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有23道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。具体来说，可以利用以下3种方法解答此类题目。1. 利用语义复现解题由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，它往往要围绕一个话题论述，因此行文中词语的重复、替代或同现的现象是不可避免的，即某一词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答

20、案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以这些词之间的有机联系来决定答案。示例 The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 50 . What is the purpose of the dress rehea

21、rsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 51. in other words revising. Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.50. A. technique B. style C. process D. career解析：参照下文第二段最后一句的“Andrew

22、Lloyd Webbers musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”可知答案C。process这个单词在下文复现。2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。总分对照结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。对比结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。示例

23、 No limits! Imagine that normal limitations dont _58_. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new _59_. If your goal is to learn to ski, _60_, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now _61_ this to re

24、ality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.Be someone else! Look at the situation from a _62_ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the _63_ in their books. They ask questions

25、: What does this character want? Why cant she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their _64_. The best fishermen think like fish!58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical【解析】58. C

26、 由本段的开头一句话：NO limits! 可知本段的中心应该围绕该话题展开的。62. C 此题的测试方法和上面的第58题如出一辙，只要用心都会注意到该段的开头一句话：Be someone else! 充当的作用：总领该段。故此选答案时应该照顾上下文。3. 利用逻辑关系解题在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要解题方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于

27、连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。示例 Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 56 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. 56. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore【解析

28、】：B 副词Moreover类似与but also表递进含义，与前面句not just（only）呼应。副词However（然而，表转折关系）、Instead（作为替代、反而，表相反含义）、Therefore（因此，表原因）都不符题意。示例The United States does not have a government office that regulates the film industry. Government, (1) _, does link with the movie business in several ways.1. A. therefore B. moreov

29、er C. however D. otherwise【解析】：A. therefore, 因此；B. moreover, 而且，此外；C. however, 然而；D. otherwise, 否则，不然的话。根据关键信息 “. does not have . , _, does link with .”可知本空要填转折词，故填C； 课堂典例Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with

30、 the word or phrase that best fits the context.The picture of miseries and sufferings of the Black woman in America may appear, perhaps darker and more depressing than Dantes(但丁) description of Hell because in the history of human race, the Black woman in America has suffered the most. A close and c

31、ritical (1)_ of the history of the Black womans life and condition since her arrival in a strange land will unfold very well the long story of her pain and sorrow (2)_ her mutilated(被切断的) soul. Since her arrival on the foreign shore, the Black woman has been facing the worst kind of (3)_ and oppress

32、ion. As a Black she has had to endure all the horrors of slavery and has been the (4)_ of continually inhumane treatment in all kinds of work, (5)_ the lowest place on the wage scale and restricted to the lowest-status and the most uncreative jobs. Since times of slavery, Black womanhood has been de

33、stroyed, twisted and abused with racial and inhuman (6)_ by black men and white men and women. In the process, they have lost their genuine self, and have developed a(n) (7)_ in themselvesthough as black women, they see themselves with the eyes of white men and women and black men. This has ultimate

34、ly been responsible for the destruction of their self-confidence and the feeling of being human. They (8)_ themselves as masters belongings.As a mother she has seen her children sold into slavery. She has seen them left at home without attention while she (9)_ to the needs of the children of the rul

35、ing class. She has seen her children suffer from drug addiction, the (10)_ of decent education and experience attacks by a racist society, and (11)_ the prisons of this nation. In addition, besides suffering the common fate of all oppressed people, the African-American women continue to (12)_ the op

36、pression of woman by men, which existed for long. In the home she becomes “the slave of a slave”. Men may be cruelly treated and subjected to all sorts of dehumanizing treatment on the part of the ruling class. (13)_, at least they can take out their frustration on someone else, their women.Thus fem

37、inism in America means much more than what it stands for in other European countries, chiefly because it has different role and meaning (14)_ the Black women. If a feminist is commonly defined as one who is involved in transforming and (15)_ familiar realities, then Black women are innate(天生的) femin

38、ists. Black women writing exhibits and constructs a Black womens literary tradition that is inherently feminist. Barbara Smith, an influential Black feminist critic, states that the ability of Black women to survive in the face of White America exhibits an innate feminist potential.1. A. respectB. r

39、eferenceC. accountD. expression2. A. associated withB. completed withC. involved inD. joined by3. A. explorationB. exhaustionC. exploitationD. explosion4. A. articleB. itemC. substanceD. object5. A. including B. occupyingC. containingD. striking6. A. proceduresB. processesC. descriptionsD. practices

40、7. A. complexityB. anxietyC. simplicityD. gravity8. A. look toB. look uponC. look overD. look through9. A. took B. keptC. attendedD. appealed10. A. richnessB. lackC. varietyD. possibility11. A. populatingB. emphasizingC. chargingD. criticizing12. A. undertakeB. underlineC. undervalueD. undergo13. A.

41、 ThereforeB. AnywayC. HoweverD. Moreover14. A. with respect toB. in line withC. in addition toD. in parallel with15. A. reappointingB. representingC. reconsideringD. reinterpreting【答案】1-5：CACDB 6-10：DABCB 11-15：ADCAD【分析】1.考查名词。A. respect尊重 B. reference参考 C. account描述 D. expression 表达，比较接近和历史的描述，选C。2

42、.考查词组，A. associated with 和有关B. completed with被完成C. involved in涉及D. joined by 加入。她的痛苦和悲伤和她被切断的灵魂相关联，选A。3.考查名词，A. exploration探索 B. exhaustion筋疲力尽 C. exploitation剥削 D. explosion爆炸。承受所有糟糕的剥削和反对，选C。4.考查名词，A. article文章B. item 条款C. substance物质D. object 物体，对象。变成不断非人性对待的对象，选D。5.考查动词，A. including包括B. occupyin

43、g占据C. containing包括D. striking打击。占据地位最低的职业，选B。6.考查名词，A. procedures手续B. processes 过程 C. descriptions描述D. practices惯例。遭受黑人男性非人性的惯例对待，选D。7.考查名词，A. complexity复杂的状态 B. anxiety焦虑C. simplicity简朴D. gravity严重。她们自身会患有一种复杂的情绪状态，选A。8.考查词组，A. look to朝.看B. look upon把看做C. look over翻阅 D. look through看穿。她们把自己看做是主人的物品

44、，选B。9.考查词组，A. took to开始从事 B. kept to遵守 C. attended to照顾D. appealed to吸引。她还要照顾统治阶级家的孩子，选C。10.考查名词， A. richness富有B. lack缺少C. variety多样D. possibility可能性。缺少良好的教育，选B。11.考查动词，A. populating居住B. emphasizing强调C. charging收费，充电，控告，掌管D. criticizing批评。居住在这个国家的监狱里，选A。12.考查动词，A. undertake从事B. underline在下划线C. under

45、value低估 D. undergo经历。经历过男性对于女性的压制，选D。13.考查连接词，A. Therefore因此B. Anyway不管怎样C. However然而D. Moreover此外。然而，至少他们可以向其他人发泄情绪，选C。14.考查词组，A. with respect to关于B. in line with和一致C. in addition to此外 D. in parallel with与平行。关于黑人女性不同的角色和意义，选A。15.考查动词，A. reappointing再次委任 B. representing代表C. reconsidering重新考虑D. reint

46、erpreting重新诠释。涉及到转变和重新诠释熟悉的现时世界，选D。 实战演练(A)In todays American society, high school dropout (辍学) has become a big problem threatening social and economic stability, as many cases of family _21_ or even tragedies, caused by youth dropout, are catching headlines in media. Dropping out is defined as lea

47、ving school without a high school diploma (毕业证书) or equivalent _22_ such as a General Educational Development (GED) certificate. Although students who drop out come from various backgrounds, several _23_ facts can be noticed. National data show that students from low-income, black or single-parent f

48、amilies are much more likely to drop out of school than their fellow students. _24_ performance is also playing a role. Students receiving poor grades which, in turn, leads to _25_ self-recognition, are sure to be on the high-risk list of dropping out.In recent years, advances in technology have _26

49、_ the demand for a highly skilled labor force, changing a high school education into a minimum requirement for entry into the labor market. As high school completion has become a(n) _27_ requirement for many entry-level jobs, dropouts are having a really hard time in todays job market. On average, d

50、ropouts are more likely to be unemployed than high school graduates and to earn less money even if they _28_ find jobs. Employed dropouts in a variety of studies are usually working at unskilled jobs or at _29_ service occupations offering little opportunity for promotion.Considering the serious con

51、sequences dropping out may bring about, national leaders have demanded that schools, communities, and families take major measures to keep students at school. To make school attendance compulsory (强制的) looks like an effective measure. _30_, many people fear that it will not go far as compulsory atte

52、ndance usually indicates monitoring on students, which might cause _31_ from the students. Others including President Trump, focus their dropout prevention efforts on a program to _32_ class size, replacing large high schools with smaller learning communities where poor students can get _33_ instruc

53、tion from experienced teachers. Combined with frequent home visits by teachers, which definitely _34_ families to participate in prevention efforts, the program is reported to take effect and the nationwide school attendance is _35_.21. A. reunionB. conflictsC. establishmentsD. happiness22. A. oppor

54、tunitiesB. lengthsC. termsD. qualifications23. A. commonB. strangeC. possibleD. positive24. A. FinancialB. CommunicativeC. AcademicD. Social25. A. separateB. negativeC. significantD. standard26. A. fueledB. changedC. challengedD. supposed27. A. unbearableB. jointC. singleD. basic28. A. eventuallyB.

55、attentivelyC. readilyD. generally29. A. long-lastingB. hard-workingC. low-payingD. public-recognizing30. A. FurthermoreB. HoweverC. OtherwiseD. Therefore31. A. objectionB. attentionC. welcomeD. study32. A. maintainB. evaluateC. narrowD. complete33. A. individualizedB. popularizedC. materializedD. so

56、cialized34. A. spareB. encourageC. cornerD. sponsor35. A. calling upB. setting upC. picking upD. finishing up【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. C【解析】【分析】这是一篇教育文化类阅读。作者在文章中主要讲的是在今天的美国社会，高中辍学一天天成长为一个大问题并且威胁社会和经济稳定。退学的定义是指没有高中文凭或相同资历而离开学校。国家数据显示，

57、来自低收入，负能量或单亲家庭的学生更有可能会比他们的同学辍学，此外学生的成绩太差，导致消极的对自我价值的认识，这也是在辍学列表的有着高风险的一个。作者还讲述了为了减少这种现象，美国还采用了用较小的学习社区取代大型高中，在这里穷苦的学生可以从有经验的老师上获得具有个人特色的教导，从而降低辍学率。【21题详解】名词词义辨析。A：重聚；B：冲突，矛盾；C：确立，制定；D：幸福，快乐。根据空后面的tragedies（悲剧）可知，二者应表示并列，根据选项得只有选项B符合文意，故选B。【22题详解】名词词义辨析。A：机会；B：长度；C：条款；术语；D：资格，资历。句意为：退学的定义是指没有高中文凭或相同资

58、历而离开学校，再根据选项，故选D。【23题详解】形容词词义辨析。A：共同的；B：奇怪的；C：可能的；D：积极的。句意为：虽然辍学的学生来自不同的背景，但仍要注意一些相同的事实。故选A。【24题详解】形容词词义辨析。A：金融的；财政的；B：交际的；爱说话的；C：学术的；理论的；D：社会的。句意为：国家数据显示，来自低收入，负能量或单亲家庭的学生更有可能会比他们的同学辍学结合语境语义可知空中内容应与前文对应，根据选项，应为理论上的性质故选C。【25题详解】形容词词义辨析。A：单独的，分开的；B：负的，消极的；C：重大的，有效的；D：标准的，合规格的句意为：反过来，学生的成绩太差，导致消极的对自我价

59、值的认识，这也是在辍学列表的有着高风险的一个。故选B。【26题详解】动词词义辨析。A：加燃料，推动；B：改变；C：挑战；D：假定。句意为：近年来，技术的进步了高技术劳动力的需求，结合语境语义，应该为推动了高技术劳动力的需求，故选A。【27题详解】形容词词义辨析。A：难以忍受的；B：共同的；连接的；C：单一的；D：基础的句意为：高中所完成的学习任务已成为许多入门级的工作的一个要求，辍学在今天的就业市场越来越艰难了可知应该为基本的要求，故选D。【28题详解】副词词义辨析。A：最后，终于；B：聚精会神地；C：容易地；D：普遍地句意为：平均而言，辍学是比高中毕业生更容易失业，赚更少的钱，即使他们最终找

60、到工作。故选A。【29题详解】词语搭配题。A：持续时间长的；B：努力工作的；C：低薪的；D：社会认可的。句意为：在各种各样的研究中，被雇佣的辍学者通常从事非技术性工作或的服务职业，而很少有机会获得晋升机会。结合语境语义，故选C。【30题详解】副词辨析。A：此外；而且；B：然而；C：否则；另外；D：因此。结合语境语义，许多人担心它不会走得太远，因为强制出席通常意味着对学生的监控。可知此处应该表示转折关系。故选B。【31题详解】名词词义辨析。A：反对；反对派；B：注意力；C：欢迎；D：学业。句意为：强制出席通常意味着对学生的监控，这可能会造成学生对它的结合语境语义，应该是学生的反对，故选A。【32

61、题详解】动词词义辨析。A：维持；继续；B：评价；估价；C：使变狭窄；D：完成根据空后面的用较小的学习社区取代大型高中，可知应该是缩小班级的规模。故选C。【33题详解】形容词词义辨析。A：具有个人特色的；B：大众化的；C：实体化的；D：社会化的。用较小的学习社区取代大型高中，在这里穷苦的学生可以从有经验的老师上获得具有个人特色的教导。故选A。【34题详解】词语搭配题。A：节约，吝惜；B：鼓励；C：使陷入绝境；D：赞助。句意为：与教师经常性的家访结合，肯定能鼓励家庭参与到预防工作中，结合语境语义，故选B。【35题详解】动词词义辨析。A：接通；B：设置，设立，安装；C：上升；D：完成。句意为：据报道

62、，该计划生效，全国学校的出勤率也在，结合语境语义，应该为出勤率在上升。故选C。【点睛】在做完形填空时一定要注意and/but/so/besides/however/furthermore/moreover/in addition/whats more/though等词汇、固定结构的运用。它们连接了上下文，起着承上起下的作用。像but（但是）、however（然而），表示转折，这说明前后的内容相反或相对。把握住这一点，做起题来就会得心应手。本题第10小题，结合语境语义，许多人担心它不会走得太远，因为强制出席通常意味着对学生的监控。可知此处应该表示转折关系。故选B。(B)In 1965, 17-y

63、ear-old high school student Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours to see how hed cope without sleep. On the second day, his eyes stopped focusing. Next, he lost the ability to (1)_ objects by touch. By day three, Gardner was moody and uncoordinated. At the end of the experiment, he was (2)_ to co

64、ncentrate, had trouble with short-term memory and started hallucinating(出现幻觉). Although Gardner recovered without long-term psychological or physical (3)_, for others, sleeplessness can result in hormone(激素) imbalance, illness, and even death.Sleep is (4)_. Adults need 7 to 8 hours of sleep at night

65、, and adolescents need about 10. In the United States, its estimated that 30% of adults and 66% of adolescents are (5)_ sleep deprived. When we lose sleep, learning, memory, mood, and reaction time are affected. Sleeplessness may also cause inflammation, hallucinations, high blood pressure, and its

66、even been (6)_ to diabetes and obesity.How can sleep (7)_ cause such enormous suffering? Scientists think the answer lies with the (8)_ of waste products in the brain. During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our days energy sources with get broken down into various by-products, includin

67、g adenosine(腺苷酸). As adenosine builds up, it increases the (9)_ to sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by (10)_ adenosines receptor pathways. Other waste products also build up in the brain, and if theyre not cleared away, they collectively (11)_ the brain and are thought to

68、 lead to the many negative symptoms of sleep deprivation.So, whats happening in our brain when we sleep, to prevent this? Scientists found something called the Lymphatic System, a clean-up mechanism(机能) that removes this build up and is much more (12)_ when were asleep. It works by using cerebrospin

69、al fluid(脑脊髓液) to flush away toxic by-products that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which (13)_ pathways for immune cells have recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in (14)_ the brains daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring the restorati

70、ve mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that sleeping is a(n) (15)_ if we want to maintain our health and our sanity.1. A. produceB. identifyC. moveD. discover2. A. balancingB. remindedC. strugglingD. intended3. A. abilityB. outcomeC. responseD. damage4. A. essentialB. healthyC. investigatedD. ne

71、glected5. A. scarcelyB. temporarilyC. regularlyD. hopefully6. A. occurredB. linkedC. increasedD. developed7. A. deprivationB. sufficiencyC. absenceD. pressure8. A. accumulationB. discoveryC. resourceD. prevention9. A. symptomB. powerC. difficultyD. urge10. A. clearingB. blockingC. holdingD. assistin

72、g11. A. overloadB. polluteC. protectD. explore12. A. harmfulB. activeC. tenseD. necessary13. A. serve asB. block upC. tear downD. point to14. A. analyzingB. removingC. followingD. dividing15. A. systemB. priorityC. opportunityD. necessity【答案】1-5.BCDAC 6-10.BAADA 11-15. ABABD【分析】1. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“接

73、下来，他失去了通过触摸来识别物体的能力。”2. C. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“在实验结束时，他奋力集中，短期记忆出现问题，变得偏执，并且开始出现幻觉。”3. D.根据上下文，本句的意思是：“虽然加德纳恢复了，并没有长期的心理或物理伤害，对有些人来说，失去睡眠可能会导致荷尔蒙失调、疾病，并且在极端情况下死亡。”4. A. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“睡眠是必不可少的。”5. C. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“在美国，据统计，30的成人和66的青少年经常睡眠不足。”6. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“失眠也可引起炎症、幻觉、高血压，它甚至被认为与糖尿病和肥胖症有关。”7. A. 根据上下文

74、，本句的意思是：“睡眠剥夺为何能引起如此巨大的痛苦？”8. A. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“科学家认为，答案在于大脑中废物的积累。”9. D. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“随着腺苷的积聚，它增加了冲动睡觉，也被称为睡眠压力。”10. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“事实上，咖啡因通过阻断腺苷的受体途径来起作用。”11. A. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“其他废物也在脑中积聚，如果不将其清理掉而共同使大脑超载，这被认为是导致睡眠剥夺的诸多不良症状的原因。”12. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“科学家发现淋巴系统，一个清理机制，能消除这种堆积并且当我们睡着了更加活跃。”13. A. 根据上

75、下文，本句的意思是：“淋巴管，它作为途径免疫细胞。”14. B. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“他们也可能清理出大脑的日常废品。”15. D. 根据上下文，本句的意思是：“尽管科学家还在继续探索人睡着后的修复机制，我们可以肯定的是如果我们要保持健康的身心，良好的睡眠是非常必要的。”(C)Over the last 15 years, digital communication has ushered（引入）in more changes than the printing press did in 1570. And the stand-out early adopters in this wo

76、rld are teenagers, whose brains appear to have an extraordinary _21_ to adapt to the world around them, according to Dr Jay Giedd, an adolescent brain expert.We are now proving that as a species, our brains are still flexible and _22_during adolescence. Having a more flexible brain means that some _

77、23_ of it, such as impulse control and the ability to make long-term decisions, havent developed yet, which may also explain why we spend a/an _24_ period living under the protection of our parents rather than leaving home at the age of 12 or 13. This also means that the adolescent brain can adapt t

78、o new technology, allowing teenagers to _25_ the accelerating pace of digital technology and giving them a multitasking advantage.In the US, teenagers are spending 8.5 hours using computers, mobiles and other devices to learn, interact and play. This jumps to 11.5 if you take into account all of the

79、 _26_ that goes on, such as talking on the phone while youre watching TV. Australian teenagers were found to be spending an average of 7 hours and 38 minutes using these devices in 2009.There are _27_as to how social media is affecting the way in which the brain learns to _28_ , as one of the most i

80、mportant skills that we learn as children is how to make friends and interact with people around you. Geidd says that from a biology standpoint, a lot of what goes on inside our brains is social.“A lot of the brain changes are sort of set up to develop these social skills. ” These interactions are n

81、ow being _29_ by technologyyou could have hundreds of friends, all of whom are real people that you interact withand scientists arent sure whether well be able to develop the same _30_using Facebook.There is possible _31_ of the growing digital trend: Youtube indicates that teenagers all over the wo

82、rld are watching the same clips and laughing at the same jokes, indicating that they are more _32_ than their predecessors. Sharing the same jokes could possibly go a long way to breaking down some of the prejudices out there. They may be _33_ to texting their friends and posting updates on Facebook

83、, but teenagers today are probably going to have access to technology and _34_ social and educational opportunities that anyone with a less flexible brain might have trouble imagining. _35_, there is a cut off and by the age of 30, our brains become more set in their ways, making it harder for us to

84、 adapt and cope with new technologies.21. A. activityB. capacityC. responsibilityD. opportunity22. A. operatingB. promotingC. adjustingD. establishing23. A. functionsB. optionsC. restrictionsD. positions24. A. opposedB. imposedC. limitedD. extended25. A. keep up withB. come up withC. put up withD. e

85、nd up with26. A. entertainingB. multitaskingC. interactingD. gossiping27. A. curiositiesB. criticismsC. concernsD. shortcomings28. A. memorizeB. internalizeC. realizeD. socialize29. A. changedB. controlledC. troubledD. interrupted30. A. attitudesB. prospectsC. trendsD. skills31. A. advantageB. distr

86、actionC. indicationD. tuition32. A. narrow-mindedB. global-mindedC. absent-mindedD. quick-minded33. A. keenB. addictedC. obsessedD. enthusiastic34. A. howeverB. henceC. moreoverD. instead35. A. ConsequentlyB. AdditionallyC. NeverthelessD. Thus【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. C 28. D 29. A

87、 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. B 34. B 35. C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，数字通信带来了很多的变化，尤其是青少年。【21题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：青少年大脑专家Dr Jay Giedd说，在这个世界上最杰出的早期采用者是青少年，他们的大脑似乎有非凡的能力来适应周围的世界。A. activity活动；B. capacity能力；C. responsibility责任；D. opportunity机会。根据上文说这个世界上最杰出的采用者是青少年，由此推断他们的大脑有非凡的能力，故选B。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们现在正在证明，作为一个物种，我们的大脑在青

88、春期仍然是灵活的和调整的。A. operating操作；B. promoting提升；C. adjusting调整；D. establishing建立。根据上文说大脑在青春期是灵活的，所以调整的更符合语境，故选C。【23题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：拥有一个更灵活的大脑意味着它的一些功能，如冲动控制和做出长期决定的能力，还没有发展起来，这也可以解释为什么我们花一段时间在父母的保护下生活，而不是在12或13岁时离开家。A. functions功能；B. options选择；C. restrictions限制；D. positions职位。根据下文说的冲动控制和做出长期决定的能力，可知这些都是大

89、脑的功能，作用，故选A。【24题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. opposed敌对的；B. imposed强制的；C. limited有限的；D. extended延长的。根据下文说的要在父母的保护下生活，不是在12或13岁时离开即，可推断是一个延长的时间，故选D。【25题详解】考查动词词组辨析。句意：这也意味着青少年大脑可以适应新技术，让青少年跟上数字技术的加速步伐，并赋予他们一个多任务的优势。A. keep up with跟上；B. come up with提出；C. put up with忍受；D. end up with以结束。根据下文的 the adolescent br

90、ain can adapt to new technology可推断此处应该是跟上步伐，故选A。【26题详解】考查动名词词义辨析。句意：如果你把所有的互动因素都考虑进去，比如边看电视边打电话，这个数字就会上升到11.5。A. entertaining娱乐；B. multitasking多任务处理；C. interacting互动；D. gossiping闲聊。根据下文的边看电视边打电话，可知这是互动，故选C。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：社交媒体如何影响大脑学习社交的方式，这是一个值得关注的问题，因为作为孩子，我们学习的最重要的技能之一就是如何交朋友，如何与周围的人互动。A. curi

91、osities好奇心；B. criticisms批评；C. concerns关注；D. shortcomings缺点。根据下文as one of the most important skills that we learn as children is how to make friends and interact with people around you.可知，我们知道孩子学习的最重要的技能之一就是如何结交朋友和与周围人互动，那么人们就会关注社交媒体对大脑学习方式的影响，关注更符合语境,故选C。【28题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. memorize记住；B. interna

92、lize内化；C. realize实现；D. socialize社交。根据下文how to make friends and interact with people around you可知，此处说的是大脑学习社交的方式。故选D。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些互动现在正在被技术改变你可以有数百个朋友，他们都是你互动的真人科学家不确定我们是否能够使用Face book开发同样的技能。A. changed变化；B. controlled控制；C. troubled麻烦；D. interrupted打扰。根据下文科学家们不确定我们是否能够使用Facebook来开发同样的技能，可推断出这

93、些互动是断变化的。故选A。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. attitudes 态度；B. prospects前景；C. trends趋势；D. skills技能。根据上文我们可知这些都是社交的技能，由此可推断此处为开发同样的技能，故选D。【31题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：日益增长的数字趋势可能会带来好处：Youtube显示，全世界的青少年都在看同样的视频，被同样的笑话逗乐，这表明他们比他们的前辈更具有全球意识。A. advantage优势；B. distraction消遣；C. indication显示；D. tuition指导。根据下一句全世界的青少年都在看同样的视频，

94、被同样的笑话逗乐，可推断这是一个好处，优势，故选A。【32题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. narrow-minded狭隘的；B. global-minded全球意识的；C. absent-minded心不在焉的；D. quick-minded头脑敏捷的。根据上文说全世界的青少年都在看同样的视频，被同样的笑话逗乐，这表明他们具有全球意识的，故选B。【33题详解】考查固定搭配。句意：他们可能对给朋友发短信和在Facebook上更新信息上瘾，但如今的青少年可能会接触到技术，因此也就有了社交和教育机会，而那些大脑不够灵活的人可能很难想象这些机会。A. keen热情的；B. addicte

95、d上瘾的；C. obsessed着迷的； D. enthusiastic热心的。对上瘾为be addicted to，固定搭配，符合句意，故选B。【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. however然而；B. hence因此；C. moreover此外；D. instead反而。青少年会接触到技术，因此才有社交和教育的机会，前后两句为因果关系，故选B。【35题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有个隔断，到30岁时，我们的大脑会变得更加顽固，更难适应和应对新技术。A. Consequently因此；B. Additionally另外；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Thus因此。根据前文青少年的大脑更灵活，而到30岁时，我们的大脑会变得更加顽固，为转折关系，故选C。