专题03 阅读理解-2022年江苏中考英语各大题型易错题及应对策略 .docx

1、阅读理解-2022年江苏中考英语各大题型易错题及应对策略【明确考点】中考时，阅读理解是必考题型，主要用于检验学生英语的综合水平和解题能力的高低。试题形式有选择题和根据短文内容书面回答问题。这部分的得分直接关系到学生能否在英语学科考试中取得好的成绩。因此，大家对此类题目既重视又有些畏惧。【命题特点】1. 能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；2. 能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；3. 能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4. 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5. 能根据不同阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6. 能利用字典等工具书进行学习；7. 除教材外，课外阅

2、读量达到一定的水平。【备考过程指导】中考英语阅读理解题主要有以下几种类型：（一）细节理解题【题型特征】细节理解题主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或重要事实的理解能力，一般包括直接理解题意（在原文中可直接找到答案）及语义转化题（需要题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工整理方能得出结论）。细节理解题在阅读理解中占相当大的一部分，涉及的内容很广，如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。此类题的出题形式很多，其常见的提问方式有： （1）Which of the following is RIGHT? （2）Which of the f

3、ollowing is NOT mentioned? （3）Which of the following is NOT true in the passage? （4）According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT （5）Choose the right order of this passage. （6）According to the passage, when/ where/ what/ who/ how/ why?【应对策略】 在做阅读理解题时，除了首先要抓住文章的主旨和大意外，还必须弄清楚文中的一些重要细节

4、或事实。细节理解题的正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分。这一部分可能是一个词或一个短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干个句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。干扰项往往是主题思想与细节混杂，正确答案的细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。例题： Some animals can be trained to help humans. For example, specially trained dogs help blind people walk around the town safely. Some kinds of monke

5、ys can be taught things too. They can learn how to help people who cant use their arms or legs. The monkeys pick up the phone when it rings, carry shopping bags and do housework. How do some trained dogs help people? A. They help people who cant walk. B. They help people who cant see. C. They help p

6、eople who cant hear. D. They help people who cant carry things【答案】B【解析】根据所给片段中的“specially trained dogs help blind people walk around the town safely”以及关键词help可知这些被训练的狗可以帮助盲人照顾他们的安全，所以答案选择B。（二）词义猜测题【题型特征】 词义猜测题要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。其主要提问方式是：1. What does the word “”mean?2. In this passage, the underline

7、d word “” means _.3. The underlined word “” probably means “_ in the UK”.4. What does the underlined word “” most probably mean?【应对策略】1. 构词法 有些单词我们可以用构词法来进行猜测。常用的构词法有派生法、转换法以及合成法。英语中有相当多一部分单词都是由上述三种构词法变化而来，这些单词的构成一直都有一定的规律，掌握一些常见的规律，对于猜测考试中遇到的生词大有帮助。2. 释义法 在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解

8、释说明的方式。3. 情景推断法 猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。 特别提醒：在做英语阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义！这类猜词题也常见于各年的中考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，中考对生词的考查有数量的规定，不得超过3；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。例如present。4. 代词替代法 一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为

9、正确答案。例题： If music makes you smarter and exercise helps you to think, surely exercising to music can turn you into an intelligent person “Facts suggest that exercise should improve the learning ability of people,” said the psychologist Charles Emery, who led the study. “And listening to music is thou

10、ght to enhance understanding,” he added. The underlined word “enhance” can be replaced by _. A. continue B. improve C. allow D. produce【答案】B【解析】这是一道猜测词义以及同义词选择题，根据上下文中的“Facts suggest that exercise should improve the learning ability of people,” said the psychologist Charles Emery, who led the study.

11、 “And listening to music is thought to enhance understanding,”可知enhance可以与上文中的improve互换。（三）推理判断题【题型特征】 推理判断题是阅读理解部分的一项重要内容。这类题要求考生根据阅读材料所提供的信息，脱离字面理解的局限，透过文章的字里行间，对作者的话进行推理判断，从而推断出未知的信息，即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。推断的有关文字可能是词，也可能是句子，甚至是全文。此类题目在文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。问句中含有infer, imply, indicate,

12、 suggest（推断，暗指）等词。其主要提问方式是：1. From the story we can guess_.2. The writer writes this text to_.3. The writer believes that_.4. The writer suggests that_.5. We can learn from this passage_.6. We can conclude from the passage that_. 7. It can be seen from the passage that_.8. What is the real meaning o

13、f the doctors words?9. We can guess the writer may be a _.10. Who would be happy if?【应对策略】 推理判断题的答案往往不会在文章的字面上直接出现，必须依据已有信息来进行推理，但不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此，在做推理判断题时，必须从原文里找到推断的依据。 （1）首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 （2）要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，

14、这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。 （3）要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。（4）要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。 （5）在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者

15、的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常要纵览整篇文章。例题： We spent a day in the country, picking wild flowers. With the car full of flowers we were going home. On our way back my wife noticed a cupboard outside a shop. It was tall and narrow. “Buy it,” my wife said at once.

16、 “Well carry it home on the roof rack. Ive always wanted one like that.”What could I do? Ten minutes later I was 20 poorer; and the cupboard was tied on to the roof rack. From the second paragraph, we can see that in fact the husband _ the cupboard. A. thought it was worth buying B. believed they ne

17、eded to buy C. was glad to have bought D. would rather not buy【答案】D【解析】从文章第二段中的“What could I do? Ten minutes later I was 20 poorer”可知作者说的是10分钟后他会少了20英镑，所有他内心是不情愿买这个cupboard的。（四）主旨大意题【题型特征】 主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。其主要提问方式是：1. What is the best title for this passage?2. The passa

18、ge tells people around the world _.3. The reading mainly talks about _.4. What is the passage mainly about?5. This passage tells us that _.6. To Miss Bean the most important thing for a student is to _.【应对策略】 主旨大意题首先要定位主题句，由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点，我们可以通过寻找短文的主

19、题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。（一）文章主题常可通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况： 1. 正三角形写作法 即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻

20、报道通常采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话中找到答题依据。2. 倒三角形写作法即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。3. 圆形写作法 即首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的句子往往有进一步引申或发展的意味。4. 菱形写作法 即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出

21、问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。5. 正方形写作法 即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。（二）怎样选择或拟定文章的标题 对文章主旨大意的考查，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。 标题位于文章之首，用

22、来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？ 首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离文章内容而发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。 其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心不能突出，太小则发挥不了应起的作用；精确度

23、高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次，要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响着文章的可读性，读者常以标题决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来引起读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般来说，拟定标题时以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。例题： Insects come in many sizes. Some are big and some are small. The smal

24、lest ones are so small that it takes one hundred of them to form one inch. The biggest insects are not big, but they are one thousand times as big as the smallest. They are about ten inches in length! The paragraph is mainly about _. A. the smallest insects B. the biggest insects C. the size of inse

25、cts D. the length of insects【答案】C【解析】这题问的是这一段落的主要大意，从文章所给片段的第一句话就可知这是个开门见山的段落，所以这句话就是段落的主旨大意所在，答案选择C。【应试方法技巧指导】阅读理解题的解题技巧：1. 如果文长题少，则可用略读的方式先读一遍，然后带着问题去查阅，求得要找的答案。2. 如果文短题多，则应先仔细阅读该短文，再去做题。遇到某个题答不上来时，可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。3. 如果问题要求解答数字、人名、地名、时间等，则可用直接查阅的方法来寻求答案，也可略读后查阅。 【考生自测】Every day, it is easy to see ad

26、vertisements in English all around us. Look at your own bags and clothes of your classmates. How many different advertisements can you see which use English words?Often bags and clothes show the name of the company that made them. That is a popular form. A special picture or symbol called a logo（标识语

27、）is sometimes used. Logos appear on many different products（产品）. They are popular because when you see a logo, it is hard to forget that product or company.It is common to see advertisements on TV and hear them on the radio. Most advertisements are very short. Sometimes the advertisements use a shor

28、t sentence which is easy for people to say and remember. Nike, for example, has a simple English sentence which is used all around the world: “Just do it”. Advertisements often use funny situations as well; it is simple to remember it.All advertisements are designed（设计）to make people buy a product.

29、An advertisement for a soft drink, for example, might show a group of young people who are having fun. The young people are all drinking the soft drink. Advertisements are saying to you, “Why dont you buy this drink and be like these people？”You can be young and modern.You might think that advertise

30、ments are not after you, but the next time you buy a soft drink, ask yourself this question: Why am I buying this particular product?1. From the passage, we know that_.A. all the advertisements around us are written in EnglishB. many bags have the name of the company that made themC. having soft dri

31、nk makes a person young and modernD. advertisements are only after young people【答案】B【解析】细节理解题，抓关键信息。答案从此句：Often bags and clothes show the name of the company that made them. 能得到：包和衣服上常有生产公司的名字。注意，选项A这种十分绝对的选项往往都不可能是备选答案。所以答案选B。2. A good logo is _.A. easy to remember B. a useful productC. difficult t

32、o understand D. easy to buy【答案】A【解析】 细节理解题，抓关键信息。答案从：They are popular because when you see a logo, it is hard to forget that product or company. 得出：难以忘记那个产品或公司，反过来说就是容易记住。所以答案选A。3. People are most likely to remember an advertisement that is_.A. in English B. long C. funny D. famous【答案】C【解析】细节理解题，抓关键

33、信息。答案从Advertisements often use funny situations as well; it is simple to remember it. 得出：容易（令人）记住的广告往往很有趣。所以答案选C。4. All advertisements are designed to _.A. sell your something you dont wantB. make you young and modernC. make you buy the productD. show you what you need to buy 【答案】C【解析】细节理解题，抓关键信息。答案

34、从All advertisements are designed to make people buy a product. 得出答案选C。5. The best title of this passage may be_.A. Advertisements for bags and clothesB. Advertisements on TV and radio C. Advertisements about sportsD. Advertisements around us【答案】D【解析】本题要求对全文的主旨大意进行概括总结。本文从开始到结束都是围绕着广告概括展开的，并没有针对某个具体的

35、广告内容，所以答案选D。【好题优选】第一组：There is no doubt that artificial intelligence (AI, 人工智能)has changed our life, and continues to do so. Earlier this month,there are many AI technologies at Baidu World 2020, the leadingtech companys annual technology meeting.Fully autonomous (自动的) drivingBaidu has trained an “e

36、xperienced AI driver”. Its a drivingsystem that can operate without a human driver. The company saidthat its autonomous cars have gone through six million kilometers of road tests, carried 100,000passengers across 27 cities in the world, and had zero accidents. A 5G remote driving service, which was

37、 also shown al the event, allows human to remotely control these cars in case ofemergencies.Virtual (虚拟的) people“Xiao Li” and “Xiao Kang” are virtual ones of Li Yanhong, chairman and CEO of Baidu, andKang Hui, a CCTV host. The latest Baidu Brain 6.0, a global leading open AI platform, isthe driving

38、force behind the virtual people.Xiao Li and Xiao Kang are created after the two men in appearance, movement and voice. They are also programmed with the two mens knowledge and memories.“The virtual people with Baidu Brain Al technology includes vision (视觉), voice, language and knowledge, ” said Wang

39、 Haifeng, the CTO of Baidu, at the conference. Baidu also launched (发布) the Duxiaoxiao virtual assistant app. Duxiaoxiao provides userswith a range of information services on your mobile phones and helps to solve questions in everydaylife. Over time, the app will change lo suit each users needs base

40、d on his or her habits. Forexample, Duxiaoxiao will give different feedback (反馈) to a question by taking users personalitiesand hobbies into consideration. 26. What can we learn from this passage?A. Baidus fully autonomous cars will be completely safe.B. virtual people are the driving force of the l

41、atest Baidu Brain 6.0.C. “Xiao Li” probably looks like the same as the CEO of Baidu company.D. Duxiaoxiao is another kind of virtual people created after a famous person.【答案】C【解析】属于推理判断题，可以从文章的第三段开头“Xiao Li” and “Xiao Kang” are virtual ones of Li Yanhong, chairman and CEO of Baidu, and Kang Hui, a C

42、CTV host. ”得出答案C。27. Which of the following is suitable for the blank?A. Baidu mobile phones B. Virtual assistant appC. Search product D. Artificial intelligence【答案】B【解析】属于段落标题题，可以从文章的最后一段开头“Baidu also launched (发布) the Duxiaoxiao virtual assistant app”得出答案B。28. Where is this passage probably from?A

43、. A fashion magazine. B. A guidebook to shopping.C. A science story book. D. A technology website.【答案】D【解析】属于文章来源题，可以从文章整体去判断它出自技术型的网站，所以答案选D。第二组：Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between myparents. They dont act in the romantic ways that I read in booksor I see on TV. In their opinion,

44、 “I love you” is too luxurious(奢侈的) for them to say. Sending flowers to each other on Valentines Day is even more out of question. And my father has a bad temper.One day, my mother was sewing a quill. I silently sat down beside her and looked at her.“Is there love between you and Dad? ” I asked her

45、in a very low voice.My mother stopped her work and raised her head with surprise in her eyes. she didnt answerimmediately.I was very worried because I thought I had hurt her. But at last I heard my mother say thefollowing words.“Lily, ” she said, “look at this thread. Sometimes it appears, but most

46、of it disappears in thequilt. The thread really makes the quilt strong and durable(耐用的). If lite is a quilt, then loveshould be a thread. It can hardly be seen anywhere or anytime, but its really there. Love isinside. ” I listened carefully but I couldnt understand her until the next spring. At that

47、 time, my fathersuddenly got sick seriously. My mother had to stay with him in the hospital for a month. When they returned from the hospital, they both looked very pale.After they were back, every day in the morning and dusk, my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road. My father had

48、 never been so gentle. It seemed that they were the most harmonious(和谐的) couple. The sun gently glistened(闪耀) through the leaves. All of these made up the most beautiful picture in the world.The doctor had said my father would recover in two months. But after two months he still couldnt walk by hims

49、elf. All of us were worried about him.“Dad, how are you feeling now? ” I asked him one day. “Lily, dont worry about me,” he said gently. “To tell you the truth, I just like walking with your mom. ” Reading his eyes, I know he loves my mother deeply.Once I thought love meant flowers, gifts and sweet

50、kisses. But from this experience, I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life. Love is inside, making life strong and warm.29. Why does Lily sometimes doubt whether there is real love between her parents?A. Because they are very busy earning money. B. Because they often act in t

51、he romantic ways.C. Because her father is easy to lose his temper to her mother.D. Because her father often says “I love you” to her mother.【答案】C【解析】属于原因分析题，可以从文章的第一段“ And my father has a bad temper.”看出答案选C。30. Which of the following is similar to the underlined phrase “out of question” in Paragraph

52、 1?A. Possible. B. Impossible. C. Necessary. D. Unnecessary.【答案】B【解析】属于词义猜测题，可以从文章的第一段“Sending flowers to each other on Valentines Day is even more out of question. ”以及整体语调分析答案选B。31. What made her father change so greatly?A. The real love from her mother. B. The thread of the quilt.C. The beautiful

53、scenery of the country road. D. All the other members of the family.【答案】A【解析】属于细节理解题，可以从文章的倒数第二段“Lily, dont worry about me,” he said gently. “To tell you the truth, I just like walking with your mom. ” Reading his eyes, I know he loves my mother deeply.”可知答案选A。32. Whats the main idea of the passage?

54、A. We should understand our parents however old they are.B. Love is something we cant see and that makes life strong and warm.C. We really need love because it makes our life meaningful.D. Love is so important to everyone that we must love everyone.【答案】B【解析】属于文章主旨题，可以从文章的最后一段“Once I thought love mea

55、nt flowers, gifts and sweet kisses. But from this experience, I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life. Love is inside, making life strong and warm.”以及前面的细节可知答案选B。第三组：While you want to live in reality (现实), dont forget that you have the power to bring positive(积极的) thinking t

56、o your world. If you dont, your relationships will suffer. Other people will be afraid to have you around.Most people have gone through a negative(消极的) event, but its important to think positively on purpose to reduce the effects from bad experiences.Scientists say our bodies produce a chemical reac

57、tion (反应) to every single thought we have, and many believe that negative thinking can cause physical illness, even cancer because our thoughts do have this kind of power.Imagine mental(心理的) health is a magnet (磁铁). A healthy person will attract dates, social experiences and friends who enjoy the “a

58、tmosphere” this person creates. While someone with negative thoughts will miss relationships and experiences that could be helpful. These tips can help you be more positive:1. Let your good thoughts more than your bad ones. Check out whats taking place inside your own head each day.2. Practice encou

59、raging other people. See how other people react to your words. Dont forget to talk positively to yourself on purpose as well.3. Call one or two people every day just to say “Im thinking of you. I miss you”23. Whats the Chinese meaning of the underlined word “atmosphere” in paragraph 4?A.快乐 B.悲伤 C.氛围

60、 D.友情【答案】C【解析】属于词义猜测题。词汇考查 friends who enjoy the “atmosphere”thisperson creates，可以推测句意为享受这个人创造的氛围的朋友，atmosphere氛围。24. About negative thinking, which statement is TRUE according to the passage?A. Negative thinking can make your friends fewer.B. Negative thinking can make your relationships better.C.

61、Negative thinking can make people have mental illness.D. Negative thinking can make you fail in your study and work.【答案】A【解析】属于细节理解题。 由第二段最后一行negative thoughts will miss relationships and experiences that could be helpful,A项消极的想法会使朋友变少是正确的，C项根据第一段第二行应该是physical illness身体疾病，故选A。25. According to the p

62、assage, you can do the following to be positive except _ .A. saying “I love you” to your mother every day B. saying “You really did a good job” to your friendsC. thinking whether you have called one friend to say “I miss you”D. thinking whether you have made a lot of money every day【答案】D【解析】属于细节理解题。由最后的tips可知，A每天对妈妈说我爱你，B对朋友说你真的做的很棒，C想你是否对一个朋友说我想你了I miss you，在文中都有提到，只有D每天想着你是否赚了很多钱不符合题意，故选D。