人教版八年级下册英语语法复习：现在完成时讲义与练习题（Word版含答案）.docx

1、人教版八年级下册英语语法复习：现在完成时讲义与练习题一、时态讲解：现在完成时（ 1 ）构成：现在完成时由助动词 have + 过去分词构成，助动词 have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用 has ，其余用 have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上 not 、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以 study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式疑问式I have not (havent) studied.Have I studied?You have not (havent) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasnt) studie

2、d.Has he studied?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定 / 否定）Have I not (Havent I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you havent.Have you not (Havent you) studied?Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he not (Hasnt he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.（ 2 ）用法：1 ） 现在完成时 通常表示在 说话之前已经完成的动作 或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的 结果或影响 。 My daughter has just

3、 gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 Im sure weve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。2 ）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just, lately, for, since,yet 等。如： I havent heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We havent seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开

4、已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday. 注意：a) since 和 for 的区别since 后接时间点，如 1993 ， last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor 后接一段时间，表示 “ 长达多久 ” ，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。Exercise: 用 since 和 for 填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has

5、 lived in Australia _15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country _1974.6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been i

6、n hospital _ October.1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since2 ）表示短暂意义的动词如 arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 months. They have left only for 5 minutes. 以上三句话可以改为：

7、He has been here for 2 weeks.The old man has _ _ for 4 months.They have _ _ only for 5 minutes2 ） have (has) been 和 have (has) gone 的区别：表示 “ 曾到过某地 ” 要用 “have (has) been”; 表示 “ 已经去某地 ” 要用 “have (has) gone” 。试比较：Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）They have been to Canada

8、 . 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）They have gone to Canada . 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大） .3 ）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in ，但可以和 already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never 等连用。例如：She has already come. 她已经来了

9、。I havent read it yet. 我还没读过这个。I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。They have never been to Yanan. 他们从未去过延安。I havent seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。Irregular VerbsBase FormPast FormPast Participlebearborebornbeatbea

10、tbeatenbecomebecamebecomeblowblewblownbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomedodiddonedrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenfindfoundfoundflyflewflowngetgotgotgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhavehadhadhearheardheardkeepkep

11、tkeptleaveleftleftloselostlostmakemademadeputputputreadreadreadrunranrunsaysaidsaidseesawseensellsoldsoldsendsentsentsingsangsungsinksank/sunksunktaketooktakenteachtaughttaughtwritewrotewroteam, iswasbeenarewerebeenExercise:I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I

12、 _ (see) it last week.2. _ he _ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.5. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long _ the Wangs _(s

13、tay) here ? For two weeks.8. I _ just _ (finish) my homework. 9. He _ (go) to school on foot every day. 10._ you _ (find) your science book yet? 11. If it _ (be) fine tomorrow, Ill go with you. 12. The students _ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey _ (climb) the tree. 14. M

14、y mother _ (come) to see me next Sunday. 15. Ive lost my pen. _ you _ (see) it anywhere? 1. have, seen, saw 2. Has, finished 3. has, come 4. has gone 5. have worked, moved 6. have made 7. have, stayed 8. have, finished 9. goes 10. have, found 11. is 12. were reading 13. is climbing 14. is coming 15.

15、 Have, seenII. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _ here?A. come B. got C. arrived D. been2. My grandpa died _.A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.3. Jane has _ to BeiJing . She will come back tomorrow.A. been B. gone C. went D. never been4. It is ten year

16、s _ I last saw her.A. after B. since C. for D. that5.-Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? -I will. I _ her several times.A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet6. -What a nice dress! How long _ you _ it? -Just 2 weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had7.-Do you know Lydia

17、very well? -Yes, She and I _ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned8. The Smiths _ in China for 8 years.A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live9. -Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? - Sorry. He _ the Bainiao Park .A. has

18、 been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to10. -_ you ever _ to the US ? - Yes, twice.A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, goingIII. Rewrite the sentences. 1. I have been to Macau before. ( 改为否定句 ) I _ _ been to Macau before.2. He hasnt come to school because he was ill . ( 就划线部分提问 )

19、_ _ he come to school?3. I bough a new bike just now. ( 用 just 改写 ) I _ just _ a new bike.4. We began to learn English three years ago.( 改为同义句 ) We _ _English _three years5. He has never surfed, _ _? （改成反意疑问句） 6. They have been here since 2000 . ( 对划线部分提问 ) _ _have they been here?7. The old man _ la

20、st year. He has _ _for a year. (die) （动词填空）8. Miss Gao left an hour ago. ( 同义句转换 )Miss Gao has _ _ _ an hour ago.Ask the questions1) I have been there for two days._ _ _ you _ _?2) My father has lived here since 2000._ _ _ your father _ _?3) He left here yesterday._ _ he _ _?4) They bought a book tw

21、o hours ago._ _ they _ a book?Keys: 1. How long have, been there 2. How long has, lived here 3. When did, leave here 4. When did, buyUse “never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since” to fill in the blanks.1. I have _ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2. Jack has _ finished his homework.3.

22、 Mr. Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.4. “Have you _ seen the film?” “No, I have _ seen it.”5. “Has the bus left _?” “Yes, it has _ left.”Keys: 1. never 2. just , already 3. for 4. ever, never 5. yet , just / already现在完成时练习题及答案一、翻译下列句子： 你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？ 2. 我刚刚丢了我的化学书。 3. 我以前从来没去过那个农场。 4. 他已经吃过午

23、饭 5. 你已经看过这部电影了吗？ 6. 我哥哥还没回来。7. 这本字典我已买了三年了。 8. 他离开中国三年了。 9. 我认识他们五年了。 10. 他们已去了美国五年了。 11. 自从他搬到济宁，他就住这儿了。 12. 我妹妹成为一个大学生已经三年。 13. 自从 1999 年以来他们就认识。14. 我来到这个学校已 3 年多了。 二、用 since 和 for 填空 1._two years 2._two years ago3._last month 4._ 19995._yesterday 6._ 4 oclock7 4 hours 8._an hour ago9. _we were c

24、hildren 10._ lunch time11._ she left here 12. He has lived in Nanjing _ the year before last.13. Ive known him _ we were children.14. Our teacher has studied Japanese _ three years.15. She has been away from the city _ about ten years.16. Its about ten years _ she left the city.三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示

25、可以延续的状态的短语。 arrive at / in sp / get to / reach sp / come / go / move to sp be in sp / at school / at home / on the farm / be here / be there1) He got to Beijing five minutes ago.He Beijing for .2) I moved to the USA in 2008. I the USA since .3) I went home yesterday. I home for .4) They came here la

26、st week. They _ here since _. come to / go back to / return to be back to go out be out1) He came out two years ago.He _ for _.2) We return to Beijing yesterday.We _ _ to Beijing since _. become be1) I became a teacher in 2000. I _ a teacher for _.2) The river became dirty last year. The river _ _ d

27、irty for _ _. close be closed open be open1) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop _ _ for _.2) The door opened at six in the morning.The door _ _ _ for six hours. get up be up ； die be dead ； leave sp. be away from sp.fall asleep / get tot sleep be asleep ； finish / end be over ； marry be married

28、 ；1) I got up two hours ago.I _ _ _since _.2) He left Shanghai just now.He _ _ _ Shanghai for five minutes.3) My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa _ _ _for _ _.4) The meeting finished at six.The meeting _ _ _ for six hours.5) I got to sleep two hours ago .I _ _ _ since _ _.6) They married in 1990. The

29、y _ _ _since _. start / begin to do sth. do sth. ； begin be on1) I began to teach at this school in 1995. I _ _ at this school since _.2) The film began two minutes ago. The film _ _ _ for _ _. borrow keep ； lose not have ； buy have ； put on wearcatch / get a cold have a cold ； get to know know1) Th

30、ey borrowed it last week. They _it since _.2) I bought a pen two hours ago. I _a pen for _.3) I got to know him last year. I _ him since _.4) I put on my glasses three years ago. I _ my glasses for _.have / has gone to have been inHe has gone to Beijing.He _ Beijing for two days. join the league / t

31、he Party / the army be a league member /a Party member / a soldier be a member of the league / the Party be in the league / the Party / the army1) He joined the league in 2002.He _ a _ for two years.He _ a _ the _ for two years.He _ the league for two years.2) My brother joined the army two years ag

32、o.My brother _a _ for _ _.My brother _ in _ for two years.四、划线提问1) I have been there for two days._ _ _ you _ _ ?2) My father has lived here since 2000._ _ _ your father _ _?3) He left here yesterday._ _ he _ _?4) They bought a book two hours ago._ _ they _ a book五、用 have(has) been 或 have(has) gone

33、填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island .A: How long _ he _ there?B: He _ there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island ?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How many times _ Li Fei _ to that place

34、?B: He _ there only once.六、用 have / has been to / in, have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。1) Where is Jack? He _ his country.2) David _ the park just now.3) John _ England since he came back.4) How long _ they _ this village?5) The Smiths _ Beijing for years.6) _ you ever _ America ? - Yes, I _ there many tim

35、es.7) I _ this school since three years ago.8) Where is Jim? He _ the farm.9) When_ he _? He _ an hour ago.10) Would you like to _ to the zoo with me? -Yes, but I _ there before.11) Where _ you _ now? - I _ to the zoo.12) He often _ swimming.13) _ you _ there last year?14) _ they often _ skating in

36、winter?七 用 never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since 填空1. I have _ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.2. Jack has _ finished his homework.3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.4. “Have you _ seen the film?” “No, I have _ seen it.”5. “Has the bus left _?” “Yes, it has _ left.”

37、八 . 用适当的时态填空：1.Shes _ (live) here ever since she was ten.2.Both of them _ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.3.Both of them _ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.4. Half an hour _ (pass) since the train _ (leave).5. Mary_(lose) her pen. _ you _(see) it here and there?6. _ you _ (find) your watch yet?7. -Are

38、you thirsty? -No I _just _ (have) some orange.8. We - already _ (return) the book.9. _ they _ (build) a new school in the village?10. I _(not finish) my homework . Can you help me?11. My father _ (read) the novel twice.12. I _ (buy) a book just now.13. I _ (lost ) my watch yesterday.14. My father _

39、(read) this book since yesterday.现在完成时态练习题答案一翻译下列句子：1. Have you ever had / eaten fish and chips?2. I have just lost my chemistry book.3. I have never been to the farm before.4. He has already had lunch = He has had lunch already.5. Have you seen the movie yet?6. My brother hasnt come /get / been bac

40、k yet = My brother hasnt returned yet.7. I have had this dictionary for three years / since three years ago.8. Has been away from China for three years.9. I have known them for five years.10. They have been in the USA for five years.11. He has been here since he moved to Jining.12. My sister has bee

41、n a college student for three years = My sister has been in college for three years.13. They have known each other since 1999.14. I have been in this school for over three years.二、用 since 或者 for 填空1. for 2. since 3. since 4. since 5. since6. since 7. for 8 since 9.since 10. since11. since 12.since 1

42、3. since 14.for 15.for16. since三、结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语 1. has been in , five minutes 2. have been in , 2008 3. have been at, two days 4. have been , last week 1. have been out, two years 2. have been back , yesterday 1. have been , nine years 2. has been , two years 1. has been closed , two

43、hours 2. has been open 1. have been up , two hours ago 2. has been away from 3. has been dead , seven years 4. has been over 5. have been asleep , two hours ago 6. have been married , 1990 1. have taught , 1995 2. has been on , two minutes 1. have kept , last week 2. have had , two hours 3. have kno

44、wn , last years 4. have worn , three years has been in has been , League member has been , member of , League has been in2. has been , soldier , two years has been , the army 四、划线提问1. How long have, been there 2. How long has , lived here3. When did , leave here 4. When did , buy五、用 have(has) been 或

45、 have(has) gone 填空。A: Where has Li Fei gone? B: He has gone to Hainan Island .A: How long has he been there?B: He has been there for three days.A: When will he come back, do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island ?B: Sorry, I have never been th

46、ere.A: How many times has Li Fei been to that place?B: He has been there only once.六、用 have / has been to / in, have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。1. has gone t 2. went to3. has been in 4. have , been in5. have been in 6. Have , been to ; have been7. have been in / at 8. has gone to9. did go ; went 10. go ;

47、have been11. are , going ; am going 12. goes13. Did , go 14. Do , go七、综合练习 :1. never 2. just , already 3. for 4. ever, never 5. yet , just / already八 . 用适当的时态填空：1. lived / has been living 2. have been 3. went 4. has passed ; left5. has lost ; have , seen 6. Have , found 7. have , had 8. have , retur

48、ned9. Have , built 10. havent finished11. has read 12. bought 13. lost14. have been reading / has read一、用作及物动词的 wish 和 hope 之比较1. 与不定式短语搭配时的异同比较。作及物动词时， wish 和 hope 都与 to do sth. 搭配。但分析表明， wish to do sth. 意为 “ 现在 ” 想做某事，它表达的是眼下的要求或意愿 ( 一般容易实现 ) ，其中 “do” 隐含的时间状语是 “now” 或 “then” 。而 hope to do sth. 意为想

49、在 “ 将来 ” 做成某事，它表达的是一个想要实现的目标 ( 不一定能实现 ) ，其中 “do” 隐含的时间状语是 “in some time to come” 。请比较下列从语料库中摘引的例子 ( 注：本文中所有举例均摘自 Cobuild 语料库 ) 。A lady wished to see me urgently.I wish now to give a more detailed description of the 1974 Remembrance Day march. DRI hopes to Out-Dos Ms-Dos with DR Dos.Their lawyer hops

50、 to take the case to the European Council.有时， wish 与 to do sth. 搭配主要是表示礼貌和郑重，如：The authors wish to thank Ron Hochsprung at Apple for his patience and support. 2. 与 that 引导的从句搭配时的异同比较。作及物动词时， wish 和 hope 都与 that-clause 搭配，但存在三方面的差异： 1) 在组合模式上， wish 和 that-clause 只以 sb. + wish + that-clause 的形式组合。而 ho

51、pe 和 that-clause 可以 sb. + hope + that-clause 以及 It + be + hoped + that-clause 两种形式组合。 2) 在语义上， wish + that-clause 和 hope + that-clause 虽都表示愿某种理想的情况 ( 由 that-clause 表示出来 ) 在 “ 过去 ” 、 “ 现在 ” 或 “ 将来 ” 出现。但 wish 意味着所希望的是与事实相反的情况，因此几乎没有出现的可能性，而 hope 意味着说话人认为所希望的情况有可能出现 ( 也许并不会出现 ) ，并对之怀有期盼。 3) 在用法上， wish

52、 后的 that-clause 中的谓语动词只用两种时态：过去完成时 ( 表示该情况与过去的事实相反 ) 和一般过去时 ( 表示该情况与现在或将来的事实相反 ) 。如：One only wishes that he had spent more time gaining a perspective outside America . I wish your teeth were larger.I do wish they would get on with it.而 hope 后的 that-clause 中的谓语动词可用多种时态。一般说来，过去时态表示陈述的是 “ 过去 ” 的情况，进行时态

53、表示陈述的是 “ 现在 ” 的情况，将来时态或一般现在时态表示陈述的是 “ 将来 ” 的情况。请看举例：I hope you were inspired by the march, the drums, and God knows what.I hope Apple is working on the next-generation Macintosh operating system. Its hoped that it will shortly be supplying 40% of South Africa s motor fuel requirement.Lets hope he ge

54、ts better and comes home.3.wish 带名词做宾语的分析。用作及物动词的 wish 可以带名词做宾语，两者的搭配方式为： wish sb. sth. 或 wish sth. to /on sb.( 表祝愿 ) ， wish sb. to do sth. 或 wish sth. done( 表愿望 ) 。例如：I wish them all the luck in the world.I dont want to wish any bad luck on them.Many wish Britain to have a major influence in world

55、affairs again.There is some sensitive material which the depositor does not wish divulged. 而在该语料库中没有发现 hope 后带名词作宾语的例子。二、用作不及物动词的 wish 和 hope 之比较用作不及物动词时， wish 主要出现在 if+sb.+wish 、 as+sb.+wish 、 when+sb.+wish 等组合中，表示 “ 眼下 ” 的愿望或要求，这些组合既可作状语，也可作插入语。而 hope 主要用在 sb. +hope 、 it + be + hoped 、 what + sb.

56、+ hope + be 等组合中，表示对一个理想情况的期盼，这些组合只作插入语。例如：Mr. Scowcroft means that the UN is now operating as the US wishes.When you print the briefing charts, you can also, if you wish, print the note files.The result, he hoped, would be happy.This, it is hoped, might provide an economic incentive for conservatio

57、n.I put the key into what I hoped was the right lock.此外，用作不及物动词的 wish 和 hope 都与 for sth. 搭配，但 wish for sth. 表示想有某 “ 物 ” 的愿望 ( 眼下没有得到的可能性 ) 或要求 ( 有可能性 ) ，而 hope for sth. 表示对一理想 “ 结果 ” 的期盼 ( 不一定能实现 ) 。请看以下举例：I wish for a system that respects the aspiration of the young.( 愿望 )Lady Littelton wishes for

58、a room of separation between the eating room and the drawing room.( 要求 )But chemists hope for a breakthrough in at least one area of research.三、用作名词的 wish 和 hope 之比较1. 语法搭配及搭配意义的比较。用作名词时， wish(es) 与 to do sth. / for sth. 搭配表示眼下想做某事 / 想有某物的具体 “ 愿望 ” ，与 of sb. 搭配表示某些人的笼统 “ 意愿 ” 。请看举例：It has no wish to

59、 intervene in the internal affairs of another nation.Thats what had prompted Charles Babbage to groan out his famous wish for tables calculated by steam.The NF upholds the wish of the majority of the British people.而 hope(s) 常与 of doing sth. / of sth. / for sth. 搭配，表示对一个理想结果的主观 “ 期盼 ” 或有利于某结果出现的客观 “

60、 机会 ” ；与 that-clause 搭配，表示对出现某情况的 “ 期盼 ” 或有利于某情况出现的 “ 机会 ” ；与 for sb. 搭配，表示对某人成功的 “ 期盼 ” 或有利于某人成功的 “ 机会 ” ，等等。请看举例：Those two defeats effectively ended any hopes Britain had of winning the group. This revived hopes of a further interest rate cut.If it is, there will be no hope for the youngsters in t

61、he village.2. 动词搭配比较。表示具体 “ 愿望 ” 的 wish(es) 主要与有 “ 表达 ” 、 “ 存在 ” 、 “ 实现 ” 等含义的动词搭配，如 express 、 speak out 、 state 、 groan out 、 make no secret of 、 have 、 come true 等。表示笼统 “ 意愿 ” 的 wish(es) 则主要与有 “ 遵从 ” 、 “ 了解 ” 、 “ 违背 ” 等含义的动词搭配，如 conform to 、 make concession to 、 be responsive to 、 uphold 、 corresp

62、ond with 、 pay heed to 、 be sensitive to 、 take into account 、 ignore 、 disregard 、 override 等。表示主观 “ 期盼 ” 的 hope(s) 主要与有 “ 持有 ” 、 “ 放弃 ” 、 “ 引发 ” 、 “ 打消 ” 、 “ 实现 ” 等含义的动词搭配，如 have 、 cherish 、 sustain 、 cling to 、 give up 、 abandon 、 offer 、 give 、 raise 、 arouse 、 renew 、 revive 、 dash 、 shatter 、

63、end ， be fulfilled / substantiated 等。而表示客观 “ 机会 ” 的 hope(s) 主要与有 “ 提供 ” 、 “ 看出 ” 、 “ 存在 ” 等含义的动词搭配，如 offer 、 give 、 hold 、 hold out/deny 、 see 、 detect 、 have 、 there be 等。3. 形容词搭配比较。wish(es) 除在 best wishes 中与 best 搭配表祝愿外，很少与其他形容词搭配。而 hope(s) 可与大量的形容词搭配，它们包括 high(“ 强烈的 ” 期盼 ) ， consistent 、 cherishe

64、d 、 widely held 、 lingering(“ 怀有的 ” 期盼 ) ， big 、 much 、 great 、 obvious 、 clear 、 high 、 boosted(“ 极好的 ” 机会 ) ， pious 、 vague 、 grim 、 scant 、 slender 、 faint 、 a ray of 、 a beam of 、 a glimmer of 、 a glow of(“ 一线 ” 期盼或机会 ) ， forlorn 、 vain 、 doomed 、 broken(“ 无望的 ” 期盼 ) 等。4. 介词搭配比较。wish(es) 主要与表示 “

65、 遵从 ” 的 according to 及表示 “ 违背 ” 的 against 搭配成介词短语做状语或表语。例如：She thinks it is not right to impose something like the poll tax against the wishes of a majority of the population.The disposal of these research embryos should, as far as possible, be according to the donors wishes.而 hope(s) 主要与表 “ 持有 ” 含义

66、的介词 in 以 in (the) hope(s) of doing sth./sth.( 怀着对某结果的期盼 ) 、 in (the) hope(s) that + clause( 怀着对某情况的期盼 ) 的形式组合起来做状。例如：Then theres the stream of day-trip Klondikers who descend on the Highland rivers in the hope of becoming rich overnight.The young men are deserting to Douala and Yaounde in hope of wo

67、rk and betterment. This has been interpreted as an offering to the goddess in the hope that she would increase the supply of flint.从以上语料库调查比较的结果可以看出，在搭配上，使用中的 wish 和 hope 有着明显的规律性，它们都倾向于和某些语法形式或表示某些概念的词语搭配使用，且与特定的形式搭配时表示特定的意义。同时，实际运用中的 wish 和 hope 的意义并不像其概念意义 “ 愿望 ” 和 “ 希望 ” 那样抽象而难以把握，由于受搭配形式意义的影响，它们的语义变得具体而容易区分。因此，只要学习者掌握了两个词各自的搭配形式及搭配后形成的意义，区分和运用这两个词应该不是一件难事。这也说明，从语用形式的角度研究近义词可以揭示笼统的语义辨析所难以揭示的规律性，它应该值得语言