北师大版高中英语选修八 Unit22 environmental protect-语法篇（教师版）.docx

1、Unit 22 Environmental Protection语法篇_1、掌握直接引语与间接引语，现在完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。2、灵活运用直接引语与间接引语，现在完成时的被动语态，非谓语动词的被动语态。直接引语与间接引语一、概念引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述语序。例如：直接引语：He said，“I want to have a drink now.

2、”间接引语：He said that he wanted to have a drink then.二、变身方法1.人称变化：口诀：一主二宾三不变。即直接引语的第一人称取决于主句的主语,第二人称取决于主句的宾语,第三人称一般不变。1）He said, “I get on well with people here.”He said that he got on well with people there.2）Susan said, “We can finish the work tomorrow.”Susan said that they could finish the work the

3、next day.3）John said, “Mary went to Beijing three days ago.”John said that Mary had gone to Beijing three days before.2.时态变化：口诀：主句现在从不变，主句过去从顺延。即如果主句中的谓语动词是现在时,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态可以不变;如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,则从句谓语动词的时态要变为相应的过去时态或过去完成时1) He said, “ I get up early every morning.” He said that he got up early every m

4、orning. (一般现在时一般过去时) 2) She said, “I am working on a homework project.”She said she was working on a homework project. (现在进行时过去进行时)3) She said, “ I met my friend in the street.”She said that she had met her friend in the street. (一般过去时过去完成时)注意：在下面几种情况下,从句中谓语动词的时态可以保持不变:1) 直接引语叙述的是科学真理客观事实格言等例如:“The

5、moon moves around the earth,” the teacher said to the students. The teacher told the students that the moon moves around the earth. 2) 直接引语中有明确的不受语境限制的过去时间状语例如:“John went to Paris by air in 1985,” Jack said. Jack said John went to Paris by air in 1985.3. 状语和指示代词的变化：牢记：this/thesethat /those, nowthen,

6、 todaythat day, yesterdaythe day before, last yearthe year before, agobefore, herethere等。例如：He said, “I havent seen her today.”He said that he hadnt seen her that day.4.直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if 引导。例如：He asked me, “Do you like playing football?”He asked me if/whether I liked playing fo

7、otball.5.直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如：My sister asked me, “How do you like the film?”My sister asked me how I liked the film.6.直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定式前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如：The captain ordered, “Be quiet.”The captain ordered us to be quie

8、t.注意：下列情况的否定句中，在动词不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, “Dont laugh.”My teacher asked me not to laugh.现在完成时的被动语态构成：have/has been +过去分词Has your approach been adopted yet? 你的方法已经被采纳了吗？非谓语动词（不含过去分词）的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to

9、 be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很安全。4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having bee

10、n+过去分词”构成。如：Having been invited to speak， Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far

11、from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town， I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。注意：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：The door remaine

12、d locked. 门仍然锁着。例1. (2019上海高考) The school board is made up of parents who _ to make decisions about school affairs.A had been elected Bhad electedChave been elected Dhave elected解析：句意： “这个学校董事会是由已经当选，并为学校事务做决定的父母组成的”。父母是被选上，用被动语态，排除选项B，D。再根据关键信息is made up of用的是现在时，可知选举一事对现在有影响，所以用现在完成时。答案：C。例 2. (20

13、19天津高考) Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement_ so far by the two sides.A. has been reached B. was reachedC. will reachD. will have reached解析：句意：尽管之前多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系，根据句意可知选A。答案：A。例3. (2019湖南高考) I had a strong desire to reach in

14、and play with the toy, but _ thankfully by the shop windows.A. am held back B. held back C. hold back D. was held back解析：句意：我有一种强烈的欲望，想伸手进去那个玩具玩，但幸亏我被商店橱窗阻挡了。句子中的主语I与hold back 是被动关系，需用被动语态; 再根据句中的had 可知用一般过去时。答案：D。例4. He asked me _ with me.A. What the matter isB. What the matter wasC. What is the ma

15、tter D. What was the matter 解析：特殊疑问句变间接引语时，用疑问词引导宾语从句，并且用陈述语序，但what is/was the matter/problem 语序不变。答案：D。例5. He said, “Dont do that again.”He _ me _ that again. A. said to; not to doB. said to; dont doC. told; dont doD. told; not to do解析：祈使句变间接引语时，往往用 tell/ask sb. to do sth. 这一结构。答案：D。基础演练一、单句语法填空。1.

16、 Paper is considered _（invent）by Chinese people .2. _（warn）about the danger ahead, he still went on the walk father.3. He _（turn）down twice before he came here.4. Every possible means _ （try）, but none worked.5. In the last few years thousands of films _（produce）all over the world. 6. Shakespeares p

17、lay Hamlet _ （make）into at least ten different films over the past years.二、句型转换。将下列直接引语变成间接引语。1. He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”_2. “I bought these pearls for my mother ,” Jack said._3. He asked, “Are you interested in English?”_4. “Ill come to help you whenever you need my help,” he a

18、nswered her._5. “When did you go to bed last night?” Father asked Anne._Keys：一、1.to have been invented 2.Having been warned 3. had been turned 4. has been tried5. have been produced6. has been made二、1. He said that his sister had been there three days before.2. Jack said he had bought these pearls f

19、or his mother.3. He asked me if /whether I was interested in English.4. He answered her that he would go to help me whenever she needed his help.5. Father asked Anne when she had gone to bed the night before.巩固提高一、 单项选择。【 】 1. (2019海淀二模26题)One mark of a successful man is _he can quickly focus on wha

20、ts important.A. whyB. whetherC. what D. that【 】 2. (2019东城一模35题)Spending a few hours learning about the history and culture of the destination will help tourists understand _ theyre seeing.A. whatB. whereC. thatD. why【 】 3. (2019朝阳二模25题) -What do you think of the film Wolf Totem? -Very good. The plo

21、t is _ brings tears to my eyes. A. HowB. whyC. WhatD. that 【 】 4. (2019海淀上学期期末30题) Every Monday, my English teacher would cheerfully ask me _ my weekend had been. A. thatB. if C. what D. how Keys：1-4 DACD一、完成句子。1. A live programme is _ _ _ _ _ _（号召人们捐钱）to the people who have suffered from flood.2. _

22、 _ _ _ _（代表这里的每个人），I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.3. The meal over, the manager went back to the meeting room to _ _ _ _ （继续他们的讨论）.4. It was a film that_ _（夺走）three Oscars.5. Her father _ _ _ _ _（把她抱在怀里）and kissed her. 6. We must apply what we have learned to our daily work becau

23、se in no case should theory_ _ _（与分离）practice.7. Most city workers might not_ _ _ _ _（挣很多钱）but when they retire they might get a good pension. 8. The government has approved of _ _ _ _（建一座新桥）across the river.9. They _ _ _（脱离）the national union and set up their own local organization.10. _ _ _（据估算）th

24、at group was at a higher risk of heart disease.二、单项选择。【 】1.(2019海淀上学期期末23题)The Subway Line 16 _ in Beijing is planned to open this year.A. being builtB. buildingC. builtD. to build【 】2.(2019海淀上学期期末26题) The spread of the Ebola virus in Nigeria is believed _ by August, 2019. A. to be controlledB. to h

25、ave been controlled C. to controlD. to have controlled 【 】3.(2019西城上期期末22题)_ his ID card, Philip had to go to the police station in person and reapply for a new one.A. Having lostB. LosingC. To loseD. Lose【 】4.(2019西城上学期期末30题)_ the traveling needs of passengers, China Railway Corporation has decided

26、 that people can book tickets 60 days in advance.A. MeetB. To meetC. MetD. Meeting【 】5.(2019东城一模30题)-Sorry. There is no room _ in my car.A. to leaveB. leavingC. leftD. being left【 】6.(2019东城一模33题) -Good news ! Theres a supermarket _ in this area next month!-Cool! It will be convenient for us when it

27、s openA. buildingB. built C. having builtD. to be built【 】7.(2019丰台二模25题) John brought over my letter _ to him by mistake. A. deliveredB. to be deliveredC. Delivering D.having delivered 【 】8.(2019丰台二模28题)_ in hard seats for 6 hours, we finally stepped out of the train tiredly. A. SittingB. Having sa

28、tC. To sitD. Sit【 】9.(2019朝阳二模26题)_all my money on the car, I cant afford a holiday with my friend this summer. A. SpendingB. SpendC. To spendD. Having spent 【 】10.(2019丰台一模27题) Whenever Im in trouble, I hear a voice _ in my head “You can do it.”A. to ringB. ringingC. rungD. having rungKeys:一、1. cal

29、l on people to donate money2. on behalf of everyone here3. carry on their discussion4. carried off5. took her in his arms6. be separated from7. earn a lot of money8. constructing a new bridge9. break away from10. It is calculated 二、1-5 ABABC 6-10 DABDB _一、完形填空(2019石景山一模)Oseola McCartyLate one Sunday

30、 afternoon in September 2019, Oseola McCarty, an elderly cleaning lady passed away in the little wooden frame house where she had lived and worked most of her life. It may seem like an ordinary 1 to an ordinary life, but there was something quite 2 about this woman.In the summer of 2019, McCarty gav

31、e$150,000, most of the money she had. saved throughout her life, to the University of Southey Mississippi in her hometown. The 3 was to help other African Americans 4 university.She had 5 school in the sixth grade to go to work, never married, never had children and never learned to drive because th

32、ere was never any place in 6 she wanted to go. All she ever had was the work which she saw as a 7 . Too many other black people in the countryside of Mississippi did not have even that. She had started her savings habit as a young child when she would rectum from school to clean and iron 8 money whi

33、ch she would then save.When she retired, she decided that she wanted to use the money to give children of limited means the 9 to go to university. She had wanted to become a nurse, but had to leave school to look afire sick relatives and work. When asked why she had given her life 10 away, she repli

34、ed, Im giving it away so that children wont have to work so hard, like l did. After news of her donation 11 the media, over 600 donations were 12 to the scholarship fund. One was given by a media senior manager, Ted Turner, who gave a billion dollars. She didnt want any concern made over her 13 , bu

35、t the news 14 and she was invited all over the United States to talk to people. 15 she went, people would come up to her to say a few words or to 16 touch her. She met the ordinary and the 17 , President Clinton included. In the last few years of her life, before she died of cancer, McCarty was give

36、n over 300 awards. She was honored by the United Nations and 18 the Presidential Citizens Medal. 19 having no real education, she found herself with two honorary doctorates: one from the University of Southern Mississippi and the other from Harvard University. Her generosity was clearly an inspirati

37、on to many and proof that true 20 does exist.【 】1. A. start B. call C. end D. show【 】2. A. abnormal B. complicated C. common D. exceptional【 】3. A. time B. case C. rule D. money【 】4. A. with B. through C. out D. along【 】5. A. quitted B. needed C. opened D. finished【 】6. A. general B. public C. parti

38、cular D. advance【 】7. A. blessing B. praise C. pleasure D. training【 】8. A. about B. with C. like D. for【 】9. A. ability B. space C. opportunity D. time【 】10. A. Happiness B. savings C. time D. experience【 】11. A. ended B. broke C. controlled D. hit【 】12. A. took B. had C. made D. put【 】13. A. gift

39、B. dream C. death D. life【 】14. A. gave off B. got out C. came about D. put away【 】15. A. Wherever B. Whoever C. Whenever D. Whatever【 】16. A. often B. just C. only D. almost【 】17. A. young B. elderly C. famous D. poor【 】18. A. gave B. showed off C. refused D. received【 】19. A. Despite B. Except C.

40、Besides D. Beyond【 】20. A. wealth B. selflessness C. carefulness D. love二、 阅读理解(2019朝阳上学期期末) The word hug is of uncertain origin. The Oxford English Dictionary cautions against confusing it with huggeanother word of the Middle English ug, meaning “to inspire with fear or disgust”. Nevertheless, I fi

41、nd myself drawn to the possibility that hug does, in fact, have some connection with ug. It seems to me that at the thought of a tight embrace(拥抱), fear and disgust do come to mind. So why is it that when I go over to your house for dinner, you wrap your arms around me, even though I saw you last Fr

42、iday at the movies? One arm or two? Should there be space between us? Should I brush my cheek against yours? Maybe even kiss your cheek?Im willing to believe that some people really love to hug. They rush to enfold not only family and friends but also friends of friends and near strangers. They deli

43、ght in applying pressure and rocking from side to side. Yet most people are just going through the motions; theyre looking for a way to say hello or goodbye. Not wanting to seem rude, I open my arms, too, submitting to the ceremony of friendship. After one particularly confusing interaction, I looke

44、d for advice from experts. Emily Yoffe, an advice columnist, offered her sympathy: “Im with you on this, but Ive become a non-hugger who hugs. Recently after breakfast with a new friend, I went in to hug her goodbye, and I could see a kind of horror in her eyes, but it was too late to back off.” Tha

45、ts me: The girl with the look of horror in her eyes.The Emily Post Institute, which specializes in manners, explains that when greeting someone, you should look him or her in the eyes and smile, speak clearly, add a “glad to see you” and then shake hands with a firm grip, pump two or three times, an

46、d then release. The institute suggests adding a hug “if its a relative or close friend.” Nor any specific information on what a proper hug entails. There are several hug alternatives, among them: the handshake, the cheek kiss, the wave, the arm squeeze, and the nod. Handshakes seem formal, cheek kis

47、ses un-American. Arm squeezing would be a good solution if it were not for the danger of getting pulled into something more full-bodied. The nod, though, can be very effective when combined with a smile, especially when executed with confidence and with one hand already grasping the door handle. 【 】

48、1. What do the first two paragraphs indicate about “hug”?A. The word causes common disfavor. B. The behavior appears disgusting.C. The action is somewhat confusing. D.The manner is unsuitable for friends.【 】2. About the way of embrace, the experts _.A. have a standard concept B. feel embarrassed and uneasyC. advise people to use other ways D. fail to give an explicit definition【 】3. Whats the authors attitude towards hug?A. Cautious. B. Hesitant. C. Puzzled. D. Opposed.Keys:一、1-5 CDDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 DCABA 16-20 BCDAB二、1-3 CDD