2020版高考英语总复习（外研版）文档 高考语法与写作 专题12 句子成分划分与长难句分析 WORD版含答案.docx

1、专题十二句子成分划分与长难句分析一、学会划分句子成分1句子成分从句法功能的角度讲，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语(从句)和谓语； 次要成分有宾语(从句)、表语(从句)、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、补足语和同位语(从句)。请看下面句子成分的分析，并注意这些句子成分在句子中的位置。主语谓语结构(主语不及物动词)(2018沧州联考)在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 in my hometown in the past ten years.主语谓语宾语结构(主语及物动词宾语)(2018成都第一次诊断)我也注意到他们总是看起来穿的不错，并且总是使得头发和妆容做的很好。 and

2、_always_had_their_hair_and_make_up_done.主语系动词表语结构(主语系动词主语补语)(2018“五个一名校联盟”)由于暴风雨大约200多人失去家园。 becam homeles as a result of the storm. 双宾语结构(主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语)(2018广州调研测试)当轮到我们组的时候，我们为每一个人做了简单的一顿饭。When it was our teams turn, w . 复合宾语结构(主语宾补动词宾语宾语补语)(2018保定联考)学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 that the students should

3、stand up when class begins. 2主语谓语动作的发出者或某种状态的主体主语是句子的主体，用于说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者，除倒装句外，一般位于句子的开头。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。名词作主语(2018安徽知名示范高中高三联合质量检测)The_innovative,_eggshaped_pods ensure travelers can camp in the most extreme corners of the world, with all the luxury of a hotel room.这种创新的，鸡蛋形状的吊舱能够确

4、保旅行者在世界极其角落的地方宿营。代词作主语(2018洛阳高三年级第一次统一考试)I thought how wonderful it would be if there was an organization offering volunteer help.我认为如果有一个组织主动提供义务帮助，那是多么好的。动词不定式作主语(2018陕西八校第一次联考)It is essential to_take_a_useful_summer_vacation after the exam.考试之后，享受一个有用的暑假是很必要的。动名词短语作主语(2018日照高三教学质量联合检测考试)Protectin

5、g_the_environment is the theme of the show.保护环境是这次展览的主题。 从句作主语(2018呼和浩特高三年级质量普查调研考试)What_attracted_the_public_most was the singing and dancing performances on Friday afternoon.最吸引公众的是周五下午的唱歌和舞蹈表演。3谓语主语的行为、状态、特征谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词实义动词”充当。动词作谓语(2018南宁、柳州第二次联合考试)Our

6、families cannot afford to buy us new apartments, cars, let alone diamond rings.我们家不能支付的起给我们买新公寓，新车，更不用说钻石戒指了。动词短语作谓语(2018成都高中毕业班第一次诊断检测)Energygiving_food,_bodybuilding_food and protective food make up a balanced diet.提供精力的食物，增强体质的食物和保护的食物构成一个平衡的饮食。情态动词动词构成的合成谓语(2018云南八校高三第一次考试)Third, we should_take

7、more exercise to keep healthy.第三，我们应该多锻炼保持健康。助动词动词构成的合成谓语We have_been_working for ten hours since we were_brought here.自从我们被带到这里来已经连续干了十个小时的活了。4宾语动作的对象或承受者宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般放在及物动词(含及物动词词组)和介词的后面。可以作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。名词作宾语(2018日照高三校际教学质量联合考试)Lack of interest can also lead to absentmindedness.缺少兴

8、趣也会导致走思。不定式作宾语 (2018福州四校高三年级联考)People liked to_walk_out_of their houses to chat together.人们喜欢走出房子一起聊天。动名词短语作宾语(2018南宁二中第一次考试)The water there was so clear that I even could see the fish swimming.这的水如此的清澈以至于我能看见鱼儿在游泳。从句作宾语(2018成都高中毕业班质量检测)Ive found out that_Americans_are_loud!我发现美国人很吵闹。5表语主语的特征表语与前面的系

9、动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词和从句等。名词作表语(2018“五个一名校联盟”高三第二次考试)There are many_good_websites where you can check out the latest in the science world.有许多好的网站，在这些网站你可以查到科技界最新的信息。介词短语作表语Several minutes passed but the whole class was in_complete_silence.几分钟过去

10、了，但是整个班级一片寂静。不定式短语作表语The important thing is to_learn_and_control_your_temper so that you may not do or say anything youll regret.最重要的是学会控制你的脾气，这样你可能就不会做出让你后悔的事、说出使你后悔的话了。动名词短语作表语My job is teaching_these_children_to_swim.我的工作就是教这些孩子游泳。从句作表语That small town is where_we_lived_when_we_were_young.那个小镇就是我们

11、小时候住的地方。6定语名词的修饰语定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词和从句等。形容词作定语(2018山西八校高三第一次联考)Above all, I hope all of us can have a pleasant vacation.尤为重要的是，我希望我们都有一个愉快的假期。介词短语作定语The old man, with_thick_glasses_on_his_nose,_is a pianist.这

12、位戴深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。不定式作定语We need someone to_help with the work.我们需要有人来帮忙干这份工作。现在分词作定语After years of hard work，the writer finally had his book finished dealing_with_farming_methods.经过多年的努力，这位作者写的那本关于耕作方法的书终于完成了。过去分词作定语(2018“五个一名校联盟”高三第二次考试)Soldiers came to rescue those buried under the ruins.战士们去援救那些埋在废

13、墟下的人们。从句作定语(2018福州四校高三年级联考)At that time, the trees there were very green, which left a deep impression on me.那时，那的树是很绿的，这给我留下了深刻的印象。7状语修饰动词、形容词或副词成分状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、独立主格结构和从句等。副词作状语(2018石家庄质检一)A huge number of people accept mobile payment, mostly through p

14、opular apps Alipay and WeChat.大量的人接受移动支付，大多数的通过流行的支付宝支付和微信支付。介词短语作状语Thanks_to_your_advice,_we completed the project on time.多亏了你的建议，我们按时完成了工程。不定式作状语(2018合肥高三第一次质量检测)The last day is usually for the young people to play games as a way to_express their love for each other.通常最后一天是年轻人玩游戏，作为彼此表达爱意的一种方式。现在

15、分词作状语 (2018重庆高三学业质量调研抽测)At the top of Haleakala, looking down inside what is the most active part of the volcano, we can see that the volcano has left thousands of different shapes of lava(熔岩) stone ever since.从哈来亚咔国家公园高处往下看，里面是最活跃的火山，我们能看到火山留下的许多的熔岩。 过去分词作状语Seen_from_the_hill,_the city looks very b

16、eautiful.从山上看，这座城市看起来非常漂亮。独立主格结构作状语Time_permitting,_we will answer your questions after the discussion.(If time permits.)如果时间允许的话，我们讨论之后会回答你的问题。从句作状语(2018泰安统考)Not_until_I_began_to_work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已虚度了多少光阴。8补足语对宾语或主语进行补充说明的成分名词作补足语They called him the_princ

17、e_of_gymnasts.他们称他为体操王子。形容词作补足语As time went by, I was made smaller.随着时间的推移，我被做得越来越小。介词短语作补足语Grammar from African languages is found in_some_varieties_of_English.非洲语言的语法现象出现在一些英语变体中。不定式作补足语(2018广州市高三年级调研测试)We all helped the staff to_finish cutting the weeds by the lake.我们帮助工作人员去完成剪去河边的草的任务。现在分词作补足语I

18、saw him passing_my_house_every_day.我每天都看到他经过我家。过去分词作补足语Ill have my house painted tomorrow.我明天将把我的房子粉刷一下。9同位语处于同等地位的修饰成分名词作同位语Henry Clay Frick, a_rich_New_Yorker,_died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people.亨利克莱弗里克是纽约的一位富豪，1919年去世后，把他的住宅、家具以及艺术收藏品都留给了美国人民。数词作同

19、位语They three want to travel around the world together on foot.他们三个想一起步行周游世界。从句作同位语I hold the view that_we_should_go_to_help_them (to)_overcome_the_present_difficulty.我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。二、学会分析长难句纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读

20、能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。1复合从句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是宾语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分

21、析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植)分析此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life整个从句，其中主语里面又包含了

22、一个由who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。2分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。The idea of returning to the basics in the classrooma notion(概念，观点) which, i

23、ncidentally(顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachersis finally gaining some currency(流行) with school administrators(管理者)分析两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。名师指津分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。3成分省略在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富

24、于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.分析and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。名师指津补充完整省略成分，才能正确理解语境。4改变语序改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强

25、调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar(罐子) filled with dried beans(豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.分析此句正常语序为：. placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk.名师指津还原为正常语

26、序是理解语境的关键所在。5长难句的突破策略(1)结构分析法所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to

27、last past about 120 years.分析此句的主语为“many scientists”，主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又接了一个宾语从句。Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.分析此句的主语为“Some companies”，句中有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。At

28、 the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.分析此句的主语为“a microcomputer”，也有两个谓语，即locks和sets。方法二：并列复合句的处理方法找并列连词The hot sun had caused the dough(面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast

29、 made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.分析第句中的and和第句中的and都是并列连词，各自连接两个并列单句。方法三：主从复合句的处理方法找从属连词Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell

30、 her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.分析Whereas引导了一个从句，即“a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage

31、”，而“it wasnt unusual to hear a man say”为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。“he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that的宾语从句，从句中又含有not. until引导的时间状语从句，时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句：“his friends marriage was in serious trouble”

32、(省略连接词that)；与“if he could sleep on the sofa”(从属连词if)。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compa

33、red to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.分析首先找到并列连词but，推知：If you ask. “Webster”为but连接的第一分句，“none of these men. the Conqueror”为第二分句；第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句，从句中又含有who引导的定语从句；第二分句中含who引导的定语从句。(2)意群阅读法一个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段，每一小段称之为一个意群。意群可以是一个词，一个词组或短语，也可以是一个并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读速度

34、和理解的准确性。例如：When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield(挡风玻璃) with a force equal to diving headfirst(头向前地) into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析是状语从句，是主句，是with引导的介词短语作状语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。专题过关训练运用长难句分析技巧分析下列长难句，并翻译成汉语1(2018福建闽侯月考)This

35、 trend, which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.分析which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disea

36、se是_从句，破折号后面的the very thing the medical community was trying to fight是对_和_的补充说明。翻译_答案非限制性定语； overweight; heart disease；作为医学界为了抵抗心脏病而发起的这股潮流也有一些难以预料的副作用，如过度肥胖和心脏病，而这正是医学界试图抵制的。2(2018河南郑州高三测试)The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer beca

37、use they heard the alarm and knew what to do.分析but连接两个并列分句。第二分句中，“relatively speaking”是_，“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是_从句。翻译_答案插入语；原因状语；通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重，但是相对来说，邻居们会更安全，因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么。3(2018广西南宁月考)If someone knocks and its not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the pers

38、on know youre busy so they can get the hint(暗示) that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.分析“If someone knocks and its not an important matter”是if引导的_从句。So后面表示结果，在此部分中“that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed”是“the hint”的_从句，该从句中又含有when引导的_从句。翻译_答案条件状语；同位语；时间状语；如果有人敲门且不是

39、什么重要的事情，就给自己找个借口，并让那个人知道你很忙，这样他们就能得到暗示，那就是当门关着时，你不想被打扰。4(2018保定三中三调)Suppose youre in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.分析连词and连接两个并列复合句，第一个分句中，suppose后是省略了that的_从句。第二个分句中，“that could get you in trouble”为_从句，修饰先行词_。翻译_答案宾语；

40、定语；an email；假设你很忙，感觉很累，注意力不在电脑屏幕上，这时你发了一封可能会使你陷入麻烦中的邮件。5(2018河南安阳高三模拟)Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.分析句中when引导一个_从句；主语从句_为主句的主语，that引导_从句，在这个_从句中，what引导的从句作_的_。翻译_答案时间状语； what may be implied；表语；表语；consider；宾语；因此，当一个来自这些文化群体之一的人在讲话的时候突然停住了，可能那个人是在继续(讲话)之前暗示听众去思考他之前说了什么。