2020年高考英语语法讲解及考点练习 名词（含解析）.doc

1、名词重难点分析名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来的不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，这些含义很可能成为高考考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。一、名词的分类及常见用法可数名词个体名词teacher, student, piano, schoolbag功能集体名词family, committee, people, class名词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语或状语可数名词的复数规则变化一般词后加-sdays,

2、 boys, Americans, toolss, x, sh, ch结尾加-esbuses, boxes, dishes, matches (stomachs除外)“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i，再加- esbabies, factories, stories, cities以f或fe结尾，变f/fe为v，加-esleaves, wives, knives (roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, staffs, safes除外)以o结尾，有生命加-es，无生命加-sheroes, potatoes, tomatoes, pianos, radios (

3、hippos, bamboos除外)数字的复数加-s或“s”in the 1990s/1990s不规则变化改变词中元音字母woman-women, goose-geese, man-men, foot-feet, tooth-teeth形式复数，意义单数news, maths, politics, economics等单复数同形means, deer, sheep, fish, species, Chinese等其他child-children, bacterium-bacteria, crisis-crises, ox-oxen, phenomenon-phenomena不可数名词物质名词w

4、ood, water, steel, paper, blood抽象名词friendship, progress, fun, knowledge专有名词John, Smith, Beijing, Christmas Day名词所有格一般在名词右上方加“s”；以s结尾的名词只加“”Womens Day, an hours walk, students reading-room, todays paper表有生命的东西或时间、空间、距离、价格、重量等名词的所有格介词of+名词a map of China, the top of the mountain无生命的东西的名词所有格二、名词其他需要注意的几

5、点1. 名词的数(1) 复合名词的复数有主体名词的复数形式（lookers-on, passers-by等）和无主体名词的复数形式（grown-ups, go-betweens）。(2) 集体名词的数有些集体名词只能用作复数，如：cattle, police, people等。注意：people意为“民族、种族”时，有单、复数形式。有些集体名词只能用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, jewellery, mankind等。有些集体名词作为整体看待时，用作单数；指其中各个成员时，用作复数。这样的集体名词有class, family, couple, a

6、udience, government, public, committee, crew等。The whole family are watching TV now. 现在全家人都在看电视。His family is a big one. 他家是一个大家庭。(3) 由两部分构成的名词只能用复数形式，如：glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors, gloves, scales, compasses等。(4) “the + 姓氏的复数”表全家人，如：the Blacks, the Smith, the Wangs等。(5) 具有双重特性的名词意义不同的可数和不可数名词

7、a room 房间room空间a chicken 鸡chicken 鸡肉an experience 经历experience 经验an agreement 协议agreement 同意单、复数意思不同的名词arm 手臂arms 武器brain 脑brains 智力custom 风俗customs 海关force 力量forces 军队regard 注意；关心regards 问候time 时间times 时代work 工作works 作品；工厂manner 态度manners 礼貌spirit 精神spirits 心情；情绪content 内容contents 目录loss 损失losses 损

8、失物condition 状况conditions 条件expression 表达expressions 短语feeling 感觉feelings 感情wood 木头woods 树林2. 名词的所有格(1) 表示两者或两者以上共同所有，在最后一个词的后面加“s”；表示各自拥有时，每个名词后都要加“s”。如：Li and Mas room 李和马共有的房间Lis and Mas rooms 李和马各自的房间(2) 表某人的家或店铺、诊所等。如：Lis 李家 the doctors 诊所 the barbers 理发店 the butchers 肉铺 the stationers 文具店(3) 所有

9、格除了用于有生命的事物外，也可以用于表示国家、城市等的名词。如：Chinas prosperity 中国的繁荣the countrys plan 国家计划(4) of所有格也可用于有生命的物体，用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。如：a story of a famous doctor 一个名医的故事the son of the man you just talked to 刚刚和你说话的那个男人的儿子(5) 双重所有格“of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格。of后名词所有格中的名词必须指人，而且是特指。如：an old friend of my uncles 我叔叔的一位老朋友a p

10、lay of Shakespeares 莎士比亚的一部戏剧some houses of my grandfathers 我爷爷的一些房子3. 名词作定语(1) 一般用单数形式。如：country music 乡村音乐 shoe shops 鞋店 traffic lights 交通灯注意：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales, goods作定语时，要用复数形式。如：sports meeting 运动会 customs officers 海关官员 arms production 武器生产(2) man和woman作定语时，变复数时予中心词一起变。如：men d

11、octor 男医生 women teachers 女老师考点练透一、单句填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。1. There are fifty-six _ (people) in China.2. We need much _ (room) for all the furniture.3. This kind of dress was popular in the _ (1980).4. _ (girl) students and _ (woman) teachers in the majority in our school.5. There used to be a lot of m

12、ilu _ (deer) in China.6. These are art _ (work) of the Tang Dynasty. 7. _ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department. 8. We can see many _ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference. 9. I had my hair cut short at the _ (barber) nearby yesterday.10. On the whole, he was a _ (fail

13、) in his life.11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _ of exercise. 12. Now more and more people prefer to have a _ at home a little dog, a cat or some other animals. 13. My parents always let me have my own _ of living.14. We volunteered to collect money to help the

14、_ (victim) of the earthquake.15. We all know that _ speak louder than words. 16. My teacher pointed out the wrong choice of _ (express) in my composition.17. The real _ (hero) are those who are making the most contributions to our society18. The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of _ (me).19. W

15、ithout a compass, it is easy to lose ones way in the _ (wood).20. He begged for help from _ (passer-by), but they all pretended not to have heard what he was saying and went by quickly.二、语篇填空 用适当的词或所给词的适当形式填空。Charles Pink was a young 1 (Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself.

16、Every Saturday, he went to the theater and 2 (party). His car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of 3 and one day bought a plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main 4 (enjoy).One day about thirty 5 (year) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across 6 (Mexican). At

17、first everything went well, but when he was over the part of the country 7 engine of the little machine failed. Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good 8 (high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of 9 (field) which looked nice enough

18、to land on, and he managed to bring his machine down on one of 10 .三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Probably no other musical instrument is as popular around the world as the guitar. Almost every kind of music needs a guitar. Country and western music would not be the same 1 a guitar. The Spa

19、nish music called flamenco (弗拉门科民歌) could not exist without a guitar. The sound of American blues music would not be the same without the sad cry of the guitar. And rock and roll music would almost be 2 (possible) without this instrument.People dont agree about 3 the guitar was first played, but mos

20、t agree 4 is old. Some say an instrument much like a guitar was played in Egypt over 1000 years ago. Some other say that 5 old form of the modern guitar 6 (bring) to Spain from Persian (波斯人) sometime in the 12th century. The guitar continued to develop in Spain. In the 1700s it became similar 7 the

21、instrument we know today.Many famous 8 (music) played the instrument. The famous musician Niccolo Paganini played and wrote music for the guitar in the early 1800s. Franz Schubert used the guitar to write some of his famous works. In modern times Andres Segovia helped make the instrument extremely p

22、opular.One kind of music for the guitar 9 (develop) in the southern area of Spain called Andalusia. It will always be 10 (strong) connected with the Spanish guitar.助读词汇exist vi. 存在 musician n. 音乐家musical instrument 乐器 blues music 布鲁斯音乐rock and roll music 摇滚乐 be connected with 与有联系参考答案考点练透一、单句填空1. pe

23、oples 2. room 3. 1980s/1980s 4. Girl; women 5. deer 6. works 7. Childrens 8. editors-in-chief 9. barbers 10. failure 11. lack 12. pet 13. way 14. victims 15. actions 16. expressions 17. heroes 18. mine 19. woods 20. passers-by二、语篇填空 1. Canadian 2. parties 3. money 4. enjoyments 5. years 6. Mexico 7.

24、 the 8. height 9. fields 10. them三、语法填空本文主要介绍吉他的发展史。1. without 根据空前的Country and western music would not be the same可知填without。或者根据下一句The Spanish music called flamenco could not exist without a guitar.也可知。2. impossible 作表语用形容词。根据空后的without this instrument可知理应是填possible的反义词impossible。3. where 下文主要讲吉他源

25、于哪里，故此处理应填where引导宾语从句。4. it 缺主语填代词。it在此指代前面的the guitar。5. an 不定冠词的基本用法，空后old以元音因素开头，填an，在此意为“一种”。6. was brought 分析句子成分可知，动词bring在此作谓语，故只考虑时态和语态。根据后面的时间状语in the 12th century可知用一般过去式。bring与主语是被动关系。故填一般过去式被动语态。7. to 习惯搭配be/become similar to意为“与/变得相似”。8. musicians 作主语要用名词；此外根据前面的Many可知要用复数。9. developed 分析句子成分可知，括号中的动词develop在此是非谓语动词，真正的谓语是后面的called，且develop与主语music存在被动关系，故填过去分词形式(分词短语作后置定语)。10. strongly 修饰形容词要用副词形式。