2020-2021学年英语人教版选修8学案：UNIT 1 SECTION Ⅰ　WARMING UP .doc

1、Unit 1 A land of diversityAmerican IndiansAmerican Indians are the native people in the United States. They belong to more than five hundred Indian tribes (部落). Many tribe members live on reservations. These are areas that the United States government set up for native tribes that had lost their lan

2、ds to European settlers. Some reservations are larger than American states. The Bureau of Indian Affairs supervises these territories. Tribes on reservations have limited selfrule. Generally, American Indians do not enjoy the same economic and educational success as other Americans. They earn less m

3、oney and have more unemployment than other Americans. They also have higher rates of disease and die younger than other American groups. However, the American Indian economy has grown at three times the national rate since the 1980s. Some of the improvement has come from expansion of the American In

4、dian gambling industry. Many Indian tribes have legalized gambling on their reservations.开启快乐学习之旅在美国，有大量的土著印第安人。他们大部分居住在保留地内，也有少数居住在外面的城市里。那么，现在就让我们一起走进土著印第安人的生活吧！Section Warming Up & Reading.重点单词1distinct adj. 清晰的；明显的；明确的distinction n. 差别；区分；卓著2means n. 手段；方法mean v. 意味着；adj. 吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的meaning n. 意

5、思；意义3majority n. 大多数；大半major adj. 主要的；vi. 主修minority n. 少数；少数民族4hardship n. 苦难；困苦hard adj. 困难的；硬的；adv. 努力地；艰难地5elect vt. 选择；决定做某事；选举某人election n. 选举；当选；选举权6federal adj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的7percentage n. 百分比；百分率percent n. 百分比，百分数；adj. 百分之的；adv. 以百分之地8boom n. (人口、贸易的)繁荣；vi. 处于经济迅速发展时期9aircraft n. 飞行器；航空器；飞机10r

6、acial adj. 人种的；种族的race n. 种，种族；人种；vt. & vi. (和)比赛，使参加比赛.重点短语1live_on 继续存在；继续生存2by means of. 用办法；借助3make_a_life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等4keep_up 坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等).重点句式1having done作状语It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having_attracted people from all over the world.加州与众不

7、同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。2It is likely that.可能However, it_is_likely_that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，可能至少在15 000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。3The first.to do., to do作定语Of the first Spanish to_go to California, the majority were religious men, whos

8、e ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。4It is believed that.人们认为It_is_believed_that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races an

9、d cultures.人们相信，过不了多久，多种国籍的混合程度将会非常大，以至于不会有明显的主要种族或文化群体，而只有一个多种族、多文化的混合体。课文预读CALIFORNIACalifornia is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The c

10、ustoms and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.population n. 人口(数)distinction/dstkn/n. 差别；区分；卓著multicultural adj. 多元文化的现在分词短语having attracted people.作结果状语。immigrant/mrnt/n. (从外国移入的)移民live on继续存在；继续

11、生存when引导的时间状语从句。加利福尼亚第1段译文加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州，但它是人口最多的州。加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。当你了解了加利福尼亚的历史时，你就不会对其文化的多样性感到惊奇了。NATIVE AMERICANSExactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native American

12、s were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered

13、 greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition， many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.,it is likely that.“很可能”，该句型中it是形式主语，that从句是真

14、正的主语。Bering/ber/Strait/stret/白令海峡Arctic/ktk/adj. 北极的；北极区的the Arctic北极by means of.用办法；借助means/minz/n. 手段；方法(单复数同形)prehistoric/prihstrk/adj. 史前的which引导的定语从句，修饰“a land bridge”。suffer vi. 受苦；受难 vt. 遭受；蒙受in addition (to)除之外，加之die from死于过去分词短语brought by the Europeans作后置定语，修饰the diseases。survive vt. & vi.

15、活下来，幸免现在分词短语living in California作后置定语，修饰Native Americans。第2段译文美洲土著人最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在知道的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。然而，可能至少在15 000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。科学家们认为这些迁居者是通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲的。欧洲人在16世纪来到这里后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死。不过，还是有一些人经历了这些恐怖时期而活下来了。今天住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。THE

16、SPANISH 第3段译文西班牙人在18世纪的时候，加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的。西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初期来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，夺去了他们的土地。两个世纪以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地区住下来。在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立。加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得了战争的胜利之后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国。但是，这个州仍然保留着很强的西班牙文化的影响。那就是今天超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为

17、第一或第二语言的原因。 第45段译文俄罗斯人在19世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加利福尼亚定居下来。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山)及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25 000人。金矿工1848年，在美国同墨西哥战争之后不久，在加利福尼亚发现了金矿。发财梦很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人，随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。事实上很少有人圆了发财梦。许多人死了或回家了，但是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人仍然留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生，在新的城镇或农场里定居下来。到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国第31个联邦州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。第68段译

18、文后来的移民虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始来到了，但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。今天，加利福尼亚州各地都有美籍华人居住，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科(旧金山)的“唐人街”里。19世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到加利福尼亚，他们主要是渔民，但也有些是制酒工人。1911年，丹麦移民建立了自己的城镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。20世纪20年代，电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来。这个新兴的行业吸引了欧洲人，包括许多犹太人。今天，加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占第二位。日本农民是在20世纪初期开始到加利福尼亚来的，而从20世纪80

19、年代以来有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了。非洲人从19世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期间来到加利福尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作的。 第910段译文最近期的移民在最近的几十年里，加利福尼亚成了更多亚洲人的家，包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人。从20世纪70年代开始发展计算机工业以来，加利福尼亚又吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人的到来。未来展望世界各地的人，由于受气候条件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在继续迁入加利福尼亚。人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化

20、的混合体。课文理解.课文判断正(T)误(F)1California is the largest state in the USA and has the largest population.(F)2Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men.(T)3In the early 1800s, Russian hunters began settling in California.(T)4In 1848, before the AmericanMexican war, gold was di

21、scovered in California.(F)5People from Africa have been living in California since the 1980s.(F).课文阅读理解1Which of the following about Native Americans is NOT true?AThey were treated badly by the Europeans.BMost of them died because there was not enough food.CThey were believed to have gotten to Ameri

22、ca by means of a land bridge.DMore Native Americans live in California than in any other state today.答案：B2In 1848, people went to California in order to _.Aescape the AmericanMexican warBachieve their dreams of becoming richCavoid being infected with the diseases in their hometownsDdevelop the land

23、they bought in California答案：B3From the text, we know that Chinese immigrants _.Acame to California after the Gold Rush PeriodBplayed roles in the building of the rail network in AmericaCestablished a town of their own in 1911Dlive only in the “Chinatowns” of San Francisco now答案：B4What can we learn f

24、rom the text?AThe customs and languages of immigrants will disappear in their new home.BScientists have found exactly when the first people got to California.CRussians have lived in California for more than 200 years.DIn the 1980s, the computer industry attracted Koreans to California.答案：C5Whats the

25、 topic of this text about?AThe culture of California.BThe history of California.CThe population of California.DThe immigrants of California.答案：B.课文难句分析1Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric tim

26、es.句式分析此句为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句；which引导定语从句，修饰a land bridge。自主翻译科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。2Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in th

27、e 1860s.句式分析此句为主从复合句，although引导让步状语从句，主句为“it was被强调部分that.”的强调结构。自主翻译虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是在19世纪60年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。1 (教材P2)Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times.科学家们认为，这些迁居者通过

28、一座史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。by all means当然可以；尽一切办法by any means 无论如何(用于否定句和疑问句)by no means 决不；一点也不(放句首要部分倒装)by means of. 用办法，借助by this means 用这种方法温馨提示(1)means表示“方式，方法”时，单复数同形。(2)当means作主语且有every，each等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。(3)当means作主语且有some，several，few, many等修饰时，谓语动词用复数。All possible means have been tried, bu

29、t not every means works.所有可能的方法都尝试过了，但并不是每一种方法都奏效。易混辨析means表示“方法、手段、工具”，常与介词by连用。method指做某事的具体步骤或程序，也指系统的、抽象概念的原理，常与介词of搭配。way是最常用的词，本意是“道路”，引申作“方式、方法”讲，含义很广。approach也有“方法、步骤、途径”的意思。它侧重指待人接物或思考问题的方式，常与介词to搭配。即学即用(1)The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life.汽车是一种

30、便利的交通方式，然而我们却把它当成了我们的生活方式。(2)Thoughts can be expressed by means of music.思想可以借助音乐来表达。(3)Ive tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means is the teacher satisfied with my progress.我已尽力提高英语水平，但是老师对我的进步一点儿也不满意。(4)The bicycle he rode was not by any means the kind modern cyclists would want to

31、be seen riding on.他骑的自行车绝不是现代骑自行车的人愿意骑的那种车。(5)单句语法填空Every possible means has_been_tried (try), and we find only by this means is (be) it possible to persuade him.There is no doubt that television is an important means of communication.There are (be) many means of transport for people to choose from.

32、2 (教材P2)Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。(1)a/the majority of大多数be in the/a majority 构成大部分/大多数(2)minority n. 少数be in the/a minority 占少数(3)major n. & v. 主修

33、；专业major in 主修；以为专业巧学助记温馨提示“the/a majority of名词”表示“大多数”，其谓语动词的数与of后面的名词相一致；the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。即学即用(1)The majority of citizens consider an ordinary job boring or even valueless, which is wrong.大部分市民认为普通工作令人厌烦，甚至没有价值，这种想法是错误的。(2)My brother majored in two subjects in the university last year

34、.我哥哥去年在大学里主修了两门课程。(3)Those who favour the proposal are in the majority.赞成该提案者占多数。(4)The majority of the damage is (be) easy to repair.大部分的损坏是容易修复的。3 (教材P2)By the time California elected to become the thirtyfirst federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亚成为美国

35、第31个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多元文化的社会了。(1)elect sb. (to be/as)选举某人(为)elect sth. (as) 选择(作为)elect to do. 选择或决定做某事(2)election n. 选举温馨提示elect表示“选举”，主要指选举某人担任某职位。若所涉及的职位独一无二，则通常不用冠词。We elected him chairman.我们选他当主席。易混辨析choose, select与electchoose表示“选择”或“挑选”，侧重于通过意志或判断选择，是最普通的用语select表示“(精心地)挑选，选定”，具有“精选”的意思elect表示“选举”

36、，一般是较大范围的、具有正式手续的选举即学即用(1)The young lady was elected to be president of the big firm.那位年轻女士被选为这家大公司的总裁。(2)She elected to return to work after her baby was born.她决定孩子出生后回去工作。(3)As is known, the President of the USA is_elected every four years.众所周知，美国总统每四年选举一次。(4)She was put under house arrest two yea

37、rs ago but remained a powerful symbol in last years election.她两年前被软禁，但是在去年的选举中依旧强势。(5)用choose, elect, select的适当形式填空She chose the red sweater rather than the pink one.The boy selected the best things from the shop.We elected him monitor of our class.1 (教材P1)The customs and languages of the immigrants

38、 live on in their new home.这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。live on继续存在；继续生存(on为副词)靠生活；以为主食(on为介词)live by 靠手段/方式生活live up to 符合；不辜负；履行诺言live through sth. 经历某事而幸存live with 忍受，承受live out 实践；度过即学即用Lei Feng passed away more than 50 years ago but his spirit lives on.雷锋50多年前就去世了，但他的精神永存。In modern times, people ha

39、ve to learn to live_with all kinds of pressure although they are living a comfortable life.如今，人们虽然过着舒适的生活，但也不得不学会承受各种各样的压力。We should see to it that all work done lives_up_to high standards.我们应该确保我们做的一切工作都达到高标准。语境串记(1)Living with growing despair, he finally managed to live through the famine by livin

40、g on tasteless food.容忍着日益严重的绝望，他最终靠着乏味的食物活过了那次饥荒。(2)The old man lived by collecting waste things rather than living on government welfare to live out the rest of his life.那位老人靠捡废品而不是靠政府的救济金来度过他的余生。2 (教材P2)Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despi

41、te great hardship.有些人死了或回家了，但是大多数人留在加利福尼亚谋生，尽管困难重重。come to life苏醒；变得活跃起来live/lead a.life 过着生活come back to life 苏醒过来；恢复生气bring.back to life 使苏醒过来；给活力；使复生lose ones life 失去生命make/earn a/ones living 谋生即学即用The new teacher really brought French back to life for us.新来的老师给我们把法语教得生动活泼。The village, which had

42、seemed deserted, immediately came_to_life.这个原来似乎杳无人烟的村庄顿时恢复了生机。How did you make/earn_a_living when you were in Beijing?你在北京时是如何谋生的？3 (教材P2)In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture.从丹麦来的移民在1911年建立了他们自己的城镇，今天它仍然沿袭着他们的丹麦文化。即学即用一词多义

43、写出下列句中keep up的含义I hope the fine weather will keep up so that we can go out for a picnic.(继续)保持The rain kept up for two days and the roads were flooded.维持；持续We should not keep up old customs.沿袭(风俗等)keep up with不落后；跟得上keep away (from) (使)远离keep back 退后；阻止；保留keep.free from/of 离开，避开，不接近；戒除keep off 避开；不接

44、近keep on (doing) 继续(干)keep out (of) 阻止进入；不卷入；避开I told the children to keep_away_from the fire, but they wouldnt listen.我告诉孩子们远离火源，但他们不听。We can often see the notice “Keep_off the grass” in the street or park.在街道或公园里我们常看到“请勿践踏”的告示。Cars should be kept_out_of the city center.汽车不应该进入市中心。1 However, it is

45、likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，可能至少在15 000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。(1)It is likely that.“是可能的”，此句型可转化为sb./sth. be likely to do.“某人/物可能做”。It is likely that she was watching TV at home last night.她有可能昨天晚上在家里看电视。It is likely that you will suffer f

46、rom bad health if you keep smoking.You are_likely_to suffer from bad health if you keep smoking.如果继续吸烟，你的身体健康有可能会受到损害。(2)其他表示“可能”的句型：It is possible for her to set a world record again.It is probable/possible that she will set a world record again.她有可能会再次创造世界纪录。2 That is why today over 40% of Califor

47、nians speak Spanish as a first or second language.那就是今天超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。(1)This/That is why.为表语从句的常用句型结构，意为“这/那就是的原因”。That is why I recommend another category of books：literary books.那就是我推荐文学类图书的原因。I know you find the subject difficult, but that_is_why you should work harder at it.我知道

48、你感到这门学科困难，但那就是你应该更加努力钻研它的理由。(2)This/That is because. “这/那是因为”。This_is_because each year millions of smokers die from this habit.这是因为每年都有上百万的吸烟者死于这个习惯。(3)The reason why.is/was that.“的原因是”，表语从句常用that引导。The reason why the students favor the first one is that they can carry it with them wherever they go

49、.学生们喜欢第一个的原因是他们无论去哪里都可以随身携带它。3 It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups， but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.,人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。(1)“Itbe过去分词that.”结

50、构中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，that仅起连接作用，不作句子成分。It is believed that reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.人们认为阅读增长知识、拓宽视野。(2)该句型中常用的过去分词有：said, reported, believed, hoped, suggested等。It_is_said_that he has passed the driving test.据说他已经通过了驾驶考试。It_is_reported_that the way people spend their

51、 holidays has changed a great deal in the past ten years.据报道在过去10年里人们度假的方式已改变了许多。(3)该句型可转换为“sb./sth.be过去分词不定式”和“People/sb.say/think/report/.that.”。It is believed that the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages.The Internet is_believed_to have both advantages and disadvantages.People_believe_

52、that the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages.人们认为互联网既有优点又有缺点。.单词拼写1Radio and television are important means of communication.2She elected an art course because she was interested in art.3Taiwan Island and the mainland are separated by the Taiwan Strait.4There is a distinct possibility tha

53、t shell be your teacher next term.5A new law has been brought in to discourage racial prejudice to build a harmonious society.6It is believed that a strong man will bear hardship (困苦) without complaining.7He made a lot of money during the property boom (繁荣)8Because of the financial crisis, the unemp

54、loyment percentage (百分率) keeps rising in this country.9Only a few of shopkeepers thought highly of the plan. The majority (大多数) were against it.10There are strict controls on immigration (移民) into Canada.选词填空fight against， live on， by means of， make a life， keep up， become home to 1The police looked

55、 into the case carefully and found the thief had entered the house by_means_of a ladder.2Although her husband died, the old lady lived_on for many years with an optimistic attitude.3They have to make_a_life in the coal mine far away from their homes.4In some rural places of China, some people still

56、prefer keeping_up their traditional lifestyle.5After such a great project is finished, the city will become_home_to specialists from all over the world.6The community is struggling to fight_against drug dealers to make the area a safer place to live in.句型转换1It is believed that education is the most

57、important issue facing the government.Education is believed to be the most important issue facing the government.2The book is said to have been translated into several foreign languages.Its said that the book has been translated into several foreign languages.3Tom is likely to set a world record aga

58、in.It is likely that Tom will set a world record again.4He had an urgent thing to deal with. That was why he didnt attend the meeting.He didnt attend the meeting. Thats because he had an urgent thing to deal with.补全句子1It was raining hard then. That_was_why_I_was_late.那时正下着大雨。那就是我迟到的原因。2After a long

59、journey, they came to what_is_called “Gebi Desert”长途跋涉之后，他们来到了被称之为“戈壁滩”的地方。3It_is_believed_that hard work can lead to success.人们相信辛勤工作就能成功。4It_is_likely_that a visit to the Great Wall for us students is an unforgettable experience.对我们学生而言参观长城有可能是一次难忘的经历。5By no means is_she_poor. In fact, she is quite rich.她绝不贫穷。实际上，她相当富有。