天津市2018届高考英语（新课标）二轮复习课件：专题十五　推理判断 .ppt

1、专题十五 推理判断-2-考情概览考试说明指出:阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息,即作者所要传达的信息。在实际的阅读活动中,有时需要根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等。这类题目旨在考查考生透过文章的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力,属深层理解题。-3-阅读能力的考查不仅要求理解具体事实细节,也要求理解抽象的含义;既要求理解字面意思,又要求理解其深层含义;既要求理解文章中某句、某段的含义及全文的逻辑关系,又要求根据其含义及逻辑关系进行推理和判断。-4-1.推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种(1)We can know from the passa

2、ge that.(2)We can infer from the passage that.(3)The passage/author implies/suggests that.(4)It can be concluded from the passage that.(5)The underlined sentence indicates that.(6)From the passage we can draw the conclusion that.(7)Where does this passage probably come from?(8)The passage is probabl

3、y taken out of.(9)The author developed the passage/his main idea by.(10)The first/last paragraph serves as a(n).-5-2.推理判断题解题策略(1)细节推断题细节推断题要求考生根据文章内容,推断具体的细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可以根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生要把握文章的内在关系,理解文章的真正含义,然后做出判断。此类题常用infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe 等

4、词提问,或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如:can,could,might,would 等和其他表示可能性的副词或词组,如probably,most likely等。-6-【典例分析】(2017全国卷,B)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater,employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theaters 7

5、5-year history.This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish,another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.T

6、hough the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close d

7、own.-7-Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theaters location(位置)was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town,”he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”Last week some city officials suggest

8、ed the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However,these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm,which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is

9、located.The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.-8-26.What will probably happen to the building?A.It will be repaired.B.It will be turned into a museum.C.It will be knocked

10、down.D.It will be sold to the city government.推理判断题。从文章倒数第二段最后一句可推知,要在原地建造一座购物中心,因此剧院应该是会被推倒。故选C项。-9-27.What can we infer about the audience?A.They are disappointed with Bradford.B.They are sad to part with the old theater.C.They are supportive of the city officials.D.They are eager to have a shoppi

11、ng center.推理判断题。从第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting tosay good-bye to the old building.”可推知,观众对老剧院依依不舍。teary-eyed“热泪盈眶的”。故选B项。-10-(2)因果推断题本类题目要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵,理解文章的真正含义。因果推断题不是考查文章直接给出明显的因果关系,它不是细节理解题。它需要考生通读文章

12、或者某个段落,在字里行间推断出题设的因果关系。因此,要准确把握文章的内容和作者要表达的意图,切忌以个人观点或者个人想象主观臆断其中的因果关系。常见的题设中经常出现why,because,because of,what is/was the main reason等词汇。-11-【典例分析】(2016全国甲卷,B)Five years ago,when I taught art at a school in Seattle,I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my s

13、tudents.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student,and said:“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes today-and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.Several others checked

14、the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.-12-Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his be

15、droom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of l

16、osing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But Im just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when youre asleep?”-13-“Oh,sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a

17、time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative.Who does that for you?”“Nobody.I do it.”“Really-at night,when youre asleep?”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime,in class,okay?”-14-28.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?A.To help them to see their creativity.B.To

18、 find out about their sleeping habits.C.To help them to improve their memory.D.To find out about their ways of thinking.推理判断题。文章第四段最后一句“But Im just not creative.”引出下文师生间的对话,根据文章最后一句“Try doing it in thedaytime,in class,okay?”可以看出,老师以孩子晚上做的梦引出白天课堂上要勇于尝试,大胆想象。因此A项正确。-15-(3)文章来源推断题要推测文章的来源,则要求考生本身具备一定的常

19、识。比如考生要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座、选出正确的答案。-16-【典例分析】When I was nine years old,I loved to go fishing with my dad.But the only thing that wasnt very fun about it was that he could catch many fish while I couldnt catch anything.I usually got pretty upset and kept asking him why.

20、He always answered,“Son,if you want to catch a fish,you have to think like a fish.”I remember being even more upset then because,“Im not a fish!”I didnt know how to think like a fish.Besides,I reasoned,how could what I think influence what a fish does?-17-As I got a little older I began to understan

21、d what my dad really meant.So,I read some books on fish.And I even joined the local fishing club and started attending the monthly meetings.I learned that a fish is a cold-blooded animal and therefore is very sensitive to water temperature.That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because

22、the former is warmer.Besides,water is usually warmer in direct sunlight than in the shade.Yet,fish dont have any eyelids(眼皮)and the sun hurts their eyes.The more I understood fish,the more I became effective at finding and catching them.-18-When I grew up and entered the business world,I remember he

23、aring my first boss say,“We all need to think like sales-people.”But it didnt completely make sense.My dad never once said,“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.”What he said was,“You need to think like a fish.”Years later,with great efforts to promote long-term services to

24、 people much older and richer than me,I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers.It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters.-19-35.This passage most likely comes from.A.a fishing guideB.a popular sales bookC.a novel on childhoodD.a millionaires biog

25、raphy文章出处题。根据最后两句话“It is not an easy job.I will showyou how in the following chapters.(这不是一份轻松的工作,我将在下面几章里向你们展示如何去做)”。由此可知,文章来自教授大家如何做销售的书籍。故选B项。-20-(4)篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的,作者会采用记叙、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、对比等不同的组织结构。答题时须从作者的写作手法入手,分清层次、明确主旨,并找出文中作者的观点以及与其紧密相关的论据。-21-英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头,简要概括文

26、章的中心思想;主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头,也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用连接词和过渡词连接,使文章行文连贯、逻辑严密。不同的文段在全文中可能会起到:引言/介绍(introduction),举例(example),对比(comparison),结论(conclusion),评论(comment),背景(background),论证(demonstration)等作用。为突出主题,作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章,通过举例、比较、类比等手法来阐明主题观点。这类题是近年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的新命题方式,并逐步得到认可。对文章结构的考查主要有两个层面:一是按

27、段落的组织方式,二是按写作方法(论证方法)。-22-【典例分析】(2016北京卷,D)Why College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性)and the development of adult identity.However,now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence,during which many of todays students are not should

28、ered with adult responsibilities.-23-For previous generations,college was a decisive break from parental control;guidance and support needed to come from people of the same age and from within.In the past two decades,however,continued connection with and dependence on family,thanks to cell phones,em

29、ail and social media,have increased significantly.Some parents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility,universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same envir

30、onment as that of the home.-24-To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility,college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This process involves“trying on”new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面)and personally.While we should provide“safe spaces”within col

31、leges,we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered by strict debate and questioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community(群体)differs from the family,many students will str

32、uggle to find a sense of belonging.If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern,they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.-25-Moreover,the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior

33、 runs up against another characteristic of young adults:the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.It is not sur

34、prising that young people are likely to burst out,particularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency.What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.There

35、fore,there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.-26-Every college discussion about community values,social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation,of the

36、necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.-27-70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion-28-文章结构题。本文一、二段阐明大学生过分依赖家庭,未实现从被家庭庇护到提高自主意识和成人责任意识的成功转型,为Introduction。第三段为P1,建议大学生积极探索、实验、辩论、质疑,提升思维能力和个人素养。四、五段为P2,从两个方面

37、(即Sp1和Sp2)强调了社交行为的重要性。最后两段为总结段。故选C项。-29-ABC(2017天津卷,D)I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting,and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours?To understand the issue,lets take a look at three types of“waits”.The very purest

38、form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池)as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until its full.During these waits,the brain slips away from the b

39、ody and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.-30-ABCA cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait.This one requires a bit of discipline.Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a For

40、ced Wait.Directions are very specific.“Bring three cups of water to boil,add mix,simmer three minutes,remove from heat,let stand five minutes.”I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly.After all,Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiti

41、ng is the Lucky-Break Wait.This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary.Unlike the Forced Wait,which is also voluntary,waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.-31-ABCTurning ones life into a waiting game requires faith and hope,and is stri

42、ctly for the optimists among us.On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes,but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it.As long as one doesnt come to rely on it,wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spe

43、nd a good deal of our time waiting.The next time youre standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that youll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky,dont be desperate.Youre probably just as busy as the next guy.-32-ABC【语篇导读】本文为一篇说明文。我们的一生有三分之一的时间都在等待,文章主

44、要讲述了三种类型的等待,并告诫我们:下次在等待的时候,不要灰心丧气。-33-ABC1.While doing a Watched-Pot Wait,we tend to.A.keep ourselves busyB.get absent-mindedC.grow anxiousD.stay focusedB解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的第五句“During these waits,thebrain slips away from the body and wanders about until.onto yoursocks.”以及最后的mindless可知,你的思维会从你的身体溜走,在外面游荡

45、,直到水满溢出来,淋湿了你的袜子。也就是说,在我们等着洗碗池放满水的过程中,往往会心不在焉,故选B项。-34-ABC2.What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?A.The Forced Wait requires some self-control.B.The Forced Wait makes people passive.C.The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.D.The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brai

46、n.A解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This one requires a bit ofdiscipline.”可知,“被迫等待”需要一点纪律,需要自我控制,需要详尽的说明,而且需要耐心。B选项文中未提及,而C项与D项均属于“被迫等待”的特征,属于张冠李戴,故选A项。-35-ABC3.What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?A.It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.B.It doesnt always bring the desired result.C.It is more fruitful

47、than the Forced Wait.D.It doesnt give people faith and hope.B解析 推理判断题。根据第四段的最后一句“Unlike the ForcedWait.waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that itwill happen.”可知,等待幸运的突破并不意味着一定会产生你想要的结果。故选B项。-36-ABC4.What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?A.Take it serio

48、usly.B.Dont rely on others.C.Do something else.D.Dont lose heart.D解析 推理判断题。文章最后一段的第二句是the next time引导的时间状语从句,其中提到了三种等待,dont be desperate是主句,这是句子的核心。因此我们可以推断,作者建议我们不要绝望,不要心灰意冷。故选D项。-37-ABC5.The author supports his view by.A.exploring various causes of“waits”B.describing detailed processes of“waits”C.

49、analyzing different categories of“waits”D.revealing frustrating consequences of“waits”C解析 推理判断题。纵观全文可知,作者分析了三种不同类型的等待来支持自己的观点,故选C项。-38-ABC(2016天津卷,C)When John was growing up,other kids felt sorry for him.His parents always had him weeding the garden,carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers

50、.But when John reached adulthood,he was better off than his childhood playmates.He had more job satisfaction,a better marriage and was healthier.Most of all,he was happier.Far happier.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.The study showed t

51、hat those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not.“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,”said George Vaillant,the psychologist(心理学家)who made the discovery.“And because th

52、ey felt good about themselves,others felt good about them.”-39-ABCVaillants study followed these males in great detail.Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47.Under Vaillant,the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores.Points were awarded for part-t

53、ime jobs,housework,effort in school,and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp.Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people,five

54、times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.-40-ABCWorkingat any ageis important.Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility,in

55、dependence,confidence and competencethe underpinnings(基础)of emotional health.They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals.The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.Yet work isnt everything.As Tolstoy once said,“One can live magnificently in

56、this world if one knows how to work and how to love,to work for the person one loves and to love ones work.”【语篇导读】本文为议论文。研究人员发现,一个在童年时期曾在家里或社区工作过的男人长大后会拥有更大的社会价值感,他的个人幸福指数也会更高。而且这种感觉会在他人生中的各个阶段都有所体现。-41-ABC1.What do we know about John?A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.B.He had few childhood playm

57、ates.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood.A解析 细节理解题。由第一段第四句“He had more job satisfaction,abetter marriage and was healthier.”可知,他对自己的工作和婚姻状况都比较满意。故选A项。-42-ABC2.Vaillants words in Paragraph 2 serve as.A.a description of personal values and social values

58、B.an analysis of how work was related to competenceC.an example for parents expectations of their childrenD.an explanation why some boys grew into happy menD解析 推理判断题。由第二段George Vaillant所说的话可知,那些在家里和社区工作的男孩子能力较强,并且感觉到自己是对社会有用的人,由于他们自我感觉好,所以其他人也会感觉他们很优秀。这些话解释了为什么有些男孩子会成为幸福的男人。故选D项。-43-ABC3.Vaillants t

59、eam obtained their findings by.A.recording the boys effort in schoolB.evaluating the mens mental healthC.comparing different sets of scoresD.measuring the mens problem solving abilityC解析 细节理解题。由第三段中的“the researchers compared themens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores”可知,Vaillant

60、s team是通过比较不同组的分数获得他们的发现的。故选C项。-44-ABC4.What does the underlined word“sharp”probably mean in Paragraph 4?A.Quick to react.B.Having a thin edge.C.Clear and definite.D.Sudden and rapid.C解析 词义猜测题。由画线词后一句可得知那些在童年时期工作过的人,其人际关系和收入优于其他人,失业率也低许多。故可推出男人童年时期的经历与成年后的发展之间的联系是令人惊奇地直接明了。分析选项中只有C项最贴近其词义。-45-ABC5.W

61、hat can be inferred from the last paragraph?A.Competent adults know more about love than work.B.Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.C.Love brings more joy to people than work does.D.Independence is the key to ones success.B解析 推理判断题。由最后一段第一、二句可知,责任感、独立性、自信心和能力是一个人情感健康的基础。它们也能够帮助人们

62、使他们明了必须要合作、一起朝着共同的目标前进。由此推出,情感健康对于一个快乐的成年人的生活是必要的。故选B项。-46-ABCItalians were reminded to slow down and relax on World Slow Day,an annual event celebrating lifes simple pleasures.“Lets take this day to stop and think about all the things we miss while were rushing through our lives,”said Bruno Contigi

63、ani,the President of the Art of Living Slowly Association.Contigiani,62,a one-time high-powered manager,is now an ambassador for the slow life movement around the world.He started the first World Slow Day in 2007 to encourage the values of living and working at a more natural pace,and to make people

64、 rethink their daily lifestyle.-47-ABCContigianis association suggests“14 commandments”for living better,such as waking up five minutes earlier to enjoy breakfast without rushing.Others include walking whenever possible,and reading in the evenings instead of watching television.This year,Contigiani

65、left Italy where the event has spread around the country for Shanghai,one of the fastest moving cities in the world.The slow-living supporter said he wandered around the busiest streets of the commercial center for an entire afternoon,inviting people to“slow down”.“Among the 14 commandments,the one

66、about waking up five minutes earlier was the most popular by far,”Contigiani said.-48-ABCBack in Italy,the now well-known event hosts a lot of activities,such as reminding people to stop and smell the roses.In central Milan,you would probably be fined if you walk too fast.In parks and public spaces,

67、free yoga and Tai Chi(太极拳)lessons are important parts of the event.Italian farmers union noted that Italians spent less and less time preparing meals,a habit connected to rising levels of obesity.Therefore,the group said World Slow Day was a good opportunity to remind Italians to take extra time at

68、meals in particular.World Slow Day is by now an international event.A total of 90“Slow Cities”in 11 countries inspired by the“live well”philosophy are supporting the day.-49-ABC【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。为了提醒人们以更自然的节奏进行工作和生活,意大利兴起了World Slow Day活动。目前它已经成为一项国际性的活动。-50-ABC1.Whats the best title of the text?A.Slow

69、 Life SupportersB.Lifestyle of ItaliansC.World Slow DayD.Living WellC解析主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了World Slow Day活动兴起的原因以及其提倡的慢生活的戒条。现在World Slow Day活动已经成为一项国际性的活动。因此C项作为文章的标题最合适。-51-ABC2.World Slow Day is intended to.A.tell people to walk slowlyB.encourage people to enjoy pleasant thingsC.advise people to adjust

70、to modern lifestyleD.remind people to live and work at a natural paceD解析细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知,创建World Slow Day的目的是提醒人们以更自然的节奏进行工作和生活。故选D项。-52-ABC3.Which of the following goes against the“commandments”?A.Walking whenever possible.B.Slowing down to smell flowers.C.Watching TV in the evenings instead of re

71、ading.D.Waking up five minutes earlier to enjoy breakfast.C解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“.such as waking up fiveminutes earlier to enjoy breakfast without rushing.Others includewalking whenever possible,and reading in the evenings instead ofwatching television.”可知,晚上看电视来代替读书是违背戒条的。故选C项。-53-ABC4.We know from Parag

72、raph 6 that.A.obesity had little to do with eating quicklyB.free yoga in particular is popular with ItaliansC.Italian farmers union supported World Slow DayD.Italians spent more and more time preparing mealsC解析推理判断题。根据第六段内容尤其是最后一句可推知,意大利农户联合会是支持World Slow Day的。故选C项。5.In which section of a newspaper is the text probably put?A.Advertisement.B.Culture.C.Business.D.Entertainment.B解析文章出处题。本文讲述了World Slow Day在意大利兴起的原因以及该项活动的戒条等,并没有提到它的商业性和娱乐性,由此可推知,它很可能出现在报纸的文化专栏中。故选B项。