山东2022-2023学年高一上学期初高中衔接英语知识体系课件.ppt

1、英语知识体系LORRAINE123目录英语句子成分英语句子种类英语句子概述英语句子概述1lead-in你知道英语中有哪些词吗？十大词类词类概述名词动词代词形容词数词副词十大词类词类概述名词动词代词形容词数词副词十大词类实词词类概述名词动词代词形容词数词感叹词连词冠词介词副词十大词类实词词类概述名词动词代词形容词数词感叹词连词冠词介词副词十大词类实词虚词词类概述动词的种类类别说明例句行为动词action verbs表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。She has a new friend form Australia.He takes the train every day.联系动词linki

2、ng verbs不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。He is popular in school.Trees turn green in spring.助动词auxiliary verbs不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态等其他语法形式。I dont wanna see you anymore.（否定）We are playing basketball.（进行时态）Do you like tomatoes？（疑问）情态动词modal verbs不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。She can sp

3、eak a little English.I think you should go to college.动词分类句子成分句子成分概述句子成分主语谓语宾语表语宾语补足语句子成分概述句子成分主语谓语宾语表语宾语补足语主要成分句子成分概述句子成分主语谓语宾语表语宾语补足语同位语状语定语主要成分次要成分句子成分概述句子成分主语谓语宾语表语宾语补足语同位语状语定语主要成分次要成分Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.句子成分概述实词包括哪些词？句子的主要成分都有哪些？情态动词可以独立作谓语吗？question time2英语句子成分名词作主语定义表示

4、句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Pipi is a cat.代词作主语She is a fan of Li Jiaqi.其他词类作主语Three are enough.To finish the work is difficult.Learning English is vital.What he has done is right.Its very interesting to play the computers.It took them about 3 months to build the house.主语（subject）实义动词作

5、谓语定义说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。They both stand for selfish father.系动词作谓语She is a teacher of Siyi.其他例句Horses run fast.He always keeps silent at meeting.The flower smells very sweet.She grows rich after marrying a billionaire.谓语（predicate）名词作表语定义说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形

6、容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。She is a symbol of luck.形容词作表语He is handsome and masculine.其他词类作表语We were at home last night.Everyone is here.My job is to teach them math.Her job is training the nurses.That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.表语（predicative）名词作宾语定义表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充

7、当，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。Captain Marvel led the team in the Endgame.代词作宾语Even God couldnt save himin the Endgame.其他词类作宾语He wants to be a singer in the future.The Americans enjoyed living in China.I think you are right.宾语（object）名词作宾语定义表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。Captain Marvel led the

8、 team in the Endgame.代词作宾语Even God couldnt save himin the Endgame.其他宾语He wants to be a singer in the future.The Americans enjoyed living in China.I think you are right.I think it important to build a peaceful world.宾语（object）接不定式作宾语的动词：agree,afford,dare,demand,determine,decide,expect,fail,hope,inten

9、d,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,wish接动名词作宾语的动词：admit,advise,allow,avoid,appreciate,consider,escape,enjoy,finish,forbid,forgive,include,imagine,practice,prevent,mention,mind,miss,keep,risk,require,resist,save,stand,suggest省略to的不定式作宾补定义用来补足宾语意义，一般置于宾语之后，由名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、

10、介词短语等充当。She always made me laugh.形容词作宾补Their story made me moved.其他词类作宾补My mother wants me to drink it.Please make yourself at home.宾语补足语（object complement）省略to的不定式作宾补定义用来补足宾语意义，一般置于宾语之后，由名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等充当。She always made me laugh.形容词作宾补Their story made me moved.其他词类作宾补My mother wants me to

11、drink it.Please make yourself at home.look watch see notice observe五看make have let 三使hear listen to 二听feel 一感+sb do sth宾语补足语（object complement）形容词作定语定义用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词之外，还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Hes a good basketball player.名词作定语I wish I can be a womanteacher like her.其他词类作定语Peel three bananas

12、.Whats your name,please?The girl in red is my sister.定语（attribute）副词作状语定义用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等充当。She likes acting very much.介词短语作状语This film was the saddest film I saw in March.其他类型状语To catch up with my classmates，I must study hard.状语（adverbial）分析系列句子的成分1.Iw

13、ant toeatseafood.2.Nothingwillmake mechangemymind.3.Hewillfind adecent jobinthefuture.question time3英语句子种类感叹句英语句子按照用途可以分成以上四类陈述句疑问句祈使句分类Hamburgers are not healthy.Do you like him?What a fine day it is!Lets play basketball.陈述句用于说明事实或说话人的看法疑问句用于提出问题祈使句用于表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等感叹句用于表达强烈的感情概述陈述句陈述句肯定式结构1.主语+谓语+其

14、他.I win the game.2.主语+系动词+表语.I am tall.否定式结构1.谓语为be动词时，be+not构成否定I am not tall.2.谓语为实义动词且没有情态动词和助动词时，“do/does+not构成否定He does not go to school.3.谓语为情态动词+实义动词时，情态动词+not构成否定I can not swim.一般疑问句一般疑问句是在句子中用提问的方式提供一些信息，要求对方用yes或no回答的疑问句。在答语中通常重复问句里的be动词、助动词或情态动词，完全否定时口语中通常使用缩略词。A:Is this your pencil？B:Yes

15、，it is./No，it isnt.A:Do you have a soccer ball？B:Yes，I do./No，I dont.当然，一般疑问句的回答有时可以省去yes或no，或者补充更多信息，例如：A:Do you like salad？B:Yes，I really like it.A:Do you have a tennis ball，Jane？B:Sorry，I dont.一般疑问句特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开始的以寻求信息为目的的疑问句。常见的特殊疑问词包括：what（什么），who（谁），where（在哪里），when（何时），why（为什么），how（如何）等。A

16、:When is your birthday,Linda？B:Its on May 2nd.A:Why do you like P.E.？B:Because its fun.在特殊疑问句中，疑问词与后面的be动词或助动词常用缩略形式，例如：whats，wheres。特殊疑问句既可以使用完整答语，其中名词常用代词替代，也可以只回答提问部分，例如：A：How much are they？B：Thirty-nine dollars.特殊疑问句选择疑问句是指说话人提出两种或两种以上情况，问对方选择哪一种，两个选择项用or连接。选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答。朗读时or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调

17、。A:Is she tall or short？B:Shes tall.A:What would you like,tea or coffee？B:Id like some tea，please.选择疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方赞同。结构：陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式Thisisaplane,isntit?Thisisnotaplane,isit？答语：根据事实回答，若事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的，就用no。特别注意：陈述部分是否定式时，回答yes或no，与汉语意思正好相反。反意疑问句一般情况定义祈使句一般用来表示请求

18、、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。在祈使句中，通常省略第二人称主语you。肯定式以动词原形开头，否定式在动词原形前加dont。1.Just go along New Street and turn left.2.Practice the guitar every day.3.Dont arrive late for class.为表示礼貌，祈使句中经常在句前或者句末加please。句末用please时，前面通常加逗号。例如：1.Please write and tell me about yourself.2.Come in，please.以let开头的句子也是祈使句的一种结构，常用于第一、三人称，

19、表示建议、邀请和劝说等。例如：1.Let me tell you the way to my house.2.Lets see the lions.3.Let him come in.祈使句感叹句感叹句概念表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。句尾常用感叹号（!）类型由how引导的感叹句：How+形容词或副词主语动词How beautiful the flowers are!由what引导的感叹句：What+名词/名词性短语What pretty girls(they are)!请判断下列句子的种类1.Leavemealone.2.Winteriscoming.3.Whyareyousomeantom

20、e？4.Dontletmedown.question time英语句子按照结构可分为以下几种类型由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。简单句由并列连词（and，so，but，or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。并列句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。初中常考复合句包括：状从、宾从和定从。复合句Tom and Mike are American boys.He sang and dancedafter dinner.分类简单句的5种基本句式类别谓语部分主语Subject（S）谓语动词Verb（V）表语Predicative（P）宾语Object（

21、O）宾语补足语ObjectComplement（OC）第一种S+VWeexercise.（不及物动词）第二种S+V+OIlike（及物动词）bananas.第三种S+V+PTheyare（系动词）students.第四种S+V+indirectO+directOShegave（及物动词）meapen.（间接宾语）（直接宾语）第五种S+V+O+OCHemade（及物动词）theboylaugh.简单句简单句第6种句式There be句型概念表示某地有某物、某人就近原则当句子出现几个并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与最接近be动词的那个主语的单复数保持一致，即“就近原则”There arefoura

22、pplesandanorange.肯定结构There be（is/are）+某物/某人+某地/某时.否定结构There be（is/are）+not+某物/某人+某地/某时.一般疑问句结构及回答-Be(is/are)there+某物/某人+某地/某时？-Yes,therebe(is/are)./-No,therebe(is/are)not.并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连词；有时也可用分号隔开。表示选择，常用的连词有or，either.or.，otherwise等。Hurry up,or youll miss the yummy dinner.表示转折

23、，常用的连词有but，yet等。She always shows her true self,but her fans still loves and stand by her side.表示因果，常用的连词有so，for等。He always dresses like that,so people often mistake him for a girl.表示连接两个同等概念，常用and，not only.but also.，neither.nor.，then等连接。She is an on-line celebrity,and her name is Papi Jiang.并列句并列句Ad

24、am always finishes his homework before he plays football.在同一个句子中，though（although）与but、because与so不可同时使用。例如：（）Though she was ill，but she was listening to the report carefully.（要么删去but；要么删去though）（）Because her parents died，so she had to make a living by herself.（要么删去because；要么删去so）从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词。常见的从属

25、连词有：when，while，as，after，before，until，if，because，although，though，than，as soon as等。从属连词复合句在复合句中，用作状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、原因、条件、比较、结果、目的和让步等类型。I didnt buy any clothes because I put on weight.If you jump,I jump.John swims better thanJim(does).Whenever Im feeling down,my friends will cheer me up.状

26、语从句表示时间的引导词包括when,before,after,as,while,as soon as,since,not.until,whenever等。表示原因的引导词包括because,as,since等。表示条件的引导词包括if,unless等。表示比较的引导词包括as(so).as,than等。状语从句He was so weak that he couldnt walk on.Even though he is 80,he still looks strong and healthy.You should sit near the frontso that you can see h

27、im clearly.在复合句中，用作状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、原因、条件、比较、结果、目的和让步等类型。状语从句表示结果的引导词包括so.that等。表示目的的引导词包括so,so that等。表示让步的引导词包括although,even though等。状语从句类型引导连词例句时间when，before，after，as，while，as soon as，since，not.until，whenever等。As he explored the town,he took a lot of pictures.As soon as he arrived in

28、France,he called me.He has been in Shanghai since he was born.Dont come in until you are called.Whenever Im feeling down,my friends will cheer me up.While I was watching TV,the bell rang.原因because，as，since等I didnt go surfing because it was too cold.As the car was expensive,we didnt buy it.Since he w

29、as busy,he didnt come.条件if，unless等If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.比较as(so).as，than等The Yangtze River is almost as long as the Amazon River.John swims better than Jim(does).结果so.thatHe was so weak that he couldnt walk on.目的so，so thatWell sit near the front so we can hear the spe

30、aker better.You should talk to him so that you can say youre sorry.让步although，even thoughAlthough the traffic was heavy,we got to the railway station on time.Even though he is 80,he still looks strong and healthy.状语从句Do you know when the bookstores closes today?上句中的when是宾语从句中的关联词。宾语从句中的关联词分成三类，从属连词、

31、连接代词和连接副词。其中，that、if和whether属于从属连词，因其在句中不做任何句子成分。who，what，which是连接代词，其在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或者定语。when，where，how，why属于连接副词，在从句中作状语。在实际的考试中，经常考查宾语从句的语序、时态和关联词。在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句由“关联词+主语+谓语”构成。引导宾语从句的常见关联词有that，if，whether，what，who，where，why和how等。定义名词性从句从句原形关联词例句陈述句that（在口语或非正式文体中常省略）I think(that)Ha

32、lloween is a fun festival.一般疑问句whether，if（在口语中常用if）I wonder if(whether)theyll have the races again next year.特殊疑问句who，what，which，when，where，how，whyCould you please tell me where the restrooms are?Do you know when the bookstores closes today?I asked Candy how life was different after she became famou

33、s.Can you tell me who she is?名词性从句Carmen likes musicians whoplay different kinds of music.上句中的musicians是定语从句所修饰的词，叫做先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）和关系副词where，when，why。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句通常置于它修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定义

34、定语从句由关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词例句that在从句中作主语或宾语指物I love movies that are funny.（作主语）Everything（that）you learn becomes part of you changes you.（作宾语）Which在从句中作主语或宾语指物The book which is on the table is mine.（作主语）The story（which）he told was very interesting.（作宾语）who和whom在从句中分别作主语或宾语指人Id like to congratulate all the students who are here today.（作主语）The person to whom you just spoke is Mr.Li.（作宾语）注：关系代词在句中作宾语时常可省略。定语从句请判断下列句子的类型1.YourenotatruemanuntilyougettotheGreatWall.2.Powerisacuriousthing.3.DNAdecideswhatweare,butnotwhoweare.question time感谢观看