新教材2021-2022学年人教版英语选择性必修第四册学案：UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION 突破 语法大冲关 WORD版含答案.doc

1、被动语态英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。观察例句1All the work has been finished by now.2Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human，and it was disturbing.3Some words and phrases are often used to compare and contrast information.归纳用法1例句1中的黑体词部分为现

2、在完成时的被动形式，表示到现在为止已完成的被动动作。2例句2中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式，表示在过去某个时候正在进行的被动动作。3例句3中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式，表示经常性的被动动作。一、被动语态的构成和用法1被动语态的构成被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。下面以do为例列举七种常用时态的被动语态的形式。时态被动结构一般现在时am/is/aredone一般过去时was/weredone一般将来时shall/willbedone现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone过去进行时was/

3、werebeingdone现在完成时have/hasbeendone过去完成时hadbeendone2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道或不必要指明动作的执行者Such books are written for children.这些书是为孩子们写的。(2)强调或突出动作的承受者Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰The idea was supported by tho

4、se who wished to make much money.想挣很多钱的人们支持那个主意。即学即练1用所给动词的适当形式填空The tourists were accompanied (accompany) by a guide when they travelled in Beijing.A new cinema is being built(build)here.They hope to finish it next month.Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made(make)into at least 10 different films o

5、ver the past years.二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctors degree.听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。2“get过去分词”也表被动We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅时被挤散了。3被动结构中的动词短语动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。The old man was

6、 often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)名师点津(1)“be过去分词”并非都是被动语态系动词 be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，构成系表结构，表示某种状态。I am interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。(2)某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义有些动词如read，write，clean，wash，iron，burn，draw，cook，keep，cut，open，blow，peel，sell

7、，act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well，easily，smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。这些动词的主语一般是表示物的名词，且这些名词往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。The door doesnt open easily.门不容易打开。Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。即学即练2用所给动词的适当形式填空As we all know，this pen writes(write) smoothly.I was taken(take) good care of by my uncle

8、 when I was young.三、非谓语动词的被动形式及用法(一)动词不定式的被动形式及用法时态被动结构用法一般式to be done表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作完成式to havebeen done表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作1.动词不定式被动式的句法功能(1)作主语Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。名师点津动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿

9、讲话，真是一件荣幸的事。单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。(2)作表语The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。(3)作宾语The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。(4)作宾语补足语He wanted the boy to be punished for tellin

10、g lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。(5)作定语He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。(6)作状语She will be sent abroad to be trained.她将被送到国外培训。即学即练3用所给动词的适当形式填空Its important for the figures to be updated(update) regularly.Weve had a good start，but next，more work needs doing/to be done (do) to achieve the fin

11、al success.There are still many problems to be solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.2不定式的主动形式表示被动意义(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和逻辑上的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do 与things是逻辑上的动宾关系，与I是逻辑上的主谓关系)对比：Ill

12、 go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成逻辑上的动宾关系)(2)在某些“形容词不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。This problem is difficult to work out.这

13、个问题很难计算出来。You may find your illness hard to accept.你可能觉得难以接受自己患病。(3)在too.to.结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。Who is to blame for starting the fire?谁应为放火受责备？即学即练4用所给动词的适当形式填空The chair is comfortable to sit (sit) on.The driver

14、is to blame (blame) for the accident happening just now.The old man found the computer was hard to operate (operate)We have four reading passages to complete (complete) in the coming holiday.(二)动词ing的被动形式及用法时态被动结构用法一般式being done被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生完成式havingbeen done被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前1.动词ing被动

15、式的句法功能动词ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。Being selected Chairman of the students union made him feel proud.(作主语)被选为学生会主席，他很自豪。Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语)让他父母高兴的是他被一所

16、名牌大学录取了。The museum being repaired will be reopened to visitors next year.(作定语)正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。She doesnt remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad. (作宾语)她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(作宾语补足语)你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。2动词ing被动式的否定形式在动词ing被动式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式。Tony w

17、as very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.托尼因未受邀请参加晚会甚为不满。Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.不被允许出去，他非常生气。即学即练5用所给动词的适当形式填空Having been warned (warn) about typhoon，the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.The question being discussed (discuss) now has something to do w

18、ith nature.The squirrels were so lucky that they just missed being caught(catch)(三)动词ing的主动形式表示被动意义1在deserve，need，require，want等词之后，总是用动词ing的主动形式表达被动意义，相当于“to be过去分词”。The blackboard needs cleaning.The blackboard needs to be cleaned.黑板需要擦干净。The broken window wants repairing.The broken window wants to

19、be repaired.那个破窗户需要修理。2be worth后也常跟动词ing的主动形式表达被动意义。The book is worth reading again.The book is worthy of being read again.The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再读一遍。即学即练6用所给动词的适当形式填空The road is covered with some fallen trees and they require removing/to be removed (remove) immediately.If a thing

20、 is worthy of being done(do)，it is worth doing(do) well.(四)动词ing被动式的复合结构当动词ing被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)I am very pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal.我很高兴你获得了一枚奖牌。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make

21、a good plan.决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了。.单句语法填空1Truly elegant chopsticks might be made (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.2The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed (rob) last week.3The giant panda is loved (love) by people throughout the world.4We wont star

22、t the work until all the preparations have been made (make)5These small trees require taking/to be taken (take) good care of.6Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement has been reached (reach) so far by the two sides.7The airport to be completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism

23、 in this area.8As we approached the village，we saw new houses being built (build)9I appreciated having been given (give) the chance to study abroad two years ago.10He narrowly escaped being run (run) over. .完成句子1Im pleased to have been given this opportunity给我这次机会我很高兴。2They are living with their par

24、ents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt他们现在和父母住在一起，因为他们自己的房子正在被重建。3He was the last one to be asked to speak at the meeting.他是最后一个在会上被邀请发言的人。4Imagine your brother(s) being left on an island alone.(leave)想象一下你弟弟被独自留在一个岛上。5Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same m

25、istake again.(tell)被告诉好几遍了，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同样的错误。.短文语法填空A1Being educated(educate) in a famous university is my wild dream and I have been looking forward to 2.being admitted (admit) to Tsinghua University.In the meantime，I appreciate 3.being given(give) a chance to go abroad for further education.4.To ach

26、ieve(achieve) this target，I must study even 5.harder(hard)In the last examination，with all the efforts 6.made(make)，I finished top，7.which made my teachers and parents very happy.Another important examination is 8.around the corner and 9.being expected(expect) too much also gives me much pressure.Ho

27、wever，I will do 10.what/all I can to live up to their expectations.BIn Alaska，the wolf almost 1.disappeared(disappear) a few years ago，because hunters 2.killed(kill) hundreds of them for sport.However，laws 3.were established(establish) to protect the wolves.So the wolf population has greatly increas

28、ed.Now there are so many wolves that they 4.are destroying(destroy) their own food supply.A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family.People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food.Many of the animals 5.have been destroyed(destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilde

29、rness plant life.When the deer cant find enough food，they 6.(will) die (die)If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(猎物) 7.will disappear(disappear) some day.And the wolves will，too.So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology.8.If we killed mor

30、e wolves，we would save them and their prey from dying out.Wed also save some farm animals.In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food.Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem.They 9. believe(belief) it is necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there 10. is(be) a small wolf population.9