江苏专用2022高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破8词句猜测_句意理解题优选习题.docx

1、八、词句猜测 句意理解题(2022扬州一模)Competition is an ideology(意识形态) that spreads all over our society and misleads our thinking.But it means no profits for anybody，no meaningful differentiation，and a struggle for survival.We advocate competition，see it as necessary，and set its laws；and as a result，we trap oursel

2、ves within itthe more we compete，the less we gain.Our educational system both drives and reflects our craze for competition.Grades alone are precise measurement of each students competitiveness；pupils with the highest marks receive status and credits.And it gets worse as students rise to higher leve

3、ls of the tournament.Higher education is the place where people who had big plans in high school get stuck in fierce competition with equally smart peers over conventional careers like management consulting and investment banking.For the privilege of being turning into conformists(顺从者)，students (or

4、their families) pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in rapidly rising tuition.Why are we doing this to ourselves?I wish I had asked myself when I was younger.My path was so tracked that in my 8th-grade yearbook，one of my friends predictedaccuratelythat four years later I would enter Stanford.And I

5、enrolled at Stanford Law School，where I competed even harder for the standard badges(徽章) of success.The highest prize in a law students world is unambiguous：the Supreme Court clerkship.I was so close to winning this last competition.If only I got the clerkship，I thought，I would be set for life.But I

6、 didnt.At the time，I was frustrated.In 2022，after I had built and sold PayPal，I ran into an old friend who had helped me prepare for my failed clerkship applications.We hadnt spoken in nearly a decade.His first words to me were not “Hi Peter” or “How are you doing？” But rather，“So，arent you glad you

7、 didnt get that clerkship？” Because if I hadnt lost that last competition，we both knew that I never would have left the track laid down since middle school.Had I actually clerked on the Supreme Court，I probably would have spent my entire career taking depositions or drafting other peoples business d

8、eals instead of creating anything new.Its hard to say how much would be different，but the opportunity costs were enormous.Looking back at my ambition to become a lawyer，it looks less like a plan for the future and more like an excuse for the present.It was a way to explain to anyone who would askto

9、my parents，to my peers，and most of all to myselfthat there was no need to worry.I was perfectly on track.But it turned out that my biggest problem was taking the track without thinking really hard about where it was going.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。作者用自己的事例阐述了一个人不应该盲目地随大流，而应该有自己的目标和计划。1Students compete at school

10、because .Athey are assessed by gradesBthey are under peer pressureCthey want to find a secure jobDthe tuition increases quickly答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“Higher education is the place where people who had big plans in high school get stuck in fierce competition with equally smart peers over conventional ca

11、reers like management consulting and investment banking.”可知，学生在学校竞争是为了以后找到一份稳定的工作。2We can learn from Paragraph 3 that the writer .Adidnt have a clear plan for futureBdid badly in study in the 8th gradeCwasnt a capable student in collegeDdidnt want to obtain the clerkship答案A解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“I wish I

12、had asked myself when I was younger.”可知，作者很后悔当初没有弄清楚为什么要这样做，由此可知当时他对未来缺乏清晰的规划。3The underlined sentence “the opportunity costs were enormous” (in Paragraph 4) shows the writer .Ais unsure whether his choice is correctBregrets failing clerkship applicationsCis happy about not getting the clerkshipDthi

13、nks he could have had a better career答案C解析句意理解题。根据第四段中的“Had I actually clerked on the Supreme Court，I probably would.Its hard to say how much would be different，but the opportunity costs were enormous.”可知，作者对于没有成为最高法院的职员是感到高兴的。4The writer shares his life story mainly to argue that .Apeople shouldnt

14、support competitionBgrades cannot reflect students abilityCfailure can be a good thing sometimesDwe shouldnt follow other people blindly答案D解析写作意图题。根据最后一段最后一句“But it turned out that my biggest problem was taking the track without thinking really hard about where it was going.”可知，作者分享这个故事的目的是告诉人们不要盲目地

15、跟随他人，而应该有自己的目标和计划。一、题型解读记叙文、说明文和议论文中可能会考查句意猜测题。要求考生用合适的语句解释一个具有概括性的句子或格言谚语。设问形式常有：1The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “ ”2Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?二、解题技巧“意义吻合”定句意例如：【感悟体会】中第3题：第一步：速读文章，并标出文章中与画线句子相关的句子(1)Had I actually clerke

16、d on the Supreme Court，I probably would have spent my entire career taking depositions or drafting other peoples business deals instead of creating anything new.(2)Its hard to say how much would be different，but the opportunity costs were enormous.第二步：对比信息句、画线句和选项，确定答案由第(1)句话可知，要是作者成为最高法院的职员，一辈子就不会有

17、所创新了。第(2)句话的意思是“很难说有什么不同，但是这个机会成本是巨大的”。由此可推知作者对于没有成为最高法院的职员是感到高兴的。A(2022湖南郴州质检)6Companion planting is the idea that when some crops are planted together，they help each other grow.These 1compatible plants generally have similar needs for nutrients，soil and 2moisture.Advice for companion planting is s

18、ometimes based more on tradition than proof. But Fabian Fernandez at the University of Illinois says there is evidence for some combinations.These can lead to better crops，reduce disease and help with pest control by attracting helpful insects.For example，some kinds of soil bacteria take nitrogen(氮)

19、 from the air and make a form that plants can use.The plants keep the nitrogen in their roots.Legumes(豆类) are especially good at this.Any crops sharing the same space can get the nitrogen as the roots decompose(腐烂)Crops like beans and potatoes，carrots and cabbages，beans and rice can also share terri

20、tory well because their roots reach different levels in the soil.Deep-rooted vegetables get nutrients and moisture from lower down，so they do not compete with shallower plants.But some plants placed together may harm each others development.For example，tomatoes do not like wet soil but watercress do

21、es，as the name suggests.So you would probably not want to put them together.Even after harvest，some kinds of produce should be kept apart.Apples，for example，release ethylene gas，a plant 3hormone.It can cause other foods to ripen(成熟) too quickly.Markets often separate high ethylene-producing foods fr

22、om those that are sensitive to the gas.But sometimes you might want them together.For example，if you put an apple in a bag with a green banana，the banana will be ready to eat sooner.Now what about peaches，plums and nectarines that are too firm to eat? Growers in California answer this question at .T

23、hey say an apple，a banana or a riper piece of fruit is not needed.The peaches，plums and nectarines themselves release enough of the gas to ripen successfully.Heres their advice：place the fruit in a fruit bowl or in a paper bag with the top folded over.Keep the fruit at room temperature.When the frui

24、t is soft enough to your liking，either use it or place it in a refrigerator to stop further ripening.语篇解读本文介绍了兼容种植的原理和方法。兼容种植是指当一些作物被种植在一起时，它们互相帮助生长。1What are the basic needs for companion planting?AGood old companions.BSome kinds of soil bacteria.CSimilar needs for nutrients，soil and moisture.DHelp

25、ful insects.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“These compatible plants generally have similar needs for nutrients，soil and moisture.”可知，兼容模式种植的基本要求是对“nutrients，soil and moisture”有相似的需求。故答案为C。2What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?A4To some extent，companion planting relies more on tra

26、ditional experience.BIn the field of companion planting，proof always speaks louder than tradition.CTraditional experience is much less reliable than scientific experiments.DScientific researches have thrown light on the theory of companion planting.答案A解析句意理解题。画线句子的意思是在某种程度上，兼容种植更多地依赖于传统经验。故选A。3Accor

27、ding to the text，which group of plants are not suitable to be planted together?ABeans and potatoes.BTomatoes and watercress.CCarrots and cabbages.DBeans and rice.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“For example，tomatoes do not like wet soil but watercress does，as the name suggests.So you would probably not want to

28、put them together.”可知，西红柿和豆瓣菜不适合在一起种植。故答案为B。4What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?AWe should choose fruit from markets as often as possible.BThe peaches，plums and nectarines should always be put together to get riper.CThe fruit in a fruit bowl or in a paper bag should be eaten as soon a

29、s possible.DWe should not place any ripening fruit out in direct sunlight.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，我们应当把水果放在水果碗里或纸袋里。保持水果在室温下，当水果柔软到你喜欢的程度的时候，要么用掉它要么放到冰箱里。由此可推知我们不应该把任何成熟的水果放在阳光直射的地方。故选D。BAfter four silent years，the 27-year-old British singer Adele Adkins has finally introduced herself to the world again

30、 with Hello，the opening song from her third album 25，which will 8come out on Nov.20.Although Adele is a very successful singer now，music wasnt always what she saw herself doing.At age 10，when she saw her grandmothers pain over the death of Adeles grandfather，she 7pictured herself as a heart surgeon.

31、“I wanted to fix peoples hearts，” she told the UK music website i-D，remembering the childhood interest shed had in biology classes until she found out that her real talent was for singing.Adele didnt go to medical school，but many would agree that she still has healing(治愈) powers.“Her songs find the

32、kind of memory every listener holds somewhere in their heart.This kind of feeling is what people have always liked in Adele，” said The Telegraph.“She writes a pop diary，sharing the simple secrets of her heart.”Most successful pop stars make albums at a fast pace，but not Adele.After her second album

33、21 won the 2022 Grammy Award for Album of the Year，she made it clear with her label that she would spend “four or five years” making her next album.She told Vogue magazine，“I wont come out with new music until its better than 21.”Instead of seeking 5fame，Adele remained silent and moved to the countr

34、yside.In her free time，she loved to watch TV series Teen Mom，American Horror Story，and The Walking Dead.Living life as normally as possible is important to the singers art.“Nobody wants to listen to a record from someone whos not living in the real world，” Adele told i-D.“So I live a low-key life fo

35、r my fans.”5What does the text mainly tell us?AThe popularity of Adeles album 25.BThe healing powers of Adeles music.CThe secrets of Adeles success in music.DThe reason for Adeles becoming a singer.答案C解析主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后三段可推知，本文主要讲述了阿黛尔在音乐上取得成功的秘密。故选C。6What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2

36、 probably mean?AAdele wasnt interested in music.BAdele wasnt good at music at first.CMusic wasnt very important in Adeles life.DMusic wasnt all Adele wanted to be devoted to.答案D解析句意理解题。根据第二段末句“At age 10，when she saw her grandmothers pain over the death of Adeles grandfather，she pictured herself as a

37、 heart surgeon.”可知，10岁时，当阿黛尔看到祖父的去世给祖母带来的伤痛时，她想成为一名外科医生，减轻别人的痛苦。由此可推知，音乐并不是阿黛尔想要的全部。故选D。7Why doesnt Adele want to make albums at a fast pace?ATo live a low-key life.BTo win the Grammy Award.CTo guarantee the quality of her music.DTo share the secrets of her heart as a musician.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第五段中的“She

38、 told Vogue magazine，I wont come out with new music until its better than 21.” 并结合最后两段的整体内容可推知，阿黛尔放慢做音乐的速度是为了追求高质量的音乐。故选C。8What can we know about Adele?AHer album Hello will come out on Nov.20.BShe has kept a diary since childhood.CShe moved to the countryside before 2022.DHer works are based on rea

39、l life.答案D解析细节理解题。根据最后一段最后两句“Nobody wants to listen to a record from someone whos not living in the real world， Adele told i-D.So I live a low-key life for my fans.”可知，阿黛尔的音乐作品基于真实的生活。故选D。 .障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1Today there are lots of smartphone apps to choose.But theyre all different and

40、not compatible with other smartphone operating systems.兼容的2They require little water，perhaps because they obtain much of their moisture from their food.水分3A hormone is a chemical，usually occurring naturally in your body，that makes an organ of your body do something.荷尔蒙；激素4Do you think your happiness

41、 is tied，at least to some extent，to your financial situation？在某种程度上5She was one of the most popular stars of our time and she could sit back and enjoy her fame and fortune.名声；名望(二)同义词语替换6Although she finished her voyage without a companion，she did not start it alone.fellow；friend7We found it hard to

42、 picture him as the father of a young girl.imagine(三)一词多义8come out出来，出现；开花，发芽；出版，发表(1)Were going to come out with a new dictionary next month.出版，发表(2)I have lots of ideas，but they never seem to come out of my mouth.出来(3)Some flowers have begun to come out.开花.长难句理解1Markets often separate high ethylen

43、e-producing foods from those that are sensitive to the gas.句式分析本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分由短语separate.from.构成，those 指代前面的foods；that are sensitive to the gas是定语从句。精美译文市场把乙烯含量高的食品与那些对乙烯气体敏感的食物分开。2After her second album 21 won the 2022 Grammy Award for Album of the Year，she made it clear with her label that she

44、would spend “four or five years” making her next album.句式分析本句话是一个复合句，主干部分是主谓宾宾补结构，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that she would spend “four or five years” making her next album；After her second album 21 won the 2022 Grammy Award for Album of the Year是时间状语。精美译文在她的第二张专辑21获得了2022年年度格莱美奖后，她明确表示要花四、五年的时间出下一张专辑。专题强化练(二十二)

45、.单项填空1He writing the paper now.He hadnt written a single word when I left him ten minutes ago.Ashouldnt be Bcant have finishedCcant be Dmustnt have finished答案B解析句意为：他现在一定还没完成论文，十分钟前我离开他的时候，他还没有动笔。此处表示否定猜测“不可能做过”用cant have done。故选B项。2Isnt it lovely to think that I myself on the sunny beach tomorrow a

46、t this time?Awill enjoy Bam enjoyingCwill be enjoying Dshall enjoy答案C解析根据时间状语tomorrow at this time可知，此处表示将来的一个时间点正在做某事，故用将来进行时。句意为：想到明天的这个时候我正在阳光明媚的沙滩上玩耍，难道不是一件快乐的事吗？3Dont you know its the first time he this kind of meeting?Aattends BattendedChas attended Dis attending答案C解析在“It is the first time tha

47、t.”结构中，that从句中的动词用现在完成时。4I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like .I told you not to eat at a restaurant.Youd better at home.Ato throw up；to eat Bthrowing up；eatingCto throw up；eat Dthrowing up；eat答案D解析feel like想要，后接名词或动名词；had better最好，后接动词原形。故选项D正确。5Do you mind if I record your lecture? .Go ah

48、ead.ANever mind BNo wayCNot at all DNo.Youd better not答案C解析根据后面的“Go ahead.”可知，说话者同意(不介意)对方对其讲座进行录音，因此选C，即“不介意”。6A good advertisement often uses words people attach positive meanings.Athat BwhichCwith which Dto which答案D解析attach.to.把与联系起来，在本句中介词to前置，构成“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意为：一个好的广告通常使用让人产生积极联想的词汇。7Nancy e

49、njoyed herself so much she visited her friends in Sydney last year.Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere答案C解析when引导的是时间状语从句，表示“当南希去年在悉尼拜访朋友的时候”。8The good service at the hotel the poor food to some extent.Amade up Bmade up forCmade for Dmade out答案B解析句意为：酒店的良好服务在一定程度上弥补了餐食上的不足。make up构成，化妆；make up for弥补，补偿；make f

50、or走向，有助于；make out辨认，理解。根据句意应选B项。9I didnt know what to do but then suddenly an idea to me.Ahappened BoccurredChit Dentered答案B解析occur作动词除表示“发生，存在”外，还可与介词to连用，意为“被想起，被想到，浮现在某人的脑海中”等。10We havent seen each other for ages.No，I dont remember how many years ago I last saw you.Ait was that Bwas it thatCit wa

51、s when Dwas it when答案A解析特殊疑问句的强调句型作remember的宾语从句，此时从句中应用陈述语序。.阅读理解A(2022南通、泰州一模)To understand one of the secrets of creativity，just peek(窥视) into an art classroom in Denver，Colorado.The teacher asks her pupils to imitate the style of Vassily Kandinsky.The students copy Kandinskys art style，mastering

52、 brushwork and learning colour theory.If that was all there were to the lesson，it would be a hands-on class in art history.But the art teacher asks the students to cut up their paintings and build 3D sculptures out of the pieces.They have all started with the same source，but their works all end up l

53、ooking extremely different：some rise straight up in a column，while others are a jigsaw(相互交错) of different forms and angles.The students learn to treat the past not as a landing point，but as a launching pad.Creativity doesnt come out of the blue.No idea is ever wholly original；there is always a link

54、from the known to the new.We rely on culture to provide us with a storehouse of raw materials which we then transform.Each generation adds another layer to the cliffside of history.One of the keys to developing inventiveness is not to treat the past as sacred.Beethoven didnt write symphonies because

55、 he thought there was anything wrong with Mozarts.Picasso didnt paint variations on canvases by Velsquez and Manet because he rejected the old masters，but rather because he admired them.While we sometimes tinker(修补) with the imperfect，we also remake what we love，showing our admiration for the past b

56、y passing down its DNA.Sometimes inventors attempt to cover their tracks.Stravinsky denied that The Rite of Spring，his revolutionary ballet，included any actual folk tunes，but scholars found a volume of them in his library after his death.Creative minds always start from a precedent(先例) and move from

57、 there，but how far should they go？The challenge is that staying too close to the familiar can dissatisfy，while wandering too far can fail to find followers.Thomas Edison made small changes to the telephone，dramatically improved the lightbulband at the far end imagined underwater cities powered by so

58、lar energy.The designer Norman Bel Geddes designed a host of practical products，such as cocktail shakers and furniturebut he also ranged much further，sketching flying cars and houses in which the walls rose up into the ceiling like garage doors.The DNA of the original is still there，but by the end i

59、t has evolved to something new.Each of us is creating our own variations on themes passed down to us.Were at our most inventive when we dont allow history to limit our imaginations，but to launch them.Thats a lesson that can start youngand that never ages.11The art teacher in Colorado intends to tell

60、 the students that the secret of creativity is .Ato copy the masters works without effortBto completely reject the masters stylesCto build their brilliant ideas on the pastDto compare their works with the masters答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段尤其是最后一句“The students learn to treat the past not as a landing point，but

61、as a launching pad.”可知，老师要求学生们把临摹的画剪开，制作成3D的样式，最后他们每个人的成品都不一样，故创新的秘诀是在前人的基础上有自己的想法。12The underlined phrase “out of the blue” in Paragraph 3 means “ ”Aunfortunately BgraduallyCfrequently Dunexpectedly答案D解析词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“No idea is ever wholly original；there is always a link from the known to the new.

62、”可知，创新思维不是凭空而来的。unexpectedly意为“想不到地，突然地，意外地”。13Which of the following isnt the product of creativity according to the author?AA flying car.BA copy of a Mozart.CAn improved lightbulb.DAn underwater city powered by solar energy.答案B解析细节理解题。copy(复制)并没有在前人的基础上有创新，而根据倒数第二段内容可知A、C、D三项都是创新。BBiology class wa

63、s over，but I stayed behind until my classmates had left and I was alone with the teacher.“Mrs Oliver？” I asked nervously.“Could I see my grades for this term？”School was important to me，and Mrs Oliver was the best teacher Id ever had.Shed made biologya subject Id always struggled withfun.When I didn

64、t understand something she stood by my desk until I did.So I wanted to make her proud of me.“The last time you asked it was an eighty-eight，”she said，checking her grade book.“I said you could do better，and you proved me right.You brought it up to an A” I was so happy I could barely speak，but Mrs Oli

65、ver wasnt finished.“Duke University holds a summer academy，”she said.“I recommended you and just found out youve been accepted.” For a split second I was on top of the world.Then reality crashed back down on top of me.“Mrs Oliver，I cant go to college，”I said，my cheeks heating with shame.“I have two

66、baby brothers to look after.”Everybody in school knew I wasnt like them.I got up before dawn every day to take my brothers to the day-care center before dawn every day to take my brothers to the day-care center before school.Then I picked them up on the way home.I did my homework in between changing

67、 diapers(尿布)There was no way I could make it to college.My mother had sent us from Oklahoma to live with our father here，and he predicted Id never finish high school.But I was determined to stay in school as long as I could.With the help of the new public day care near my house，I convinced my father

68、 to let me continue.I got good grades，and followed all the rules. I never gave my father an excuse to make me quit.Mrs Olivers class was the bright spot in my life.And now she wanted me to dream an impossible dream.“Kim，youre college material，”said Mrs Oliver.She sounded almost surprised that I didn

69、t agree.“I dont want you to miss this opportunity.”“Ill think about what you said carefully，”I promised，but I already knew it was hopeless.When I graduated from high school I worked two or three jobs to make ends meet.We were still only barely getting by.One evening，after the kids were in bed，I lay

70、down on the couch and watched TV.I tried to focus on the news，but my eyes were too heavy.“Today the President welcomed this years National Teacher of the Year to the White House，”the announcer on the television said.“Mrs Donna Oliver from Burlington，North Carolina.”I opened my eyes and struggled to

71、sit up.There she was.Mrs Oliver！Shaking hands with the President！I felt proud of her.Then I heard her voice in my head.“Kim，youre college material.”It had been years since Id thought about school，much less college.But seeing Mrs Oliver on TV seemed like a sign.If the National Teacher of the Year sai

72、d I could do more with my life，maybe I ought to listen！That fall，I went to college.I worked out a deal so I could pay for it a little at a time，then got financial aid.I took morning classes while my brothers were in school，getting myself there on a used 10-speed bike.I majored in biology，which is st

73、ill my very favorite subject.I became a science teacher，like Mrs Oliver.Sometimes in my classes I thought back on my days in high school.I look out for kids who need extra encouragement.I know that sometimes a teacher is more than just a teacher.Sometimes shes an angel.语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。因为家庭处境艰难而被迫自高中毕业后

74、便放弃上学的作者在老师的鼓励与肯定下，于多年后重回大学课堂，而那位给予她诸多鼓励的老师在作者的心目中是一位天使。14.Why was the author anxious to know her grades in biology?ABecause she feared to fail again.BBecause she was weakest in biology.CBecause she was unwilling to drop out.DBecause she didnt want to let Mrs Oliver down.答案D解析细节理解题。根据前两段的内容，尤其是第二段中的

75、“So I wanted to make her proud of me.”可知，作者之所以着急知道她的生物分数是因为她想让Oliver老师为她感到骄傲，即不让她失望。故选D。15How did the author react to the news that she was accepted by Duke University?AShe was extremely proud.BShe expressed mixed feelings.CShe sighed with relief.DShe felt great pressure.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“For a spl

76、it second I was on top of the world.”和第四段中的“Then reality crashed back down on top of me.Mrs Oliver，I cant go to college，I said，my cheeks heating with shame.”可知，一开始听到自己被杜克大学的暑期学院接收时，作者非常高兴，但作者随后又联想到了自己的家庭困境，便向Oliver老师表示自己上不了大学，由此可知，作者在听到这个消息时的心情是复杂的。16What can we infer from the fourth paragraph about

77、 the author?AShe attached great value to education.BShe excused her father for undervaluing her.CHer father disciplined her very strictly.DHer teacher talked her into continuing learning.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第四段的内容，尤其是“I did my homework in between changing diapers(尿布)”“But I was determined to stay in school

78、 as long as I could.I convinced my father to let me continue.I got good grades，and followed all the rules.I never gave my father an excuse to make me quit.”可知，作者的家庭处境艰难，但她依旧下定决心要上学，并说服自己的父亲让自己继续学习，且成绩优异。由此可推知，作者十分看重教育。故选A。17What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the passage?AGoing to her dre

79、am top college.BGraduating from high school successfully.CSupporting her family financially.DAttending Duke Universitys summer academy.答案D解析代词指代题。根据上下文可知，画线词“it”其实指代的便是上文的“this opportunity”，再结合第三段中的“Duke University holds a summer academy”“I recommended you and just found out youve been accepted.”可知，

80、this opportunity的内容指的是作者被杜克大学的暑期学院接收，故it指代的是作者去杜克大学的暑期学院学习这件事，故选D。18What does the author mean by saying the underlined part in the last paragraph?ATeachers should give students more inspirations.BTeachers should improve their own quality constantly.CTeachers should adopt more flexible teaching metho

81、ds.DTeachers should pay attention to students inner world.答案A解析句意理解题。根据上文提及的作者家庭处境艰难、准备放弃上大学时，Oliver老师积极的鼓励让她多年后重返大学校园的内容及最后一段中的“I look out for kids who need extra encouragement.”可知，作者的言外之意是老师不仅仅需要教授学生知识，而且还需要给予学生鼓励。故选A。19Which words can best describe Mrs Oliver?AWarm-hearted and modest.BStrong-will

82、ed and cautious.CPatient and responsible.DConsiderate and generous.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第二段中的“When I didnt understand something she stood by my desk until I did.”可知，Oliver老师十分有耐心；根据第三段和第五段中Mrs Oliver和作者的谈话内容可知，Mrs Oliver主动推荐作者去杜克大学的暑期学院学习并鼓励作者继续上大学，由此可知，她很负责任。故选C。.任务型阅读(2022无锡一模)People tend to blame the ext

83、ernal(外部的) force when bad things happen and give themselves credit when good things occur.For example，if you passed an exam，the self-serving would lead you to believe that it was because you studied hard.If you failed，on the other hand，you might believe it was because the teacher did not explain the

84、 subject correctly，the classroom was too warm or your roommate kept you up all night before the exam.Social psychologists describe this phenomenon as self-serving bias(自利性偏差)A number of factors have been shown to influence the self-serving bias.Generally，older adults make the internal attribution，th

85、at is，credit themselves with their success.Men are more likely to make the external attribution，meaning they tend to blame the outside force for their failure.Often when a person is sad，this kind of bias may be opposite：they will attribute positive results to the outside help or even luck，and blame

86、themselves when bad things happen.Experts suggest that while this bias is quite widespread in the Western culture including the US and Canada，it tends to be much less frequent in the Eastern culture including China and Japan.Why？Individualist cultures such as the US place greater stress on the perso

87、nal achievement and self-respect，so protecting the self from feelings of failure is more important.Collectivist cultures，on the other hand，are more likely to attribute the personal success to luck and failure to the lack of talent.However，there are some situations where the self-serving bias happens

88、 less often.Some research has found that people in close relationships，whether the romantic relationship or friendship，tend to be more modest.Your friends or your partner，in other words，would remind you when a bad situation might be partly because of your own doing.Although the bias can mean avoid t

89、he personal responsibility for ones action，in many cases，it is a defense mechanism that protects a persons self-respect.By attributing positive events to personal characteristics，people get an increase in confidence.By blaming the outside force for failure，people make themselves believe they dont ne

90、ed to be responsible for the failure and thus protect their self-respect.Another advantage of this bias is that it leads people to persevere even in the face of difficult situations.An unemployed worker may feel more motivated to keep looking for work if he attributes his unemployment to a weak econ

91、omy，for example，rather than some personal failure.An athlete might feel more motivated to perform well if he believes that his failure during a previous event is the result of bad weather rather than a lack of skill.Title：Self-serving BiasThe concept of the self-serving biasThe self-serving bias mir

92、rors a common phenomenon that people always attribute their success to the 20. reasons while failure to the objective ones.Factors 21. the self-serving biasThe self-serving bias is linked to 22. and gender(性别)The self-serving bias is also connected with ones 23. .For example，an unhappy person tends

93、to blame himself when bad things happen.Different 24. backgrounds，whether individualist or collectivist，also have much to do with the self-serving bias.For example，when faced with failure，the former needs more 25. while the latter needs to bear appropriate 26. .The bias happens less 27. when people

94、are in close relationships.Advantages of the self-serving biasThe bias helps in protecting a persons self-respect by increasing his confidence and 28. him from the personal responsibility for the failure.The bias provides people with essential 29. ，which helps them keep struggling.20答案subjective解析根据

95、第一段前三句可知，当失败的时候人们倾向于把原因归结为客观原因，当成功时就把原因归结为主观原因；根据题中objective的提示也可以写出反义词subjective。21答案influencing/affecting/impacting解析根据第二段第一句“A number of factors have been shown to influence the self-serving bias.”可知。22答案age解析根据第二段第二句中的older adults可知自利性偏差与年龄有关。23答案mood/emotion(s)/feelings解析根据第二段第四句中的“when a perso

96、n is sad”可知自利性偏差与情绪有关。24答案cultural解析第三段中提到了各个国家及其文化，所以这里指文化背景不一样。25答案comfort/encouragement/protection解析根据第三段第三句中的“so protecting the self from feelings of failure is more important”可知，面对失败时，个人主义者需要更多的安慰、鼓励和保护。26答案responsibility解析第三段第四句提到，集体主义者大多把成功归结于幸运，把失败归结于没有天赋，所以面对失败时，集体主义者需要承担适当的责任。27答案often/fre

97、quently解析根据第四段第一句中的less often可知填often，也可以同义转换为frequently。28答案freeing解析根据第五段最后一句中的“they dont need to be responsible for the failure”可知，这里指不需要为失败负责，同义转换为free from responsibility，参照句式这里要填动名词形式。29答案motivation解析根据最后一段第二、三句中的“An unemployed worker may feel more motivated to”和“An athlete might feel more motivated to perform well”可知填motivation。19