江苏省常州市西夏墅中学译林牛津版高中英语教案 必修五：UNIT 3 SCIENCE AND NATURE重点词汇讲解.doc

1、重点词汇讲解1. on the one handon the other hand 一方面另一方面，常用来引出两种不同的观点，重点常在后一种观点。1) On the one hand Id like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment. 一方面我希望得到报酬高的工作，但另一方面我又很喜欢手头这件工作。2) Id like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money. 我想出

2、去吃，可（另一方面）我又该努力省钱。2. on ones/the way to something/ doing something 快要，将 (close to doing something)1) Im well on the way to completing the report. 我就快把报告写好了。2) More changes are on the way. 更多的变化就要发生了。3. to be cloned successfully from an adult cell 动词不定式的被动结构作定语，修饰名词词组the first mammal，此处也可用不定式的完成被动式，或

3、直接用过去分词。1) Dolly was the first mammal to have been cloned from an adult cell. She was the first mammal to be cloned successful from an adult cell.（译文同上。）Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. （译文同上。）多莉羊是用成体细胞克隆的第一头哺乳动物。注意：此处之所以三者可以互换，是由于被修饰的名词（mammal）前带有序数词the first的缘故。2) The first te

4、xtbook to be published / to have been published / published for teaching English in China appeared in the late 19th century. 为在中国教授英语而出版的的一本教科书出现在19世纪末期。下文中“（Line 32）stem cells to be used in medical research”，此处划线的动词不定式作定语，表示“将”，不可象上例中那样改写。试比较：a bridge to be built over the river 即将兴建的桥 （将来） a bridge

5、 built over the river 3 years ago 建于3年前的桥（过去，已经） a bridge being built 正在新建的桥 （正在）4. consider doing something 考虑（打算）做某事。后面常常用“ing”形式。例如：1) I considered changing my job. 我曾经想换个工作。2) The Chinese government is seriously considering bidding to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. 中国政府正在认真考虑申办2018年世界杯足球赛。这些动词常见的

6、有：admit（承认）, appreciate（欣赏，感谢）, avoid（避免）, consider（考虑，打算）, delay（推迟）, dislike（讨厌）, enjoy（喜欢）, escape（逃脱）, feel like（想要）, finish, forgive（宽恕，原谅）, cant help（忍不住）, imagine（设想，想象）, involves（涉及，包括）, (not) mind（介意）, miss（逃脱，避免）, practice（训练）, prevent, resist（抵制）, risk（冒险）, suggest, etc. 例如：3) Can you ima

7、gine settling on the moon someday? 你能想象有一天能住到月球上去吗？4) The operation involves putting a small tube into the patients heart. 这个手术包括把一根小导管植入病人的心脏。另外，consider还可以是“认为（是）”的意思，常用复合宾语结构：5) I consider it a great honour to be invited. 承蒙邀请我倍感荣幸。6) They considered themselves (to be) Europeans. 他们认为自己是欧洲人。5. in

8、tention(1) 后面常用动词不定式做表语或定语。类似用法的词还有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等。例如：1) His aim is to create new tissues and organs. 他的目的是造出新的（人体）组织和器官。2) Your mistake was not to write that letter. 你的错是没有写那封信。(2) with the intention of 带着（怀着）的意图，为了，例如：3) He decided t

9、o find a host family with the intention of improving his English. 他决定找一家寄养家庭住，以提高自己的英语。注意：不可以说with the intention to do something。3) show respect for 尊重，也可以说：have respect for，例如：4) She complained that young people today show / have no respect for law. 她抱怨说现在的年轻人对不尊重法律。5) The boy showed a complete lac

10、k of respect for authority. 这位男孩对权威缺乏最起码的尊重。6. anxious 焦虑，担忧 常用搭配有：be anxious about sth. 对某事担忧，be anxious for sb.为某人担忧， an anxious look/ face/ expression 忧虑的目光/面容/表情anxious还可以表示“渴望，非常希望”，常用表达有：be anxious to do sth.(渴望做某事); be anxious for sth（渴望获得某物）; be anxious for sb. to do sth.(渴望某人做某事); be anxiou

11、s that 1) There are plenty of graduates anxious for work.有大量毕业生渴求工作。of ones own（某人）自己的ones own + n.a place of my own=my own place 自己的地方（家）注意比较：(all) on ones own 单独地，独立地2) The old man lives on his own. 那老人独自住。7. adopt 除了“领养”外，还有“采用”的意思。如：1) I adopted their method of making the machine. 我采用了他们制造机器的方法。

12、2) The new approach of teaching has been adopted in many schools. 这种新的教学方法已经被许多学校采用。8. (1) while在本句中是“虽然, 尽管”之意。例如：1) While there was no conclusive evidence, most people thought he was guilty. 虽然没有肯定的证据，多数人还是认为他有罪。2) While (he was) never a big eater, he did snack a lot. 尽管他饭量不大，不过吃的零食可不算少。3) School

13、in the south are better equipped, while those in the north are relatively poor. 南方的学校设备较好，而北方的则相对差一些。(2) aheada)（时间或空间）在前方，在前面；向前方，向前面（of）1) The clinic is some way straight ahead. 诊所就在正前方不远处。2) Unless we plan ahead, we are going to be in a mess. 除非我们事先计划，否则一切将会一团糟。b) ahead of 在之前，在前面；优于，胜过3) We comp

14、leted the task 3 days ahead of the schedule. 我们比计划提前三天完成了任务。4) Sophie is far ahead of other children in class. Sophie的成绩远比班上其他孩子好。c）push ahead (with) 努力推进5) They have decided to push ahead with Project Hope. 他们决定努力推进“希望工程”。6) The government is pushing ahead with the education reform across the count

15、ry. 政府正在全国范围内大力推进教育改革。d) go ahead 进行，进展；（作为回答）开始吧，好的，行e) ahead of time / schedule 提前9. benefit（使）受益a) vt, 有益于，造福于1) This invention will surely benefit the world. 这个发明必将造福全世界。2) They are working together to benefit the whole community. 他们在共同努力造福全社区。b) vi. 获益，得益，常跟from/by3) Many thousands have benefit

16、ed from the new treatment. 成千上万的人得益于这种新的治疗（手段）。比较：The new treatment has benefited many thousands.4) Many manufacturers will benefit by cutting their taxes. 许多制造商将从减税中获益。c) 也可以作名词，利益，好处。5) The low-income households will get benefit from the new policy. 低收入家庭将从新政策中获益。常见搭配有：do benefit to 对有益be of benef

17、it to somebody 对有益或有帮助for the benefit of 为了的利益10. consequence （常指不利的）影响，后果1) Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation. 许多人认为贫穷是人口过多的直接后果。2) If you insist on eating so much sweet food, youll have to suffer the consequences. 如果你坚持吃这么多甜食，你就得承担后果。3) Many species have died out

18、as a consequence of mans activities. 由于人类的活动，许多物种已经灭绝了。常见搭配如：take / suffer / face / deal with the consequences 承担后果as a consequence of（正式）as a result of11. use up 用完，耗尽，例如：1) Dont use up all the milk. We need some for breakfast. 不要把牛奶都用完，我们还需要一些当早饭。介词up表示“完”、“尽”、“结束”“完成”之义，类似的还有：eat up 吃完drink up 喝完

19、；干杯end up 结束，以告终“结束性”动词的进行时并不是表示“正在进行”，而是表示“就要”“快要”的意思。一些表示“位置移动（go, come, leave）”的动词也有类似用法：2) The old goat is dying. 那头老山羊快要断气了。3) Im finishing off soon. 我快完工了。另外，表示“变化（become, get, grow）”的动词的进行时则常常表示“逐渐”之意：4) Its getting dark. 天渐渐黑了。12. after alla）毕竟（重要的句间连接词，用来陈述理由，解释上文）1) I like her. She is my s

20、ister after all. 我喜欢她，她是我妹妹啊。2) He should have paid. After all, he suggested it. 他该付账，毕竟是他提议的。b）终究, 毕竟（表示尽管有困难或问题，还是）3) So you made it after all. 你毕竟还是成功了。4) The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all. 雨已经停了，所以比赛终究还是要进行的。13. on a note 从角度来说，以口气说 (speaking in a way)1) On a personal not

21、e, Im truly grateful to the writers of those publications. 从我个人的角度来说，我真诚地感谢那些刊物的作者们。2) She ended her speech on a personal note. 她以私人的口气结束了讲话。14. transform 使改变外观、形态或性质；使改观，常跟介词from连用，名词为transformation。1) A new color scheme will transform your bedroom.新的色彩调配将使你的卧室焕然一新。2) It was an event that would tra

22、nsform my life. 那是能够彻底改变我的一生的一件事。15. hardly表示否定的副词，表示“几乎不”，类似的副词还有scarcely, rarely等。1) He hardly understands his sons thoughts, does he? 他几乎不理解他儿子的想法，是吗？2) Hardly had he got home when it rained. 他刚回家就下雨了。16. turn out a）地发展（或发生），结果1) Despite our worries everything turned out well. 尽管我们很担心，结果一切顺利。2) Y

23、ou never know how your children will turn out. 很难说子女将来的发展会怎样。b）证明是，结果是 （+ to be +n./ adj., 或that ）3) It turned out that she was a friend of my sister. 她原来是我姐姐的朋友。4) The job turned out (to be) harder than we thought. 这工作结果比我们想象的要难。 c）turn out 还可以是以下意思：a）关（灯），b）生长，制造，c）逐出，d）清空，等等。下面句中的turn out各是什么意思？请

24、在后面的括号中填入相应的序号。Dont forget to turn out the lights when you go.( )If you cant pay the rent, they turn you out.( )He turned out his drawer for his pen.( )The factory turns out 1000 cars a day.( )17. put in place 实施，到位，做到。与place相关的常用短语还有：in place 准备就绪in place of sb./ sth.= in sbs/ sth.s place; take one

25、s place 代替，顶替out of place 位置不当，不适当put yourself in sb. elses/ sbs place设想自己处于别人的境地take place发生take your place请入座18. figure out 理解，弄明白，演算出，用名词或wh从句作宾语。1) If I have a map, I can figure out the distance. 如果我有地图我就能算出距离。2) Scientists attempted to figure out how the cancer cells reproduce themselves. 科学家们决

26、心弄明白癌细胞是怎样自我复制的。19. match在本句中是“（与）成一双”的意思，再如：1) Your socks dont match. 你的袜子不是一双。另外还有：(1)（指颜色、样式等）相配2) Does this shirt match the trousers? 这件衬衫与裤子相配吗？(2) 与相一致3) Their actions do not match their words. 他们言行不一。4) Teaching materials should match individual students needs. 教学材料应当与个体的学生的需求一致。(3) 与配对，把和联系起

27、来5) Can you match the animals with the countries that each stands for? 你能把这些动物与它们每个所代表的国家配起来吗？(4) 般配，比得上6) Few cities in Europe can match the cultural richness of Rome. 几乎没有哪个欧洲城市能比得上罗马的丰富文化。20. judgment此指“对事物的判断力”，use ones（good）judgment (指作决定时)用脑子，做出理智的判断。1) Use your good judgment before you decide

28、. 作决定前动脑子想想。make a judgment about 对做出判断make a decision about 作出的决定 21. follow (in) ones footsteps 步某人的后尘，继承某人的事业或传统1) He is a doctor and expects his son to follow (in) his footsteps. 他是个医生所以希望他儿子继承他的事业。22. conduct 进行；引导；（音乐）指挥；（正式）行为；（物理）传导（热，电等）conduct (=carry out) a/an survey (experiment, test, in

29、terview, etc) 进行调查（实验，考试，面试等）23. majority 大多数（人、物），常用复数的谓语动词。 1) The majority (of students) find it hard to accept the new theory. 多数学生觉得很难接受这个新理论。24. in summary 总的来说，归纳起来。文章结尾时常用短语，类似的还有to conclude, to sum up, to summarize等。25. insist 在此为“坚持要求”，其所带宾语从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，用(should) do表示。1) He insisted that h

30、e (should) be set free since he had done nothing wrong. 他坚持要求被释放因为他没做错什么。insist还可表示“坚持认为”，其所带宾语从句谓语动词用陈述语气。2) He insisted that she was the very girl he had been waiting for. 他坚持认为她就是他等待已久的女孩。insist还可与介词on连用构成insist on sth./doing sth.的结构，表示“坚持要求或坚持认为”。3) He insisted on his innocence. 他坚持认为他无罪。4) He i

31、nsisted on being present. 他坚持要求出席。26. take into consideration 考虑到，顾及=take into account1) Taking everything into consideration, this event is a great success. 从各方面来考虑，这个事情是一大成功。27. ordinary平常的，普通的，用于指人或事物平淡无奇，没有突出或显眼之处。1) Hes just an ordinary man and does the ordinary work.他只是一个平凡的人，做着平凡的工作。辨析：normal

32、, usual, average, commonnormal: 正常的，正规的，常态的，强调在正常情况下的应有的状态或特征。usual: 通常的，一贯如此的，常指习惯或时间。average: 平均的，普通的，平常的。common: 常见的，不足为奇的，因普遍存在而显普通。2) It is normal to feel tired after such a long trip. 这样长途旅行之后感到疲劳时正常的。3) He is now sitting at his usual place. 他现在坐在他常坐的位子上。4) It is a struggle for a girl of avera

33、ge ability. 这对于一个能力一般的女孩来说是一件难事。5) Riding electric bicycle to work is common in China.在中国骑电动车上班是很常见的。28. compared with ordinary animals 过去分词作状语，表被动。1) Compared with boys, girls tend to be more emotional. 与男生相比，女孩更情绪化。（被动）2) Comparing boys and girls, you will find the latter more emotional. 比较男女生，你会发

34、现后者更情绪化。（主动）3) Having compared boys and girls, I found the latter more emotional. 比较了男女生后，我发现后者更情绪化。（主动，完成）29. Not everything is 部分否定的表达方法，也可说成：1) Everything that is best for nature is not good for people. 类似的情况还有：not all are = all are not (不是所有的都)区别于完全否定：nothing, nobody, none2) None of the buses is

35、 worth fixing. 没有一辆公交车值得修理。3) All of the buses are not worth fixing.不是所有的公交车都值得修理。30. in favour of意思是“赞同，支持”，后面接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式，如：1) The Council voted in favour of a 200 million housing development. 议会投票通过了一个2亿欧元的住房发展计划。2) I talked to Sue about the travel plan, and she is all in favor of going. 我和苏谈

36、过这个旅行计划，她完全同意去。favour还可以构成许多其它词组，如：in ones favour 有利于，对某人有利in somebody/somethings favour 支持，赞同do somebody a favour 帮某人一个忙ask somebody a favour 请某人帮个忙return a favour 还某人一个人情31. meet ones needs满足某人的需要，meet在这儿是“满足”的意思，常和needs, requirements，demands等词连用，此meet也可以用satisfy替换。例如：1) Parents neednt bother to m

37、eet all their childrens needs. 父母没必要完全满足子女的要求。2) Their demands for better pays were not met. 他们加薪的要求没有得到满足。32. Nowhere is this否定副词放句首构成倒装句，同类的词还有：hardly, no sooner, seldom, rarely等。1) Seldom does he delay his homework. 他几乎不迟交作业。2) Rarely have his parents met his needs. 他的父母亲很少满足他的要求。33. desire v./ n

38、. 渴望，愿望，想要，要求名词常用搭配：a/ the/ ones desire for sth./ to do sth. 1) Im surprised at his strong desire for power.我惊讶于他对权力的强烈渴望。2) She felt an overwhelming desire to return home. 她感到想要回家的渴望难以遏制。动词常用搭配：desire sth., desire (sb.) to do sth.3) He strongly desired to be left alone.他很渴望一个人呆着。注意：desire所带从句如表示愿望要

39、求的内容，则从句谓语部分要用虚拟语气，用(should)+动词原形表示。4) In spite of the lack of money, they managed to meet their only sons desire that he (should) further his study abroad. 尽管缺钱，他们想方设法满足了他们的独生子到国外升造的愿望。34. rather than 而不是，连接并列的两个成分。1) Rather than leave, he prefers to remain in Chinatown. 他宁愿留在唐人街而不愿离开。2) Ill have a

40、 cold drink rather than a hot coffee. 我想要冷饮而不是热咖啡。rather的其它搭配：would rather do sth. (than do) 宁愿做某事(而不愿)or rather 更确切的说词汇练习：一、单词拼写1. The young man stole into the flat with the i_ of getting some food.2. After a week of confusion, the order of the town began to return to n_.3. After the long holiday,

41、his professional life was surprisingly t .4. Almost everyone has b_ from this great invention of Edisons.5. Two hundred people lost their homes as a direct c of the storm.6. As the old saying goes, failure is the mother of s_.7. With everything p_ in place, the chairman announced the opening of the

42、meeting.8. I can feel peoples a for the war to end.9. Whats the matter with him? Hes b_ strangely these days.10. Being a c_ driver, he never takes any risks.11. The key to _ (限制) air pollution is strict regulation on private cars.12. The m of the websites are accessible free of charge.13. This is no

43、 joking. You must take it _ (认真).14. Thousands of children were a by foreign families after the war.15. We should never toy with the customers only for economic p .16. GM food is claimed to be of m_ benefit to man: you dont need to take medicine any more.17. The a_ of computer science has greatly ch

44、anged peoples way of communication.18. No one is to leave the building without my p .19. Nothing can explain your failure in the test but c_. Be careful next time.20. From his f look, I guess he must have found something horrible.21. His poor i can hardly feed the huge family.22. The result must be

45、a . Not a single mistake will be forgiven.23. The manager thought she was r so that he told her every detail of his plan.24. A scientific diet provides balanced n for your body.25. The school has decided to hold a sports festival and the a_ will be made on the school radio.二、动词填空1. The cloning techn

46、ology, _ (intend) to cure some diseases, is sometimes misused.2. “Cant you read?” said the man angrily _ (point) to the sign on the wall.3. Its a tragedy that man doesnt realize that they _ (use up) the limited natural resources.4. _ (boil) eggs are more beneficial to health than _ (fry) ones.5. Wit

47、h great efforts _ (focus) on the conservation project, the number of panda is steadily increasing.6. The man _ (catch) stealing proved to be mentally ill.7. _ (establish) in the 1780s, this university is now one the oldest one in the US.8. _(observe) the problem for many years, he announced that we

48、are now facing the biggest environmentalproblem.9. _ (prepare) fully, we can achieve great things.10. He kept his tortoise _ (hide) in a blanket.11. The first textbooks _ (write) for teaching English in China came out in the 16th century.12. Most of the guests _ (invite) to the party were from South

49、 Africa.13. The computer center, _ (open) last year, is intended to teach those who dont know much about the computer.14. The speaker raised her voice but still couldnt make herself _ (hear).15. With trees and flowers _ (plant) everywhere, my hometown has taken on a new look.16. Jim was shocked to n

50、otice her hair _ (cut) short when Della returned home.17. _ (leave) alone, the baby began to cry.18. _ (clone) from an adult cell, Dolly the sheep looks exactly the same as her “mother” sheep.19. Most beginners will take up a book, _ (determine) to master every word of it, only to give it up in the

51、end.20. “Must you make so much noise? Youre in the theatre.” Said the man in an _ (irritate) voice.答案：一、单词拼写1. intention 2. normal 3. transformed4. benefited 5. consequence 6. success7. put8. anxiety9. behaving10. cautious11. limiting12. majority13. seriously14. adopted 15. profits16. medical 17. ad

52、vance 18. permission 19. carelessness20. frightened21. income 22. accurate 23. reliable24. nutrition25. announcement二、动词填空1. intended 2. pointing3. are using up4. Boiled; fried5. focused6. caught 7. Established8. Having observed9. Preparing10. hidden11. written12. invited13. opened14. heard15. planted16. cut17. left18. cloned19. determined20. irritated