Unit 3 Grammar-2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修二（译林版2020）.docx

1、第8讲 选择性必修二Unit3 Grammar目标任务课程标准学习目标围绕人与社会的主题语境，依托语篇，通过一系列英语学习活动，发展英语学科核心素养。1在语篇中观察、探究语法现象，自主归纳语法规则，并在新的语境和活动中正确使用语法。2通过训练与本单元语法相关的练习加强学生的英语运用意识。02预习导学（一）课前阅读：本单元的语法是现在完成进行时：“Present perfect continuous tense”Below is a personal account given by a girl who is equipped with a robotic hand. Find the sen

2、tences that use the present perfect continuous tense.（黄色标注部分） After I lost my right hand in a car accident two years ago, I began to withdraw into myself, believing I would never be able to lead a normal life again. I was equipped with an artificial hand, but it did not feel like part of me. Even si

3、mple things like getting dressed were unbelievably difficult. Three months ago, however, all that changed when I was given the chance to test a new robotic hand. Scientists have been making great progress in robotic technology in recent years, and their work on robotic limbs has really changed my li

4、fe. With my new hand, I can move my individual fingers and hold on to small things like pens and pencils. More amazingly, my robotic hand is capable of feeling varying degrees of pressure, just like a real hand. In addition, it looks very lifelike with special rubber used on the outside.Over the pas

5、t three months I have been testing out the limits of what I can do with my new hand, and it constantly surprises me. I have rediscovered hobbies I had enjoyed before my accident. For example, I have been cooking for my family again since I got my new hand. Not only can I do more, but I have also bec

6、ome more confident and outgoing. Im so grateful for all the new possibilities my robotic hand has opened up.（二）基础梳理一、现在完成进行时的定义现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。如：Those cats have been screaming for hours. 那些猫叫了半天了。We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我们等他等了两个小时。The dollar has been clim

7、bing steadily all week. 整个星期美元一直在稳步增值。二、现在完成进行时的结构现在完成进行时由“have / has been + 现在分词”构成。如：Sales have been dropping off badly. 销售量一直减少得很厉害。I have been waiting for an hour and a half. 我一直等了一个半小时了。Well have been living here for two years by next Sunday. 到下星期日，我们在这里就住了整两年了。三、现在完成进行时有哪些主要用法1. 表示“持续”：即表示一个从过

8、去某时开始一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在进行。如：She has been pruning the roses. 她一直在修剪玫瑰。Hes been helping himself to my stationery. 他未经许可一直用我的文具。The children have been having a lot of fun. 孩子们一直玩得很开心。She is very tired. Shes been working all morning. 她很累。她干了一早晨了。2. 表示“重复”即表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定在进行。如：We

9、ve all along been making mistakes like this. 我们一直犯这样的错误。Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. 一星期以来吉姆每天晚上给詹妮打电话。四、与现在完成进行连用的主要时间状语现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段，等等。如：He has been

10、 working all day. 他整天都在工作。They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽车销量近来一直在下降。五、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：He has changed his ide

11、a. 他改变了想法。2. 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。如：We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。3. 在许多情况下，现在完成时表示动作已经完成，而现在完成进行时却并非如此。如：He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成)He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成)4. 有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，

12、一般不能用于现在完成进行时。如：Ive known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。5. 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大。如：Ive lived been living here for 30 years. 我在这儿住了30年了。How long have you worked been working here? 你在这里工作多久了? 6. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的相通性：在表达一个从过去开始而现在仍

13、在继续或刚刚结束的动作时，某些动词既可以用现在完成时，也可以用现在完成进行时，如expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如：你学习英语多久了? 正：How long have you learnt English? 正：How long have you been learning English? 他已经睡了十个小时了。正：He has slept for ten hours. 正：He has been sleepin

14、g for ten hours.（三）预习作业1. 预习本单元Integrated skills &Extended reading&Project部分的重点词汇和短语2. 熟读这部分出现的文章03探究提升环节一 变：根据所给动词的适当形式填空1. You know, I _ (look) for a job for three months, and this is my first formal interview.2. My sister _ (stay) in Beijing for three months last year.3. The little boy is dirty a

15、ll over because he _ (play) in the mud all the morning.4. I _ (wonder) if you were free this afternoon.5. Here he is! We _ (wait) anxiously for him since last night. 6. Im sure Andrew will win first prize in the final. I think so. He _ (prepare) for it for months.7. John is said to have been missing

16、 since last week. Has he gone somewhere? Not really. He _ (decorate) his newly-bought apartment.8. We lost the football match in the last two minutes! What bad luck! Especially when you _ (train) so hard in the past two months.9. Im too tired. I _(work) on a design day and night. Youd better have se

17、veral days off after finishing it. Otherwise, you might break down.10. Have a break, Lily. You _ (practice) the piano all morning. OK, Mom. I will stop after this piece.【答案】1. have been looking 2. stayed 3. has been playing/ has played 4. wondered 5. have been waiting 6.has been preparing 7. has bee

18、n decorating 8.have been training9.have been working 10.have been practicing环节二 变：单项选择1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months.A. is preparingB. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing2. By the time he realizes he _ into a trap, it

19、ll be too late for him to do anything about it. A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked3. So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _

20、English for a year. A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 5. Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. A. worksB. is working C. has worked D. had worked6. I have got a headache. No wonder. You_ in front of that computer too long. A. work B. are working C.

21、have been working D. worked7. The unemployment rate in this district_ from 6% to 5% in the past two years.A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy _ going back to school，but she hasnt decided yet.A. had considered B. has been considering C. consider

22、ed D. is going to consider9. _ you _ him around the museum yet? Yes. We had a great time there. A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show10. Hi, Tracy，you look pale. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted【答案】 1-5 DCDDC 6-

23、10 CABAC环节三 变：单句语法填空1.These surgeons_(operate) an operation since 2 p.m. and they will need another three hours to finish it.2.The girl has a great interest in sports and_(take) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.3. -Tony, why are your eyes red? -I_(cut) up peppers for the last

24、 five minutes.4. He said he _ (leave) a few days later.5.So far, I _(organize)several English activities successfully, which have been Ah appreciated by both teachers and classmates.6.During his stay in Xian, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends_(recommend) before.7. We wont start the

25、work until all the preparations_ (make).【答案】1.have been operating 2. has been taking 3. have been cutting 4.was leaving/would leave 5. have organized 6. had recommended 7. have been made 04体系构建现在完成进行时的结构、定义和用法现在完成进行时现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别 05记忆清单一、现在完成进行时表示“延续”表示一个从过去某时开始一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停止，也可能还在进行二、现在完成进行时表

26、示“重复”表示在一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，而这个重复的动作在说话时并不一定在进行。三、现在完成进行时的时间状语all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段等等四、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。0601强化训练一、语法选择1.-Kate doesn

27、t look very well. Whats wrong with her?-She has a headache because she _too long. She ought to stop work.A.has been reading B.had read C.is reading D.was reading2.She _her mothers work since she was admitted into hospital.A.is doing B.has been doing C.has done D.has been done【答案】A B二、语法填空Countries H

28、ave Different Kinds of EnglishesVoyages of people from England play an important part in spreading 66 English language. At present, English is frequently spoken 67 an official or common language in many countries, such as America, Singapore, Malaysia and some African countries. All 68 (base) on Brit

29、ish English, the English spoken in these countries can 69 (understand) well by native English speakers. But actually, these Englishes 70 （change）gradually in accents, spellings, expressions and the 71 (use) of vocabulary.Because of this fact, you can make use of the differences to tell 72 country th

30、e foreigners of your block are from. For example, if a boss fluently commands 73 driver, “Come up straight to my apartment by elevator 74 take some gas for my trucks and cabs”, instead of requesting, “Please come to my flat by lift and take some petrol for my lorries and taxis”, you can recognize hi

31、s American identity, 75 the latter suggests that he is British.【答案】66. the 67. as 68. based 69. be understood 70. have been changing 71. usage 72. which 73. his 74. and 75. While三、阅读理解Is Your Diet Destroying the Environment?A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have sho

32、wn that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.Researchers from the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US recently

33、studied how consumer behavior affects the environment. The study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of motor vehicle.Then, how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment? For a start, all farm animals suc

34、h as cows, pigs, and sheep give off methane (沼气) gas by expelling (排出) wind from their bodies. One cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day. Methane gas is the second most common greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for gl

35、obal warming than carbon dioxide. It is estimated that 25% of all methane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals.Another way that meat production affects the environment is through the use of water and land. 2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef, whereas 20 gal

36、lons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat. One acre of farmland used for crop production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes, 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000 pounds of tomatoes.Many people now see the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet, not just for health reasons, but als

37、o because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment. However, some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian, or vegan diet. They believe a vegan diet, which excludes all products from animal sources, such as cheese, eggs, and milk, can be short of many necessar

38、y vitamins and minerals our bodies need.Today, many people know its important to take better care of their bodies and to use the earths resources more efficiently. As this understanding spreads, more people may realize that to help the environment and for the human race to survive, more of us will n

39、eed to become vegetarians.9. The underlined word “it” in Para.3 refers to _.A. expelling wind B. greenhouse gasC. carbon dioxide D. methane gas10. Many figures are used in Para.4 to show _.A. growing tomatoes has the highest productionB. crop production is better than meat productionC. meat producti

40、on consumes too much water and landD. farm animals are the main producer of the methane gas11. What message does the passage want to convey?A. Our diet is destroying the surroundings.B. Raising farm animals affects the environment.C. A vegetarian diet helps to protect the environment.D. More and mor

41、e people are becoming strict vegetarians.【答案】DCCDo you think you would work out more if you were offered money to do so? Science has shown that money can give people motivation to work out, but perhaps not in the way that you think.According to a study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine Jo

42、urnal, the best strategy isnt offering money; its giving someone money, then threatening to take it away.Researchers gave 281 people the goal of walking 7,000 steps every day over 13 weeks.To motivate the people who took part to reach the goal, researchers divided them into three groups.People in th

43、e first group received $1,40 (9 yuan) each day as long as they finished 7,000 steps, the second group was only able to collect the $1.40 if they had reached 7,000 steps the day before, and the third group was given $42 at the beginning of each month and $1.40 was taken away every time someone failed

44、 to meet the goal.The third group met their daily fitness goals 50 percent more often than the other two groups, showing that people were most motivated to walk by the fear of losing money.“People are more motivated by losses than gains, and they like immediate gratification.” study author Dr Mitesh

45、 Patel, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania in the US, told CNN. “They want to be rewarded today, not next year or far into the future.”Our brains tend to avoid wanting to lose things more than they try to get the benefits from gaining them, Patel explained. “It makes people thi

46、nk like the money is theirs to lose from day one.”In addition, in most programs, many participants will drop out quickly and only the motivated will stay involved, Patel said.“In ours, we were pleasantly surprised that 96 percent stayed.” he added.The study provides evidence that what matters is not

47、 only the money incentive（激励）,but also how you think about them. This is important to how effective they are. The evidence could have a big effect on health promotion programs in the future, according to the study.“Incentives themselves are not all you need,” Stephanie Pronk, a health and wellness c

48、onsultant with the Aonplc corporation, told The Wall Street Journal. “Its really important to change up the incentive design and keep people on their toes.”12. According to Dr Mitesh Patel, the third group did better than the other two groups mostly because _.A. they were satisfied with being paid i

49、mmediatelyB. they did not want the money they had gained to be taken awayC. they were able to get more money than the other two groupsD. they were given money at first while the others were not13. By mentioning other similar programs, Dr Mitesh Patel intended to _.A. stress that they didnt expect th

50、e resultB. make a further comparison between these programsC. prove that their program has been more successfulD. show that motivation mattered more in other programs14. What can we infer from Stephanie Pronks words?A. Incentives are of little importance in the process of getting fit.B. Incentives a

51、nd ways in which they are given are key to fitness programs.C. People should keep fit actively instead of being motivated by incentives.D. There are many ways to get people to feel motivated to work out more.15. We can learn from the study that for incentives to work _.A. more benefits than losses should be obvious for participantsB. direct profits should be given rather than long-term onesC. designers need to consider how people think about incentives D. designers need to work out the right form of motivation【答案】BCBC