Unit 4 Natural Disasters：Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures【讲义】（人教2019版）.docx

1、必修Book 1 Unit 4 Natural DisastersPeriod 3 Discovering Useful Structures01预习导学读下列教材原句并感知黑体部分的共性。1It a real sport, 2That interesting, 3Hi! It a beautiful day, 4By the way, our school soccer team at last, 5The Sports Day coming soon, 我的发现：附加疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是一个(1) ，后一部分是一个简短的(2) 。前后两部分的人称和动词(3) 要保持一致，并遵循“

2、前肯定后否定，(4) ”的原则。 02课堂探究在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句是用来充当句中定语的从句，它主要用于修饰句子中的名词、代词，其位置位于被修饰的名词、代词之后。在被修饰的名词、代词与定语从句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体，关系词分为两种：关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有：that，which，who，whom和whose。探究点1: 关系代词的基本用法1指人用who, whom, that; 作主语时用who，that，且不可省略；作宾语时可用who，whom，that，且可以省略。You may have chances

3、to meet new people who/that will become your lifelong friends. 你可能有机会结识将成为你一生的朋友的新人。(指人，作主语)In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (whom) she could turn to for help.在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(指人，作宾语)2指物用which，that; 作主语时不可省略；作宾语时可以省略。I can well remember the accident that happened on a rainy Sunday

4、 afternoon.我清楚地记得在一个下雨的星期天下午发生的那场事故。(指物，作主语)The dictionary (which/that) I bought last week is very useful and handy.我上周买的字典很有用。(指物，作宾语)3whose既可指人，也可指物。在从句中作定语，whosen.相当于then.of whom/which。This is the scientist whose name(the name of whom) is known all over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。Nobody wants the

5、house whose roof(the roof of which) has fallen in.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。4在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，指人用whom，不用who。指物用which, 不用that。He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.他是我们大家都愿意学习的人。(作介词宾语，指人用whom)The house in which George used to live is for rent now.乔治曾经住过的那所房子现在正在出租。(作介词宾语，指物用which) 【活学活用】用关系代词填空(1

6、)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.在夹克的边缘，有一块可以在黑暗中发光的布。(2)Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia decided to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. 由于我们的努力，我们的女儿Georgia决定捐赠一大袋玩具给一个小女孩，小

7、女孩的妈妈由于生病而没能力支付她的假期费用。(3)The land is known for a historic site with beautifully coloured walls, on are painted the events of the past.这片土地因有着美丽的彩色墙壁的历史遗迹而闻名，墙壁上画有过去的事件。探究点2：用that不用which的情况1当先行词是all，much，little等不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时或先行词是指物的不定代词anything，nothing，something时。This is all that I can do for you.这

8、就是我所能为你做的全部事情。You can take any seat that is free. 空着的任何座位你都可以坐。Have you taken down everything that your teacher said?你把老师讲的都记下来了吗？2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。3当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。Chatting was the only thing that interested her.

9、聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。4当先行词既有人，又有物时。The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well known.你刚刚谈到的那位影星和她的影片是非常出名的。5当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？6当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be上海已不是过去那个样子了

10、。 【活学活用】单句语法填空(1)This is the most beautiful park I have ever visited.(2)We often talk about the people and things we remember.(3)I have found the very pen I lost yesterday.探究点3：用which不用that的情况1在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。This is the room in which he lives.这是他住的房间。2引导非限制性定语从句时。Tom came back, which made

11、us very happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。3在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，那么另一个定语从句的关系代词就要用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。 【活学活用】用关系代词填空(1)The house in I used to live has become a shoe shop.(2)Have you ever read the book， was writ

12、ten by a young girl?1关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.这是查尔斯狄更斯所写的书中的一本。He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。注意：which引导非限制性定

13、语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。He said he was a Frenchman, which was not true.他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。2为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.这就是我们上个星期天参观过的工厂。(visited后不可加it)3关系代词的省略。(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词

14、的宾语，不能省略。(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。4技法：两步并举，关系代词选定不用愁Step 1：寻找先行词，辨别人与物先行词指人时常用who，whom，that；指物时常用 that, which。Step 2：判断所缺成分，选择关系词当定语从句部分缺少主语、宾语、定语时，要想到分别采用who(主语或宾语)，that(主语或宾语), which(主语或宾语)，whom(宾语), whose(定语)。 【活学活用】单句语法填空(1)All that can be done (have) been done.所有能做的都已经做了。(2)The student you sh

15、ould learn from is the one studies hard.你应该向学习努力刻苦的学生学习。(3)He is one of the students from Spain.他是来自西班牙的学生之一。(4)Tom was late for class again, made his teacher really angry.汤姆又迟到了，这令他的老师很生气。03随堂小练.单句填空1Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large s of baby food with her.2The governme

16、nt has supplied plenty of food and medicine the local people since the earthquake broke out.3Id like to know the reason why milk is short supply in this area now.4A volcanic e buried everything in its path. 5The baby was born with a heart problem and only s for a few hours.用关系代词填空1Do you know the pr

17、ofessor will give us a speech next week?2I read a report about his new novel will soon be published.3The plan they argued about turned out to be a success.4This is the new secretary I would like to introduce to you.5The soldier legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay.6Do you know the t

18、hings and people they are talking about?7Who is the woman was praised at the meeting?8One has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.9Those were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.10My teachers advise me to repeat the materials several times and read

19、them aloud, they think will help improve my memory.用定语从句翻译以下句子1我的确有几条建议需要你注意。 I do have a few suggestions 2根据一项调查，能说两种语言的人能够更容易地同时处理两件事。According to a survey, people can manage two things at the same time more easily.3然而，一些课文有太多的新单词和短语，这对我们来说是一个很大的挑战。However, some of the texts have too many new word

20、s and expressions, 4我们学校建了一座新体育馆，它成了我们学校的地标。 Our school has built a new stadium, 5那是一个黑色的皮钱包，里面有大约200美元和我的身份证。 It is a black leather wallet 6一句多译：从这里你可以看到屋顶的那座建筑物，是一家新开的餐馆。The building roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.The building, the roof of you can see from here is a new restaurant.

21、The building, the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.04培优提升I.阅读理解The Boy Made It!One Sunday，Nicholas，a teenager，went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine.In the early afternoon，when he was planning to go home，a strong snowstorm swept into the area.Unable to see far, he turned off the pa

22、th by accident.Before he knew it，Nicholas was lost，all alone！He didnt have food, water, a phone, or other supplies.He was getting colder by the minute.Nicholas had no idea where he was.He tried not to panic.He thought about all the survival shows he had watched on TV.It was time to put the tips he h

23、ad learned into use.He decided to stop skiing.There was a better chance of someone finding him if he stayed where he was.The first thing he did was to find a shelter from the freezing wind and snow.Using his skis，Nicholas built a snow cave.He gathered a huge mass of snow and dug out a hole in the mi

24、ddle.Then he piled branches on top of himself, like a blanket, to stay as warm as he could.He huddled (蜷缩着身体) in his cave and slept.The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help，but he couldnt find anyone.He followed his tracks and returned to the snow cave, because without shelter, he could die

25、that night.On Tuesday，Nicholas went out again to find help and he was found by a volunteer searcher.After two days stuck in the snow，Nicholas was saved.Nicholas might not have survived this snowstorm had it not been for TV. He had often watched Grylls survival show Man vs.Wild.Thats where he learned

26、 the tips that saved his life.In each episode(一期节目) of Man vs.Wild，Grylls is abandoned(遗弃) in a wild area and has to find his way out.When Grylls heard about Nicholas amazing deeds，he was impressed that Nicholas had made it since he knew better than anyone how hard Nicholas had to work to stay alive

27、.()1What happened to Nicholas one Sunday afternoon?AHe got lost.BHe broke his skis.CHe hurt his eyes.DHe caught a cold.()2How did Nicholas keep himself warm?AHe found a shelter.BHe lighted some branches.CHe kept on skiing.DHe built a snow cave.()3Nicholas left Grylls with a very deep impression beca

28、use he Adid the right things in the dangerous situationBwatched Grylls TV programme regularlyCcreated some tips for survivalDwas very hardworkingII. 七选五A volcano is a geological landform usually caused by the eruption through a vent(火山口) in a planets surface of magma(岩浆), molten rock welling up from

29、 the planets interior. 1 A popular way of judging volcanoes goes by their frequency(频率) of eruption. 2 Those that have erupted in historic times but are now quiet are dormant(休眠的) and those that have not erupted in historic times are extinct.3 The lifespan of a volcano can vary from months to severa

30、l million years, making such a distinction(区别) sometimes meaningless when compared to the lifespans of humans or even civilisations.For example, many of the earths volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years but are not currently showing signs of eruption.Given the long lif

31、espan of such volcanoes, they are very active. 4 Scientists usually consider a volcano active if it is currently erupting or showing signs of unrest，such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions. 5 It is important to note that the span of recorded history differs from region t

32、o region.In the Mediterranean，recorded history reaches back more than 3，000 years but in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, it reaches back less than 300 years, and in Hawaii, little more than 200 years.The Smithsonian Global Volcanism programmes definition of “active” is having erupted wit

33、hin the last 10，000 years.ABy our lifespans, however, they are not.BThose that erupt regularly are active.COne way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted.DObviously，such eruptions tend to be destructive mainly in one direction.EMany scientists also consider a volcano active if i

34、t has erupted in historic times.FThere is no real agreement among volcanologists on how to define an “active” volcano.GVolcanoes of various types are found on other planets and their moons as well as on the earth.III.语法填空 Dirty water rose in the wells and canals before the earthquake. But no one jud

35、ged that an earthquake was coming. 1 (sudden), everything shook. It seemed as if the world was 2 an end. Millions of brick houses and a number of dams 3 (destroy). Railway tracks became useless bars.Pipes in mines burst and let out smelly steam. Cyclists were trapped in huge cracks everywhere.The ne

36、xt day, this event was the headline or main title of all newspapers. With the reporters 4 (give) an outline of the disaster, the whole nation was shocked by the damage and the victims extreme 5 (suffer). People were moved 6 they read that the 7 (survive) comforted each other by saying “Congratulatio

37、ns! You survived！” So they not only expressed their sympathy sincerely, but also organised together 8 (help) the victims right away. The injured were rescued and the dead 9 (be) buried. The 10 (frighten) survivors were dug out from under the ruins and were offered shelter, drinking water and electri

38、city. Thanks to peoples help, the loss was minimized.必修Book 1 Unit 4 Natural DisastersPeriod 3 Discovering Useful Structures01预习导学读下列教材原句并感知黑体部分的共性。1Its not a real sport, is it?2That sounds interesting, doesnt it?3Hi! Its a beautiful day, isnt it?4By the way, our school soccer team won at last, didn

39、t they?5The Sports Day is coming soon, isnt it?我的发现：附加疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分是一个(1)陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的(2)问句。前后两部分的人称和动词(3)时态要保持一致，并遵循“前肯定后否定，(4)前否定后肯定”的原则。 02课堂探究在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句是用来充当句中定语的从句，它主要用于修饰句子中的名词、代词，其位置位于被修饰的名词、代词之后。在被修饰的名词、代词与定语从句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体，关系词分为两种：关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有：that

40、，which，who，whom和whose。探究点1: 关系代词的基本用法1指人用who, whom, that; 作主语时用who，that，且不可省略；作宾语时可用who，whom，that，且可以省略。You may have chances to meet new people who/that will become your lifelong friends. 你可能有机会结识将成为你一生的朋友的新人。(指人，作主语)In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (whom) she could turn to for help.在

41、黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。(指人，作宾语)2指物用which，that; 作主语时不可省略；作宾语时可以省略。I can well remember the accident that happened on a rainy Sunday afternoon.我清楚地记得在一个下雨的星期天下午发生的那场事故。(指物，作主语)The dictionary (which/that) I bought last week is very useful and handy.我上周买的字典很有用。(指物，作宾语)3whose既可指人，也可指物。在从句中作定语，whosen.相当于then.o

42、f whom/which。This is the scientist whose name(the name of whom) is known all over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。Nobody wants the house whose roof(the roof of which) has fallen in.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。4在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，指人用whom，不用who。指物用which, 不用that。He is a man from whom we are all ready to learn.他是我们大家都愿意

43、学习的人。(作介词宾语，指人用whom)The house in which George used to live is for rent now.乔治曾经住过的那所房子现在正在出租。(作介词宾语，指物用which) 【活学活用】用关系代词填空(1)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that/which gives off light in the dark.在夹克的边缘，有一块可以在黑暗中发光的布。(2)Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia decided to do

44、nate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. 由于我们的努力，我们的女儿Georgia决定捐赠一大袋玩具给一个小女孩，小女孩的妈妈由于生病而没能力支付她的假期费用。(3)The land is known for a historic site with beautifully coloured walls, on which are painted the events of the past.这片土地因有着美丽的彩色墙壁的历史遗

45、迹而闻名，墙壁上画有过去的事件。探究点2：用that不用which的情况1当先行词是all，much，little等不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时或先行词是指物的不定代词anything，nothing，something时。This is all that I can do for you.这就是我所能为你做的全部事情。You can take any seat that is free. 空着的任何座位你都可以坐。Have you taken down everything that your teacher said?你把老师讲的都记下来了吗？2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Th

46、is is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。3当先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。Chatting was the only thing that interested her.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。4当先行词既有人，又有物时。The film star and her film that you have just talked about are really well known.你刚刚谈到的那位影星和她的影片是非常出名的。5当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，

47、为避免重复而用that。Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？6当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be上海已不是过去那个样子了。 【活学活用】单句语法填空(1)This is the most beautiful park that I have ever visited.(2)We often talk about the people and things that we remember.(3)I have found

48、the very pen that I lost yesterday.探究点3：用which不用that的情况1在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。This is the room in which he lives.这是他住的房间。2引导非限制性定语从句时。Tom came back, which made us very happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。3在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，那么另一个定语从句的关系代词就要用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from

49、 the library which was newly open.让我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。 【活学活用】用关系代词填空(1)The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.(2)Have you ever read the book， which was written by a young girl?1关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。This

50、is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.这是查尔斯狄更斯所写的书中的一本。He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。注意：which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。He said he was a Frenchman, which was not true.他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。2为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词

51、所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.这就是我们上个星期天参观过的工厂。(visited后不可加it)3关系代词的省略。(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。4技法：两步并举，关系代词选定不用愁Step 1：寻找先行词，辨别人与物先行词指人时常用who，whom，that；指物时常用 that, which。Step 2：判断所缺成分

52、，选择关系词当定语从句部分缺少主语、宾语、定语时，要想到分别采用who(主语或宾语)，that(主语或宾语), which(主语或宾语)，whom(宾语), whose(定语)。 【活学活用】单句语法填空(1)All that can be done has (have) been done.所有能做的都已经做了。(2)The student you should learn from is the one who studies hard.你应该向学习努力刻苦的学生学习。(3)He is one of the students who come/are from Spain.他是来自西班牙的

53、学生之一。(4)Tom was late for class again, which made his teacher really angry.汤姆又迟到了，这令他的老师很生气。03随堂小练.单句填空1Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large supply of baby food with her.2The government has supplied plenty of food and medicine to the local people since the earthquake broke ou

54、t.3Id like to know the reason why milk is in short supply in this area now.4A volcanic eruption buried everything in its path. 5The baby was born with a heart problem and only survived for a few hours.用关系代词填空1Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week?2I read a report about h

55、is new novel that/which will soon be published.3The plan that/which they argued about turned out to be a success.4This is the new secretary who/whom/that I would like to introduce to you.5The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay.6Do you know the things and people that

56、they are talking about?7Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?8One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.9Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.10My teachers advise me to repeat the materials several times and read them

57、 aloud, which they think will help improve my memory.用定语从句翻译以下句子1我的确有几条建议需要你注意。 I do have a few suggestions which/that you should pay attention to 2根据一项调查，能说两种语言的人能够更容易地同时处理两件事。According to a survey, people who/that are able to speak two languages can manage two things at the same time more easily.3

58、然而，一些课文有太多的新单词和短语，这对我们来说是一个很大的挑战。However, some of the texts have too many new words and expressions, which is a big challenge to us 4我们学校建了一座新体育馆，它成了我们学校的地标。 Our school has built a new stadium, which has become the landmark of our school 5那是一个黑色的皮钱包，里面有大约200美元和我的身份证。 It is a black leather wallet in

59、which there are 200 dollars and my ID card 6一句多译：从这里你可以看到屋顶的那座建筑物，是一家新开的餐馆。The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.The building, the roof of which you can see from here is a new restaurant.The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.04培优提升I.阅读理

60、解The Boy Made It!One Sunday，Nicholas，a teenager，went skiing at Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine.In the early afternoon，when he was planning to go home，a strong snowstorm swept into the area.Unable to see far, he turned off the path by accident.Before he knew it，Nicholas was lost，all alone！He didnt have f

61、ood, water, a phone, or other supplies.He was getting colder by the minute.Nicholas had no idea where he was.He tried not to panic.He thought about all the survival shows he had watched on TV.It was time to put the tips he had learned into use.He decided to stop skiing.There was a better chance of s

62、omeone finding him if he stayed where he was.The first thing he did was to find a shelter from the freezing wind and snow.Using his skis，Nicholas built a snow cave.He gathered a huge mass of snow and dug out a hole in the middle.Then he piled branches on top of himself, like a blanket, to stay as wa

63、rm as he could.He huddled (蜷缩着身体) in his cave and slept.The next day, Nicholas went out to look for help，but he couldnt find anyone.He followed his tracks and returned to the snow cave, because without shelter, he could die that night.On Tuesday，Nicholas went out again to find help and he was found

64、by a volunteer searcher.After two days stuck in the snow，Nicholas was saved.Nicholas might not have survived this snowstorm had it not been for TV. He had often watched Grylls survival show Man vs.Wild.Thats where he learned the tips that saved his life.In each episode(一期节目) of Man vs.Wild，Grylls is

65、 abandoned(遗弃) in a wild area and has to find his way out.When Grylls heard about Nicholas amazing deeds，he was impressed that Nicholas had made it since he knew better than anyone how hard Nicholas had to work to stay alive.(A)1What happened to Nicholas one Sunday afternoon?AHe got lost.BHe broke h

66、is skis.CHe hurt his eyes.DHe caught a cold.(D)2How did Nicholas keep himself warm?AHe found a shelter.BHe lighted some branches.CHe kept on skiing.DHe built a snow cave.(A)3Nicholas left Grylls with a very deep impression because he Adid the right things in the dangerous situationBwatched Grylls TV

67、 programme regularlyCcreated some tips for survivalDwas very hardworking答案及解析：【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。讲的是一个青少年在暴风雪中迷路，他不畏艰难，利用在电视中学到的野外生存知识逃脱困境的故事。1A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before he knew it，Nicholas was lost，all alone！”可知，尼古拉斯要返回时遇到了暴风雪，看不清路，所以迷路了。2D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Using his skis，Nicholas built a snow cave.”和“Then he p

68、iled branches on top of himself，like a blanket，to stay as warm as he could”可知，为了保暖他挖了一个雪洞。3A推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，尼古拉斯经常观看一档荒野求生节目并从中学到了很多求生的知识，结合最后一句可知，Grylls认为尼古拉斯得以生存是因为他知道如何自救，所以选A项。II. 七选五A volcano is a geological landform usually caused by the eruption through a vent(火山口) in a planets surface of magm

69、a(岩浆), molten rock welling up from the planets interior. 1 G A popular way of judging volcanoes goes by their frequency(频率) of eruption. 2 B Those that have erupted in historic times but are now quiet are dormant(休眠的) and those that have not erupted in historic times are extinct.3 F The lifespan of

70、a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a distinction(区别) sometimes meaningless when compared to the lifespans of humans or even civilisations.For example, many of the earths volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years but are not currently show

71、ing signs of eruption.Given the long lifespan of such volcanoes, they are very active. 4 A Scientists usually consider a volcano active if it is currently erupting or showing signs of unrest，such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions. 5 E It is important to note that the sp

72、an of recorded history differs from region to region.In the Mediterranean，recorded history reaches back more than 3，000 years but in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, it reaches back less than 300 years, and in Hawaii, little more than 200 years.The Smithsonian Global Volcanism programmes

73、definition of “active” is having erupted within the last 10，000 years.ABy our lifespans, however, they are not.BThose that erupt regularly are active.COne way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted.DObviously，such eruptions tend to be destructive mainly in one direction.EMany sc

74、ientists also consider a volcano active if it has erupted in historic times.FThere is no real agreement among volcanologists on how to define an “active” volcano.GVolcanoes of various types are found on other planets and their moons as well as on the earth.答案及解析：【语篇导读】本文介绍了火山的分类以及对活火山的不同界定。1G根据第二段中提

75、到的火山的三种类型可知，所填的句子是引出下文的过渡句，G项符合语境。2B根据下文的“Thoseand those”可知，此处介绍的是火山的三种类型，所填的句子和后面的句子是并列关系，所以选B项。3F所填的句子是本段的主题句。本段主要介绍的是活火山。按照火山的寿命来看，它是活火山；按照人类的寿命来看，它不是，因此对于活火山的概念，火山学家的意见不一致。所以选F项。4A与上文的“Given the long lifespan of such volcanoes，they are very active.”形成对比，所以选A项。5E根据“Scientists usually consider a v

76、olcano active”可知，E项是对上文的进一步说明。III.语法填空 Dirty water rose in the wells and canals before the earthquake. But no one judged that an earthquake was coming. 1 Suddenly (sudden), everything shook. It seemed as if the world was 2 at an end. Millions of brick houses and a number of dams 3 were destroyed (de

77、stroy). Railway tracks became useless bars.Pipes in mines burst and let out smelly steam. Cyclists were trapped in huge cracks everywhere.The next day, this event was the headline or main title of all newspapers. With the reporters 4 giving (give) an outline of the disaster, the whole nation was sho

78、cked by the damage and the victims extreme 5 suffering (suffer). People were moved 6 when they read that the 7 survivors (survive) comforted each other by saying “Congratulations! You survived！” So they not only expressed their sympathy sincerely, but also organised together 8 to help (help) the vic

79、tims right away. The injured were rescued and the dead 9 were (be) buried. The 10 frightened (frighten) survivors were dug out from under the ruins and were offered shelter, drinking water and electricity. Thanks to peoples help, the loss was minimized.答案及解析：【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了一次可怕的地震经历。地震给人们的生命和财产

80、造成了巨大的损害，但是人们团结一心，互帮互助，共同渡过难关。1Suddenly考查副词。suddenly意为“立刻，马上”，放句首，修饰句子，作状语。2at考查介词。句意为：刹那间，一切都在摇晃，似乎整个世界就要结束。at an end为固定搭配，意为“结束，终结”，at an end在句中不能单独作谓语，要与be动词连用。3were destroyed考查动词的语态、时态和主谓一致。句意为：数百万的砖房和许多水坝遭到破坏。砖房和水坝是被破坏的，结合上下文语境，要用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为数百万的砖房和许多水坝，故填were destroyed。4giving考查非谓语动词。此处考查wit

81、h的复合结构，其构成为：with宾语宾语补足语，reporters和give之间是主谓关系，因此用give的现在分词形式。5suffering考查名词。被作定语的形容词extreme修饰，用名词形式。句意为：全国都被地震带来的破坏和灾民们极度的苦难所震惊。suffering为suffer的名词形式，意为“痛苦，苦难”。6when考查连词。句意为：当人们读到幸存者以“恭喜啊，你还活着。”来互相安慰时，都被感动了。7survivors考查名词。survivor为动词survive的名词形式，由句意可知，幸存者是很多人，故用名词的复数形式。8to help考查非谓语动词。句意为：因此他们不仅衷心地表达了他们的同情，而且还立刻组织起来帮助灾民。人们组织起来的目的是帮助灾民，to help在句中作目的状语。9were考查主谓一致和时态。句意为：伤员被救出了，死者被埋葬了。the dead表示一类人，谓语动词要用复数形式，由上下文语境可知，要用一般过去时。10frightened考查形容词。句意为：吓坏的幸存者被从废墟中挖出来了，住处、饮用水和电力也很快得到提供。frightened为形容词，作定语，修饰名词survivors。