专题25 写作之议论文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关（上海专用）.docx

1、高考论说文写作指导知识导图要点精析议论文, 也称论说文, 是就某一观点或概念进行论证并得出合理结论的一种文体, 考查学生的语言水平和逻辑思维能力。命题的方式主要有：提纲式(给出汉语提示, 要求学生论证)、图表式(给出图片或图表,要求学生先描写再分析论证)、情景式(给出情景, 要求学生描述分析)等。论说文在结构上是由论点、论据和结论组成, 通常由引言段、中心段和结论段构成, 中心段可以由一至多个推展段组成。引言段(Opening paragraph)说出文中的要点、核心问题推展段(中心段/正文部分Body paragraphs)围绕主题开展叙述、讨论结论段(结尾部分Concluding para

2、graph)对全文的总结和概括。论说文的类型通常有：观点对比型、问题解决型、道理/观点论证型、说明利弊型等, 各类型的论证方式有相异之处, 每一种类型都有相对固定的论证方式及句型。 （一）观点对比型此题型是通过就同一事件比较两个不同甚至对立的观点, 或就同一问题比较两种不同的选择方法来阐明自己的观点或选择的方法。1.写作结构引入部分陈述观点1部分陈述观点2部分“我的观点”部分结论2.常用句型引入部分：.has become a heated topic among people today. Opinions vary from person to person.Nowadays, peopl

3、e are divided on the question about whether .The issue of whether . or not . has been widely argued/debated currently. is a common occurrence in our daily life, but different people hold different attitudes towards it.陈述观点1部分：.Some people suggest / think / maintain / hold the opinion that .Some peop

4、le prefer to think that . .Those who advocate / are in favor of . believe that .Those who criticize / object to / oppose . maintain that .陈述观点2部分：.However / Nevertheless / Yet, other people hold a different point of view. They insist that .On the contrary / In contrast, there are still many people w

5、ho do not agree, and they claim/argue/believe that .On the other hand, not everyone shares the opinion.“我的观点”部分：.For my part /As to me /As far as I am concerned, Id like to agree to the former / latter opinion.From my point of view, I am in favor of . / I am on the side of .In my opinion, both sides

6、 are partly right / there is some truth in both sides.To me / In case of me, I prefer . . / the former opinion is more attractive in that .结论部分In summary / Consequently / In conclusion / To sum up / All in all / In brief / In short .3.模拟演练你对中学生穿校服的情况进行调查之后, 写一份调查报告。 *多数学生赞成：可避免攀比; 有利于学校管理; *有人反对：设计单

7、调; 不利于个性发展; *谈谈你的看法。Recently Ive conducted a survey concerning students school uniforms. People are divided into two sides on this question as the advantages and disadvantages of the issue are both obvious.Those who advocate the practice argue that as a tradition, wearing a uniform surely has some m

8、erits. To begin with, wearing the same clothes can avoid the comparing phenomenon, thus shaping students psychology in a healthy way. Besides, the school can also benefit from the convenience that uniforms bring in school management. In the meanwhile, those holding the opposite view maintain that th

9、e disadvantages of school uniforms cant be ignored. The dull design and color of school uniforms makes students tired of wearing them all year round.As to me, I hold that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. In the first place, the materials which some school uniforms are made of are often far

10、 from comfortable, which may cause physical suffering to students. To plus, the dull design and color is likely to have an adverse influence on the development of students taste of beauty. Last but not least, wearing school uniforms restricts students freedom and may act as a barrier to the developm

11、ent of their personalities. As a result, it may lead to, to be exaggerated, their lack of creativity.To put in a nutshell, we should relieve students of wearing school uniforms and let them have more space to develop themselves.（二）问题解决型此题型是先指出某一问题或现象, 然后提出解决方法。此类型的论说文重心在解决问题上, 但有时题目中也要求对问题产生的原因或引起的严

12、重后果做相应的描述, 所以审题时, 要注意弄清作文段落间的合理比例。1.写作结构指导问题陈述分析(原因/后果)问题解决结论(期望/展望)2.常用句型问题陈述. Recently/Nowadays, . has become a serious problem we have to face. the phenomenon .has aroused the publics concern.There is no denying that . has become a serious concern among people.分析(原因/后果).There are several reasons

13、for the problem.There are a variety of factors contributing to the phenomenon.问题解决.People have figured out many ways to solve the problem.It is high time that we should figure / figured out ways to deal with the problem.结论(期望/展望).With the joint efforts, I am confident that .As long as we ., we will

14、resolve the problem eventually.3.模拟演练根据所给信息写一篇关于Junk Message的短文：目前垃圾短信泛滥, 给人们的生活带来困扰, 分析这种现象产生的原因, 谈谈如何解决这个问题。Junk messages are in the air. People are caught up in a constant rustle with them you delete while they arrive. How unpleasant!Reasons for such inconvenience vary. Some may be caused by busi

15、ness battles where companies take advantage of leaked personal information and use text messages as a way of advertising while others may result from evil thoughts, including teasing ones or even blackmailing ones. Still others are perhaps due to ineffective administration or technological failures.

16、 Whatever the causes, they must be removed.The most direct solution is to turn to phone producers who may equipped each phone with a message filter so as to automatically abandon those junk messages. But it may not be the most far-reaching solution. To handle the problem thoroughly we may first set

17、up a supervising network to detect the spread of junk messages. Secondly, laws for punishment shall follow to fight against these behaviors. Meanwhile, our personal information must get better protection to avoid being aimed at as potential customers. And finally, the public should be educated to re

18、spect others by stopping the spread of junk messages.Anti-junk-message war can be demanding, but it will be worth the efforts to free people from the constant assault presented by these unwelcomed visitors.（三）道理/观点论证型此题型是要求针对某一道理(通常以格言的形式出现)或某个概念进行解释, 然后结合生活实例进行论证, 最后得出结论。1.写作结构指导引述格言/道理，并揭示含义或分析原因举

19、例或用事实论证结论2.常用句型 引出并解择格言.As the saying goes, “.” I think there is some truth in it.There is an old proverb, “.” It is the experience of .There is a widespread proverb, “.”例证 / 事实论证.Take . for example.To see this more clearly, lets take . as an illustration.A case in point is .There is abundant eviden

20、ce to support.The latest survey / studies conducted by . indicates / reveals / shows / demonstrates that .结论.From what have been discussed above, we may come to / draw / reach the conclusion that .In a word / In summary / In conclusion / In brief / In short / To sum up .Taking all the factors into a

21、ccount, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that .3.模拟演练 常言道：”活到老, 学到老”, 请结合实例谈谈你的感悟。There is an old saying which goes “its never too old to learn”. It holds the everlasting value in the field of learning by realizing the simple but important truth that ones age is never an obstacle to study.Chin

22、ese well-known scholar, Zhu Guangqian, sets us a good example. He established a good reputation for his academic achievements in aesthetics. In his sixties, he decided to start learning Russian from the very beginning. Considering his age, his family and friends tried to persuade him to give it up a

23、nd suggested he should simply enjoy his life as an accomplished and respected scholar. However, the determined scholar ignored all these voices and carried out his plan. Several years later, he could not only talk in Russian fluently but also translate Russian works. What a miracle!So well did Zhu G

24、uangqian demonstrate the amazing initiative in the pursuit of knowledge that every one of us young people should follow him. From his experience, I understand this saying more deeply. For a never-satisfied soul, his pursuit of knowledge will last all through his life and only the irresistible power

25、of death can prevent him from going on. Learning is an attitude to life. It should be self-conscious action rather than an obligation to improve oneself. However old we are, once we have the determination, we are sure to make further steps in self-cultivation through learning.There is no end to know

26、ledge. There is no end to learning. The immense sea of knowledge is stretching her hands and waiting for us to explore. As we live, we shall learn.（四）说明利弊型此题型是要求针对某一事物或现象从正反两面分析其优缺点, 然后表明作者对该事物或现象的看法。1.写作结构指导描述某事物或现象陈述该事物或现象的优缺点表明我的态度或看法2.常用句型陈述该事物或现象的优点.There are several advantages in . The first /

27、 biggest advantage is that .The advantages of .can be listed as follows. First .Besides . is playing an increasingly important role in peoples life. For one thing, . For another, .陈述该事物或现象的缺点.However, . just like anything else, has its negative side as well.In the meanwhile, we cannot ignore the dis

28、advantages of .However, the negative aspects of . are also apparent / evident / obvious. To begin with, . To make matters worse, . Worst of all, .In spite of / Despite the advantages / beneficial sides, it has its comprehensive disadvantages / side effects.表明个人态度或看法(利大于弊).As to me, I think the advan

29、tages outweigh the disadvantages .As far as I am concerned, I hold that . has more advantages than disadvantages.Personally, I think what is more important is its positive side.3.模拟演练手机已成为人们生活中不可缺少的交流工具, 谈谈手机给中学生在学习和生活中带来的优缺点。As the life standard becomes higher and higher, mobile phones play an esse

30、ntial part in our own daily life now. Not only the adults but also many middle school students use them frequently.There is no doubt that mobile phones have their advantages. As a communication tool, mobile phones connect people conveniently. We can use mobile phones to call or send text messages to

31、 each other, keeping in touch with the outside world. On the other hand, mobile phones also have disadvantages. Some students are keen on playing games and others spend too much time on sending short messages. By doing so, both time and money are wasted and even our sleep and studies are harmed.As f

32、ar as I am concerned, using mobile phones is quite necessary in some way, especially for those boarding school students. Acting as a strong link between parents and us, mobile phones bring us lots of convenience. Whats more, mobile phones can also help to promote friendship and provide us with a way

33、 to communicate with our peers or friends. With the smart phones, we students can access much more information, becoming more efficient in our studies and staying open-minded in this information age.All in all, everything has two sides. Whether mobile phones will do us good or harm all depends on ho

34、w we use them. If we have a right attitude towards them and use them properly, mobile phones are our good servants.课堂典例假设你是王磊，你所居住的小区内有一片池塘，但由于无人管理，水质污梁严重，并散发出难闻的气味，小 区居民对此非常不满。你决定写一投诉封信给小区物业，内容包括：1.描述池塘的现状及小区居民的反应；2.提出你认为可以解决这一问题的措施及理由。Dear Sir or Madam,Recently, the serious pollution in our housin

35、g estate/neighborhood/community has become a serious problem we have to face. As you might have known?the pond in the center of the housing estate has been severely polluted, giving off a disgusting smell.The terrible smell is so strong that the residents would have to cover their nose every time th

36、ey walk by. The polluted pond not only brings inconvenience to our daily lite,but also puts our health at risk.Obviously, the polluted pond is the result of poor management on your part. From where I stand, I strongly insist that you take following measures to tackle the problem immediately. First,

37、pump the polluted water out of the pond until its empty. Second, clear way the trash at the bottom of the empty pond.Third, refill the pond with clean water. Last but the most important, set up rules and regulation to keep the pond clean. For example,workers are sent to check on the pong and fish ou

38、t the trash out of it it any every week.The residents would appreciate it if you could take the advice above as well as any other effective measures. Every single resident living in the house estate is expecting the pollution to come to an end soon.Looking forward to your prompt response.Yours since

39、rely, Wang Lei解析：1.问题描述：Recently/Nowadays,(问题或现象）has become a serious problem we have to face.（问题或现象）the phenomenon .has aroused the publics concern.There is no denying that (问题或现象）has become a serious concern among people.2.问题原因：原因简述：Obviously,(问题或现象）is the result of (原因） 原因详述：There are several rea

40、sons for the. / There are a variety of factors contributing to the （罗列原因）3.解决措施： From where I stand，I strongly insist that you take following measures to tackle/ solve/ deal with the problem immediately. People have figured out many ways to solve the problem.(3) It is high time that we should figure

41、 / figured out ways to deal with the problem.(罗列措施）4.结论(期望/展望） With the joint efforts, I am confident that. As long as we we will resolve the problem eventually.(期望对方采取建议解决问题）The residents would appreciate it if you could take the advice above as well as any othereffective measures.(期望及时回复）Looking f

42、orward to your prompt response.实战演练1你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group dancing competition），班长希望大家积极参加。对此谈谈你的看法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：l 你是否会参加比赛。l 你做出该决定的具体理由范文1A group dancing competition will be held in our school and the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in it. While most of my classmates are still h

43、esitating whether to participate, I have said yes to our monitor with great pleasure.Generally speaking, there are two reasons for my decision. First, it is a good opportunity for me to relax myself, which will enable me to study more efficiently. As the saying says, “All work and no play makes Jack

44、 a dull boy”, which clearly shows us the importance of relaxation. Besides, I think I am a good dancer after learning dance for more than five years. Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions to the class.For the two reasons men

45、tioned above, it is no surprise that I have such a strong enthusiasm on the group dancing competition.范文2Today the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in the group dancing competition which will be held in a couple of days in our school. But after some careful consideration, I have dec

46、ided not to participate.There are a number of reasons for my decision. First and foremost, as the College Entrance Exam is just around the corner, study is the top priority for me. The idea of participating in the group dancing competition has to be given up because it might take me too much time. W

47、hats more, without any experience of dancing, I dont think I can be a good dancing partner. I am afraid my poor dancing skills will probably spoil the performance of the whole class. In this case, its better for me to be a spectator cheering for my classmates.For these reasons, it seems more appropr

48、iate for me to watch the competition than to dance myself.2古人语： “天生我材必有用”（There must be a use for my talent）通过描述你生活中的一件事，说明人各有所长，无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。As the old saying goes, there must be a use for my talent. I hold the truth to be self-evident that once can be a useful person however much talent he has.

49、My uncle is a typical example.When he was young, my uncle did badly in most subjects at school. Not only did he fail in math and science exams, but he also lacked interest in subjects of liberal arts. Though thought useless, he was fascinated by cooking. He went to a chef school after graduation fro

50、m high school and discovered his gift for cooking. Since then, he has crated many recipes and become a chief cook in a well-known restaurant.People have their own strong points and their talents are in different fields. That is why different people can become useful in all walks of life. Many people

51、 are just like my uncle. They may not do well in some areas, but once their talents are discovered, they can stand out in a particular field. Moreover, hard work can contribute to ones success. Where there is a will, there is a way. As long as one keeps making efforts, his discovered talents can lea

52、d him to success.In brief, discovered talent, combined with efforts, can make one a useful person. That is why there must be a use for his talent.3你校宿舍大楼即将竣并向同学开放，你是否选择住校？请做出选择，并说明理由。 It wont be long before accommodation is available to us on campus, and Im looking forward to becoming one of the fir

53、st students to take advantage of this service. As far as Im concerned, boarding at school not only will be a time-saving and budget-friendly option, but also means a whole new life experience.Living at school will surely do much good academically/will definitely exert positive influence on academic

54、study. Since students of the same classes are closely in touch with each other, most of the complicated academic problems that are hardly possible for any individual to solve perfectly may be tackled through brainstorms. More importantly, studying with others will naturally create an atmosphere of c

55、ompetition in which all students can benefit a lot. Even greater benefits are to come in many aspects of my life other than studies. With a number of sporting facilities and fields provided by the school, we will be able to play whatever sport we enjoy, sometimes even with professional instructions

56、of our teachers. Besides, extra free time at school will come with a lot more activities organized by students. Such opportunities will be priceless for us, who are the only children in our families, to practice the skills of socializing.School accommodation is far more than food to eat and a bed to

57、 sleep on. It is what shapes us as mature men academically, physically and mentally. So why not choose to live on campus? 4越来越多的学生倾向于使用电子词典（e-dictionary)而不用纸质词典（paper dictionary)。你平时使用什么词典？请结合自己的情况说明喜欢使用某种词典的理由。More and more students prefer to use e-dictionaries nowadays due to their convenience and

58、 smartness. But as far as I am concerned, Ill choose a paper dictionary rather than an electronic one.A paper dictionary has many advantages although its considered heavy to carry and time-consuming. First of all, the information listed in a paper dictionary is more sufficient and accurate. The usag

59、e of a certain word is often explained in detail with several examples or even vivid pictures so that the user may have a better command of the word. On the contrary, most e-dictionaries fail to tell the users how to use a word correctly and properly. Secondly, a paper dictionary can be used for a l

60、ong time once its bought, for it doesnt depend on electricity to work. There are few things that are more annoying than finding that the batteries have run out when you reach for an e-dictionary. Last but not least, there can be a lot of mistakes in an e- dictionary while a paper one has been revised several times before its eventual publication. E-dictionaries also tend to use abbreviations a lot, which may cause those who have just started to learn the foreign language much confusion.To sum up, I prefer using a paper dictionary to using a fashionable, electronic one.