2013高考英语总复习优化课件（河南专用）：语法部分二（新人教版）.ppt

1、二、名词和冠词语法专项突破语法精讲考点整合考点一 抽象名词具体化经典品味1(2010高考福建卷)Its_good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them_pleasure.A/;aBa;/Cthe;a Da;the解析:选B.句意:上海世博会给人们带来了快乐,欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受.有些不可数名词,如knowledge,command,feeling等,前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时,表示一件具体的事情或一个的人.pleasure意为“愉快,快乐”,为不可数名词,故不加冠词.2(2012山西五

2、校模拟)Lowcarbon lifestyle is of great benefit to improve_ world environment.Nothing can be enjoyed from it until you have_ deep understanding of it,however.Aa;the B/;aCthe;/Dthe;a解析:选D.第一空用the表示特指;第二空understanding是抽象名词具体化了,所以用不定冠词a.3(2012济宁模拟)Shanghai is_most beautiful city and we are excited that Exp

3、o 2010 Shanghai China has been_ great success.Aa;a Bthe;aCa;the Dthe;the解析:选A.在句中没有表示范围的状语时,“a mostadj.n.”结构中的“most”相当于“very”.第二空抽象名词success作可数名词,与不定冠词连用,意为“一个成功的事或人”.要点浓缩1抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词.(1)danger危险a danger一件危险的事或一个危险的人(2)experience经验an experience一次经历(3)failure

4、失败a failure一位失败者,一件失败的事(4)knowledge知识a good knowledge对精通/熟知(5)success成功a success一位成功者,一件成功的事(6)surprise惊奇a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(7)pleasure快乐a pleasure一件愉快的事How about the Christmas evening party?I should say it was a success.圣诞晚会怎么样呢？我应该说是一次成功的圣诞晚会.What do you think of the manager of your company?Oh,he i

5、s a manager whos pleasant to work with.Its a pleasure to work with him.你认为公司经理怎么样？噢,他是一位容易共事的经理.与他一起共事是一件愉快的事情.2物质名词转化为可数名词物质名词一般为不可数名词,但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词.(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,是可数的.The bridge is made of stone.(不可数)这是一座石桥.The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)这座桥是由20000块石头建成的.(2)当物质名词表示份数时,是可数的.Tea is ve

6、ry good for our health.(不可数)茶有益于我们的健康.Two teas,please.(可数)请来两杯茶.Would you like some coffee？(不可数)你想喝点咖啡吗？I would like a coffee and two beers.(可数)我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒.考点二 具体语境中名词的选择经典品味1(2011高考福建卷)The lack of ecofriendly habits among the public is thought to be a major _ of global climate change.AresultBcause

7、Cwarning Dreflection解析:选B.本题考查名词辨析.句意:公众缺乏环保习惯被认为是全球气候变化的一个主要原因.cause原因,起因;result结果;warning警告;reflection反思,反省.根据句意可知,正确答案为B项.2(2011高考浙江卷)Anyway,I cant cheat himits against all my_.Aemotions BprinciplesCregulations Dopinions解析:选B.本题考查名词辨析.句意:无论如何我都不能欺骗他这违背我做人的原则.principle常用复数形式,(行为的)准则、规范.如:principle

8、s of conduct行为准则.emotion情感,情绪;regulation规章,规则;opinion意见,看法,主张.3(2011高考江苏卷)Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _.Aconsequence BindependenceCcompetence Dintelligence解析:选C.本题考查名词辨析.句意:教师必须不断地更新自己的知识来保持他们的专业技能水平.professional competence专业技能,符合句意.cons

9、equence后果,推论;independence独立;intelligence智力,均不符合题意.4(2011高考江西卷)Whats the_,in your opinion,of helping him if he doesnt make an effort to help himself?Asympathy BthemeCobject Dpoint解析:选D.本题考查名词辨析.句意:你认为如果他自己不努力帮助自己的话,别人帮助他还有什么意义呢？the point of doing sth.意思是“做某事的理由或意义”;sympathy可怜,同情;theme主题;object目标,物体.根

10、据句意,可知选D项.5(2011高考山东卷)Theres a_in our office that when its somebodys birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.Atradition BbalanceCconcern Drelationship解析:选A.本题考查名词辨析.句意:我们办公室有个惯例,当某个人过生日的时候,他们带来蛋糕供我们大家一起分享.tradition传统,惯例;balance平衡;concern关心;relationship关系.A项符合语境.要点浓缩具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一.解题的

11、关键是利用好关键信息,分析语境,使填入的名词符合语境要求.解题时,除了要把握好语境之外,还要把词义记准,如果这个名词有多个意思,一定要记全.1respect,reputation,character,recognition(1)respect n尊敬,尊重(2)reputation n名声,声誉(3)character n性格,品格(4)recognition n认出(2010高考江苏卷)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients,so he has a

12、 very good reputation.这名医生对心脏病的治疗技术高超,并且从不接受病人送的任何礼品,因此,他名声很好.(2010高考安徽卷)I havent seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond recognition.自从Sara还是孩子的时候,我就一直没见过她.她现在已经变得(让人)认不出来了.(2009高考湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for character buildin

13、g.独自徒步旅行不仅好玩、有益于健康,而且可以磨炼人的意志,培养良好的品格.2condition,situation,state,position(1)condition意为“条件,情况,状况”,其单数形式指人或物所处的状况,这时与state意义相近,常可互换.(2)situation指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境”“形势”.(3)state指人或事物所处的状态或状况,常和condition换用,此外,state还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态.(4)position指人或事物所处的位置,地位.From their position on the top of the TV Tower,vis

14、itors can have a better view of the city.从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市.School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育.Ive had no exercise for ages,and Im really out of condition.我好久不运动,身体欠佳.They were silent for a long time,in a state of painful hesitation and do

15、ubt.他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中,长时间相对无言.3power,strength,force,energy(1)power主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能,也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量,还可以指职权或政权.(2)strength指固有的潜力.说人时,指“力气”;说物时,指“强度”.(3)force主要指自然界的力量;暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量;军事力量等.(4)energy主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量.Its not within my power to help you.我是爱莫能助啊.(2009高考浙江卷)Practising Chinese kung fu

16、 can not only build up ones strength,but also develop ones character.练习中国功夫不但能使一个人强身健体,而且能培养其性格.(2007高考福建卷)You are always full of energy.Can you tell me the secret?Taking plenty of exercise every day.你总是精力充沛,你能告诉我秘决吗？每天足够的锻炼.考点三 不定冠词a,an的用法经典品味1(2011高考浙江卷)Experts think that _ recently discovered pai

17、nting may be _ Picasso.Athe;不填 Ba;theCa;不填Dthe;a解析:选D.本题考查冠词的用法.句意:专家们认为最近发现的那幅油画可能是毕加索的画.第一空特指“最近所发现的那幅画”,故用定冠词;第二空泛指“毕加索的一幅画”,故用不定冠词.2(2011高考重庆卷)In communication,a smile is usually_ strong sign of a friendly and _ open attitude.Athe;/Ba;anCa;/Dthe;an解析:选C.本题考查冠词用法.句意:在交流方面,微笑通常是友好坦诚态度的明显标志.第一空后的si

18、gn为可数名词,在本句中表泛指,故用不定冠词;第二空前的并列连词and连接friendly和open,修饰attitude,friendly前已经有了不定冠词,故第二空不需要再加冠词.综上所述,答案为C项.3(2011高考课标全国卷)It is generally accepted that_boy must learn to stand up and fight like _ man.Aa;a Ba;theCthe;the Da;/解析:选A.本题考查冠词.句意:人们普遍认为,男孩子就该学会站起来像男人一样去奋斗.boy和man均为可数名词,在句中都表泛指,故前面应该用不定冠词,故答案为A项

19、.要点浓缩1表示“某一个”,相当于some,译为“一个”.Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons,please?请告诉我去约翰逊家怎么走？Sorry,we dont have a Johnson here in the village.对不起,这个村庄里没有一个叫约翰逊的人.2amost表示“很”,“非常”.Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?你昨天玩得开心吗？Yes,as you know,the party went on in a most pleasant atmosphere.是的,正如你所知,晚会是在非常愉快

20、的气氛中进行的.3序数词前一般加定冠词the表示顺序,但序数词前可加不定冠词a(n),表示“另一个;又一个”.In order to find a better job,he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定学习另一门外语.4有些不可数名词如knowledge,collection,understanding等是由其动词转化而来,它们后面加of.时,前面需用不定冠词a/an.Tom owns a larger collection of books than any other student in our c

21、lass.在我们班中,汤姆收集的书最多.Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.许多人都持相同的看法,在当前国际贸易中,英语知识是必备的知识.考点四 定冠词the的用法经典品味1(2011高考江西卷)Its said John will be in a job paying over$60,000 _ year.Right,he will also get paid by _ week.Athe;the Ba;the Cthe;a Da;a解析:选B.考查冠词的用

22、法.句意:据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作.是的,他的工资将按周支付.year为单数名词,与不定冠词连用意为:every year.而第二个空考查搭配“bythe表单位的名词”,意为:论/按,故答案为B项.2(2011高考陕西卷)As is known to all,_Peoples Republic of China is_ biggest developing country in the world.Athe;不填B不填;theCthe;the D不填;不填解析:选C.本题考查冠词.句意:众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家.Peoples Republic of C

23、hina“中华人民共和国”是由普通名词构成的专有名词,前面通常用定冠词;第二空后是形容词的最高级形式,故用定冠词.所以选择C项.3(2011高考山东卷)Take your timeits just_short distance from here to_restaurant.A不填;the Ba;theCthe;a D不填;a解析:选B.本题考查冠词用法.句意:别着急从这里到餐馆只有很短的一段距离.第一空用不定冠词a,泛指一段距离;restaurant此处是特指,所以第二空用定冠词.要点浓缩1by表示具体单位的名词前要用定冠词.Cleaning women in big cities usua

24、lly get paid by the hour.在大城市里,女清洁工一般按小时计算薪水.2用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前.It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修是不罕见的.3表示两者中“较的”,比较级前应用the.Tom is the younger of the two newcomers.To be honest,I have never seen a cleverer o

25、ne.汤姆是这两位新手中较年轻的一个.说实话,我从来没见到比他聪明的人.考点五 零冠词的用法经典品味1(2011高考四川卷)Dr.Peter Spence,_headmaster of the school,told us,“_ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”A/;A B/;The Cthe;The Da;A解析:选A.考查冠词.句意:这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们:“这里的学生五分之一都继续到牛津或者剑桥学习.第一空后的名词headmaster是职务的称呼,其前不加冠词;第二空是分

26、数的表达,用a/one fifth表示“五分之一”.2(2012江西七校高三联考)As _mountains beyond our village are becoming greener and greener,they have become_home to a large amount of wildlife.Athe;/Bthe;aC/;/Dthe;the解析:选A.考查冠词.第一空,这里表示特指,故用定冠词the;第二空become home to.“成为的家园”,为固定短语,不用冠词,即A项正确.3(2012青岛统一质量检测)The boss wanted an assistant

27、 with _ knowledge of French and _ work experience.Athe;a B/;theCa;/Dthe;/解析:选C.考查冠词的用法.句意:老板想要一名具有法语知识和工作经验的助手.a knowledge of意为“某方面的知识”;第二空work experience为不可数名词,表泛指,其前不用冠词,故C项正确.要点浓缩1称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时,不加冠词.常用名词有king,president,chairman,monitor,head等.Obama was elected President of the Uni

28、ted States.奥巴马当选为美国总统.2系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语,用零冠词.After graduation from college he turned teacher(became a teacher)大学毕业后,他成了一名教师.4在独立主格结构的某一形式中.The teacher came in,book in hand(with a book in his hand/holding a book in his hand/a book(held)in his hand)老师进来了,手里拿着一本书.5man意为“人类”,word意为“消息”时,其前不用冠词.Air is to man what water is to fish.人离不开空气就像鱼离不开水.The driver was at a loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive for speeding.当由于超速驾车而被禁驾的消息传来时,那位司机感到不知所措.6no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后的名词不用冠词.As is known to us,there is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.众所周知,世上没有免费的午餐.