小升初语法专题---副词和介词 12页.docx

1、小升初语法讲义-介词和副词介词知识点介词的定义和介词的用法介词的分类以及用法介词用于固定短语中教学重点介词的分类以及用法教学难点介词的选择和使用问题介词的定义：介词一般位于名词或代词之前，在句中不单独做任何成分。介词本身有独立的含义，但意义不够完整，在句中使用时，后面必须接有宾语构成介词短语后，才能表达完整的意义。介词短语在句中常作状语、定语、表语或宾语补足语。介词的用法：（一）表示时间的介词的用法： 1. at, on, in（1）at 在句中用在钟点之前。意为“在点钟”如：at six在6点（2）at用在固定短语中。如： at noon在中午；at this time of year 一年

2、这个时候（3）on常用于表示具体的哪一天或某天的上午、下午及晚上或用于固定短语中。如：on the morning of June 在6月5日的早上；on a cold winter night在一个寒冷的冬天的夜里；on May 20th在5月20日（4）on用在星期前。如： on Sunday在星期日（5）in用于年、月前面，季节、世纪前以及固定短语中。如： in 2008 在2008年； in October在10月； in spring 在春天； in the twentieth century 在二十世纪； in his twenties 在他二十多岁时；in the morning

3、 / afternoon / evening在早上/下午/晚上2. before ,after, in in是以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于一般将来时态中。eg: I will come back in three days. 我三天以后回来。 after是以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态中。eg: She went after three days. 她三天以后走的。before 表示“某时刻或某时间之前”时态根据句子而定。eg: Check your papers carefully before you hand them in, 【典例精析】Mrs. Br

4、owncametoChina_1996. A. on B. of C. to, D. in【答案】D【解析】in用于年、月前面，季节、世纪前以及固定短语中随堂小练习1()1. Heoftengoes_school_sixthirty_themorning. A. for; to; in B. to; at; in C. to; for; at D, for; at; to()2. _acoldwintermorning, Imetherinthestreet. A. in B. on C. at D. for()3. Joan hopes to come back _ three days.

5、A. after B. for C. in（二）表示地点方位介词的用法：1. at, in at 后跟小地方，in后跟大地点2. in, on, to in表示在某一范围内的某方位。on表示与某地相邻关系。to表示在某一地区之外的某方位，不属于该范围。【典例精析】Shanghai lies_ the east of China. Ain B. on C. to【答案】A【解析】in表示在某一范围内的某方位。随堂小练习21. Shandong lies_ the east of Hebei. Ain B. on C. to2. China lies_the west of Japan. Ain

6、B. on C. to （三）表示手段方式的介词的用法： in, by, with, on表示“用”（1）by主要指利用交通工具。即：“by +名词原形”或“行为手段by +v-ing形式”。如：I go to school by bike every day. （2）in主要指用某种语言或用工具、材料以及方式( way)等。如： I often write in ink / pencil. He can say it in a different way. （3）on主要表示行走或站立时所用的身体部位，或利用交通工具。即：“on +冠词 / 形容词性物主代词 + 交通工具名词”或接表示媒体的

7、名词。此时相当于over。如： People walk on foot. But some people can walk on hand. 注意：“on / in +冠词 / 形容词性物主代词 + 交通工具名词”这种交通方式的表达可以转换成“ by +交通工具名称”。例：on a bike = by bike 如果交通工具名词为car，习惯上用in ，其他多用on。如：He learns English on TV. （4）with主要指某一具体的劳动工具、材料或用身体部位。如： We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看, 用耳朵

8、听. 【典例精析】He can say it _ a different way. Ain B. by C. with D. on【答案】A【解析】in主要指用某种语言或用工具、材料以及方式( way)等。随堂小练习31. People say it_ English. Ain B. by C. with D. on2. He learns English_ listening to cassettes. Ain B. by C. with D. on3. He often goes to school _ a bus. Ain B. by C. with D. on4. They like

9、writing_ a brush. Ain B. by C. with D. on用于固定短语中一、介词的含义，介词（虚词），不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语活从句前。中考需要掌握的11个介词：in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、after、before（一）表示时间的介词1、表示较长时间（长于一天或短于一天）如：年、年份、月份、季节、周、上午、下午、晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词“in”。in 1996 / in 2002 / in 1847（年份）in October / in February / in Mar

10、ch （月份）in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening 在上午 / 下午 / 晚上in those days 在当时 / in no time 立刻 / in the daytime 在白天 / in the future 在将来 / in one minute 在1分钟内 / 最后in the end2、表示时间的某一点（或表示某时刻）如：钟点、年龄或其它的习惯用法中要用“at”at ten oclock / at seven thirty. （表示某一钟点）at noon / at night / at midnight （在中午

11、、晚上、半夜一天中相对短暂的时间）at that time 在那时 / at the moment 这时、那时、此刻 / at first 首先 / at last 最后in the end / at once 立刻、马上 / at / on (the) weekends 在周末 / 在一年中的这个时候at this time of year / 在 开始/结束时at the beginning /end of。3、表示某一天或者特定（某一天上下午）的时间用介词“on”。on Monday / on Tuesday / on Wednesday / on Friday on January 1

12、 / on April 18 / on May 31on January 1, 1988 / on April 18, 2002 / on May 31, 1977 值日on duty / 准时on time / 4、表示持续一段时间用介词“for”。“for”“段时间”for two hours / for three days for hundreds of years5、表示从一点时间到另一点时间的一个阶段用介词“from to ”from 9 oclock to 11 oclock from February to April from then on从那时候起（用于一般过去时），fr

13、om now on从现在起（用于一般将来时），from time to time 时不时地（二）表示方位的介词在树上in the tree / 在同一个班in the same class / 在北京in Beijing在世界上in the world / 在河里in the river / 在城市in a city在阳光下in the sun / 在北方in the north / in China 在中国在第五中学in No. 5 Middle School 在的前部in the front of 在前面in front of 在中间/（内部）角落in the middle /corner

14、 of（三）固定用法：1. 住院in hospital / 在露天in the open air / 躺着看书read in bed用英语in English / 穿红色的in red / 以方式in way of表示大地方，表示空间、地域或者物体内部应用in，或表示在范围之内。2. 在的尽头at the end of / 在大门口at the gate / 在第二个十字路口at the second crossing在公共汽车站at the bus stop / 在校读书at school / 在家at homeat the station / airport / zoo / post of

15、fice at the front door / at the cinema / supermarket / 表示较小的地方，表示空间的某一点，出入口等，选at3. 在墙上on the wall / 在的另一边on the other side of / 在左边/右边on the left/right在左/有手边on the left/right hand side / 在火车上on the train固定用法：访问 on a visit to / 展览on show在去的路上on the way to on my head / nose 表示附着在表面上，覆盖等，表示接触的面上、边上、线上，

16、用on。比较：a hole in the floor / wall There are many apples on the tree. There are many birds in the tree. 几组表示位置关系的介词比较north 1. Japan is in the east of Asia. 2. Japan is to the east of China. 3. Korea is on the northeast of China. westeastDCBAsouth 1. B is in the east of A. D is to the east of A. C is

17、on the east of A. 随堂小练习参考答案1. B B C 2. B C 3.A B D C常用介词练习( )1. Many people work _ the day and sleep _ night. A. on ;at B. in ; in C. in ; at( )2. He speaks Japanese best _ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among( )3. A wolf _ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy. A. with B. in C. on()4. They s

18、ent the letter to me _ mistake. A. by B. for C. with( )5. He left home _ a cold winter evening. A. at B. on C. in( )6. _ my fathers help, I have finished my composition. A. Under B. On C. with( )7. Hes very strict _ himself and hes very strict _ his work. A. with ;in B. in ; with C. with ; with( )8.

19、 I really cant agree _ you. A. to B. on C. with( )9. The shop wont open _ nine in the morning. A. until B. at C. during( )10. How about _ the flowers now? A. watering B. are wateringC. watered( )11. She spent all his money _ books. A. in B. with C. on( )12. They are talking _ low voices. A. with B.

20、in C. on( )13. Its very kind _ you to help us. A. for B. to C. of( )14. What will you have _ breakfast this morning? A. with B. for C. by( )15. A plane is flying _ the city. A. on B. over C. above( )16. You are free to speak _ the meeting. A. at B. in C. on( )17. Mr. Green will stay in China_ Friday

21、. A. to B. on C. till( )18. Its wrong to play jokes _ other people. A. on B. of C. with( )19. Which color do you like? I prefer blue _ red. A. for B. as C. to( )20. The student will give us a talk _ how to use our spare time. A. for B. on C. in( )21. I paid two hundred yuan _ that kind of bicycle. A

22、. in B. for C. on( )22. The doctor is very kind _ his patients A. to B. on C. at( )23. We cant live _ air. A. in B. with C. without( )24. The child was afraid _ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of( )25. He was very angry _ her for being late. A. for B. with C. at( )26. What do you think _ the play

23、? A. about B. like C. of( )27. I think its the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _ it. A. do B. about C. of( )28. Reading _ the sun isnt good _ you A. under ;for B. in ; for C. in ; to( )29. I wont ask about it, Im going to see it _ my own eyes. A. by B. for C. with( )30. We go to

24、 school every day _ Sunday. A. except B. without C. on( )31. There is a small river _ the two towns A. in B. between C. among( )32. Li Lei sometimes falls asleep _ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during( )33. Mr. Black went to Paris _ a few days. A. for B. in C. after( )34. They will leave _ London

25、 next month. A. to B. from C. for( )35. Are you going to the zoo _ bus or _ my car?A. on ;by B. by ; in C. on ; in参考答案：1-5 CCBAB 6-10 CACAA 11-15 CBCBC16-20 ACACB 21-25 BACCB26-30 CBBCA31-35 BCACB副词知识点梳理副词的定义以及分类副词的考点教学重点副词的变化以及副词的使用教学难点副词的变化以及用法1. 概念：副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词。2. 作用：用来说明时间、地点、程度和方式等。3

26、. 分类:. 时间副词如now , then, today, yesterday. 地点副词如 here, there, home, . 程度副词如so, very, much, too. 方式副词如fast, quickly, early. 疑问副词如 how, where, when, what. 频度副词如always sometimes, often, usually副词的形式一、形容词+lyslow-slowlyquick-quicklyquiet-quietly二、辅+y结尾的形容词，y改i+lyhappy-happilyeasy-easily三、少数以e结尾，去e+ly; 多数以

27、e结尾，直接+lytrue-trulywide-widely四、形容词与副词同形fast-fasthard-hardearly-earlylate-late五、不规则变化good-well考点考点一：副词的位置1. 副词修饰动词时, 通常放在被修饰词的后面。The old man walked slowly. 这位老人走得很慢。2. 副词修饰形容词、副词时，通常位于被修饰的词前。The book is very interesting. I like it very much. 这本书很有意思，我很喜欢。 He plays quite well. 他表现得相当好。 3. 副词修饰数词时，通常位

28、于数词前。 The woman is over forty, but she looks young. 这女人四十多了，但看起来却很年轻。【典例精析】The children look very today. They are playing in the park. A. happy; happy B. happily; happily C. happy; happily D. happily; happy【答案】C【解析】look为系动词后面接形容词，用happy. Play为动词应用副词修饰，所以选择happily. 随堂小练习11. The dress is_expensive. I

29、cant afford it. A. too B. to C. two D. not 2. She sings very _ . A. good B. well 考点二副词的比较等级1. 副词比较等级的构成副词有三个比较等级原级、比较级和最高级。副词比较等级分为规则变化和不规则变化。. 副词比较级的规则变化情况改法原级比较级单音节词和少数双音节词词尾加erfasthardfasterharder以字母e结尾的单音节词词尾加rlatelater两个或两个以上音节的词在此前加moreeasilyquicklyMore easilyMore quickly副词比较级的不规则变化常见副词比较等级的不规

30、则变化表原级比较级最高级wellbetterbestbadlyworseworstmuchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarther/further二、副词原级及比较级的用法（一）副词的原级副词的原级用于两个人或事物的比较，有肯定结构和否定结构两种形式。A. 肯定结构as+副词原级+as，意思是：. . . 和. . . 一样。Li Lei studies as hard as Zhang Tao. 李磊和张涛一样刻苦努力。B. 否定结构not as+副词原级+as或not so+副词原级+as，意思是：. . . 不及. . .Li Le

31、i studies not as/so hard as Zhang Tao.李磊学习不及张涛刻苦。【典例精析】Does he work as as Tina. A. hard B. harder C. hardly 【答案】A. 【解析】as. as中间加副词原级随堂小练习21. She can sing _ IA. as good asB. as better asC. as best asD as well as2. Steve works not as _ as Kelly. He often makes mistakes in his writing. A. carelessB. mo

32、re carefullyC. carefullyD. most carefully（二）副词比较级副词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，结构：副词比较级+than，意为“比. . . 更. . . ”Lily runs faster than Lucy. 丽丽比露西跑得快。【典例精析】The girl in red sing_ than the girl in blue. A. well B. good C. best D. better 【答案】D. 【解析】副词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较, 结构：副词比较级+than, 所以选择D，修饰sing用well, 而better为well比较级

33、。随堂小练习3Who gets up_(early), Tim or Tom?（三）副词的最高级三者或三者以上的比较“最. . . . . . ”要用最高级，也就是说，副词的最高级用于至少三个人或事物的比较。副词最高级的结构为“（the ）+副词最高级+比较级范围”，意为“. . . . . . 最. . . . . . ”。形容词最高级前面必须加定冠词the，但如果最高级前面有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰时，则不用定冠词。形容词最高级常与由介词in或of 引导的表示范围的短语连用。若介词后的名词或代词与句中的主语是同一事物，则用of短语; 当只说明是在某一空间、时间范围内的比较时，则

34、用in短语。【典例精析】Of the three cinema, you can buy movie tickets _at Town Cinema. A. more quickly B. most quickly C. quicker D. quickly【答案】B. 【解析】副词的最高级用于至少三个人或事物的比较。此题有三个电影院, 此外。副词最高级的结构为“（the ）+副词最高级+比较级范围”。所以选择B。随堂小练习4Of three students, Tom runs_.A. fast B. faster C. fastest随堂小练习参考答案1. A B 2.D C 3.earl

35、ier4. C一 写出下列副词的比较级和最高级。hard_ _ fast_ _early_ _ well_ _ carefully_ _ little_ _far_ _ badly_ _二 用副词的适当形式填空。1. Joan dances_. She dances_ than Rose. But Mary dances_ in her class.(well)2. Which do you like_(well), apples, oranges or pears?3. My mother always gets up _in our family, but yesterday my fat

36、her got up_than she. (early)4. Can a plane fly_ than a spaceship(宇宙飞船)？ I think a spaceship flies much_than a plane. (fast)5. My job is to study English_(good). 6. Twenty minutes_(late), she will come with Ann. 7. David writes more _(care) than Jane. 8. The _(much) food you eat, the _(fat) youll get

37、. 三、读一读，连一连。1. usually不久deeply迅速地2. sometimes免费There骄傲地3. loudly从不quickly 深深地4. never那时quite相当5. then大声地well那样6. soon通常proudly在那里7. free提早that足够8. early有时enough好四、选词填空carefully sometimes always quietly outsidethen bravely very well beautifully1. John is _ late for school. This made his teacher very

38、angry. 2. The children are playing games_. 3. The students are sleeping. Walk into the classroom_. 4. _ we play computer games at the weekends. 5. Jim likes Chinese very much and he does _ in it. 6. You should listen it _. 7. The joke is _ funny. 8. There is no milk in the fridge. Have some juice_.

39、参考答案一、harder hardestearlier earliestmore carefully most carefullyfarther/further farthest/furthestfaster fastestbetter bestless leastworse worst二、1. well better best2. best3. earliest earlier4. fasterfaster5. well6. later7. carefully8. more fatter三、略四、1. always 2. outside 3. quietly 4. Sometimes 5. well 6. carefully7. very 8. then