专题12 被动语态、并列句、简单句-【口袋书】2022年中考英语必背知识手册（思维导图 必备知识手册）（通用版）.doc

1、专题十二：被动语态、并列句、简单句被动语态知识导图考点梳理1. 被动语态的句型句型构成例句肯定句主语+be十过去分词(十by. )English is spoken everywhere.到处有人说英语。否定句主语+be+not+过去分词(+by.)English isnt spoken by people here.这里的人不说英语。一般疑问句Be+主语+过去分词(+by. .)?-Was Tom asked to come early?汤姆被要求早点来吗?-Yes，he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasnt.不，他没有。特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词(+by.)

2、?Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府为什么要拆毁这座桥?2.被动语态的各种时态形式时态结构例句一般现在时主语+ am/is/are十过去分词+其他History is made by the people历史是人们创造的。These books are designed for children.这些书是为孩子们设计的。一般过去时主语+was/were+过去分词+其他The letter was written in English这封信是用英语写的。The cars were made in Shanghai.这些车是上海生产

3、的。一般将来时主语+will be+过去分词+其他Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作将保留到你回来。When will the work be finished?这项工作什么时候完成?现在进行时主语+am/is/am+being+ 过去分词+其他A new railway is being built.一条新铁路正在修建。Because my car is being repaired , I have to go to work by taxi.因为我的车正在修理，所以l我不得不坐出租车去上班。现在完成时主语+have/has be

4、en+过去分词+其他He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已经被派往上海工作了。Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗?情态动词主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他 Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的体温应该一天量两次。If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受热，水会变成蒸气。3主动语态变被动语态说明例句含有单个宾语的主动句，即“主语+谓语动词十宾语”:

5、把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语The famous professor gave two lectures in EnglishTwo lectures were given (by the famous professor)in English含有双宾语的主动句，可把间接宾语和直接宾语中的任意一个变为被动句的主语，而另一个保持不动。但是，当直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前应加上介词to/for。The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation(老师给我提了一些关于发音方面的好建议。)I was given some good ad

6、vice on the pronunciation.Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.含有复合宾语的主动句，即“主语+宾语+宾语补足语”:把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补保持不动(成为主语补足语，简称主补)。We call him Li Hua.(我们叫他李华。)He is called Li Hua.They painted the room white.(他们把房间粉刷成白色。)The room was Painted white.【易错警示】感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾补，变为被动语态时，需要在动词原形前

7、加上省略的不定式符号to，即“beseen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth。”。例如:They saw her enter the meeting room just now.(刚才他们看见她进入了会议室。)She was seen to enter the meeting room just now【易错警示】动词短语用于被动语态时，把它们看作一个整体变成被动结构，其后的介词和副词不可丢掉。4主动形式表示被动意义情况例句说明主语的性质、特征的动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如:lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，

8、write等The cloth washes well. 这种布料很容易洗.A freshly baked cake doesnt cut easily.刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。表示感官的连系动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如:smell，feel，taste，look，sound等This piece of music sounds good.这段音乐听起来不错。Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很美味。 某些动词后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义，如:need，want，require，worth等The bike needs repairing. 这辆自行车需要修理

9、。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。5/不能使用被动语态的情况情况例句不及物动词和系动词无被动语态A fire broke out last night.昨晚发生了火灾。 某些表示状态的及物动词或及物动词短语也不能用被动语态This coat doesnt fit me.这件外套不适合我。The hall can contain two hundred people。这个大厅可以容纳200人。 反身代词或相互代词作宾语的句子不能用被动语态We have helped each other for over two years.我们相互帮助有两年多了。 宾语是不定式

10、或动名词的句子不可用被动语态Most people want to have their own house，.许多人想要有自己的房子。 当谓语动词和宾语构成一个不可分割的整体时，即固定短语，句子不可变被动语态It took him a long time to make up his mind.他用了很久才下定决心。Whos going to take his place after he leaves?他走了谁来顶替他?并列句知识导图并列句考点梳理由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子叫并列句。常见分类: 1.表示同等、平行或承接关系,常用连词有and,not only .but

11、 also .,neither .nor .等。 2.表示转折关系,常用连词有but,yet(然而),while(而)等。 3.表示选择关系,常用连词有or,either .or .(要么要么)等。 4.表示因果关系,常见的连词有for (因为),so等简单句知识导图简单句考点梳理1、简单句的五种基本句型句型种类主语谓语部分谓语动词表语宾语宾补1，主语+谓语Pat arrived.2，主+谓+宾She playsthe piano.3，主+谓+表They are(系动词）heroes.4，主+谓+间宾+直宾I offeredhim(间宾） 5 dollars.(直宾）5，主+谓+宾+宾补Ann

12、mademecry.句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀句子成分意义充当词类例句主语the subject表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子等We study in No.1 Middle school.Jim is an educational child.谓语the predicate说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。由动词或动词词组充当I expect you to take me.Lucy is dancing under the tree.Her parents hate telling lies.宾语the object表示动作、行为

13、的对象。同主语的充当词类Both of the girls like French.Did she call me just now?表语the predicative与系动词连用，一起构成谓语、说明主语的性质特征。同主语的充当词类Her grandfather is a chemist.The two states are at war then.What he said sounds reasonable.定语the attribute用来修饰名词或代词。形、代、数、名、副介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语The black sweater is mine.What is his fathe

14、rs name?We have nine lessons every day.状语the adverbial修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示The miners work very hard.She often helps Mike.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语The object complement宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。一般由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当They named the baby Lily.She always keeps the hou

15、se clean every day.句子成分 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。学记口诀 宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。句子分类一览表及巧记口诀分类说明例句按结构分类简单句The simple sentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。She goes to work every day.Tom and I found her there.We all breathe, eat and work.并列句The compound sentence由并列连词（如and,so,but,or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子I ofte

16、n help her and she helps me, too.Harry likes eggs, but he doesnt like chicken.复合句The complex sentence由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。I believe you are right.If he studies harder, he will pass the exam.按用途分类陈述句The declarative sentence用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法。读时用降调。They are practising English.Mother doesnt like dogs.祈

17、使句The imperative sentence用来表示请求、命令等。谓语动词用原形。有肯定、否定两种形式。Keep quiet, please.Dont read in the sun.Lets be friends.感叹句The exclamatory sentence用来表达强烈的感情。What a hot day it is!How fast Lee runs!疑问句一般疑问句The general question用yes或no回答的句子，通常把助动词be、have或情态动词放在主语前。读时用升调。Is she a league member?Can you play the vi

18、olin?Do they like volleyball?特殊疑问句The special question用疑问词开头的疑问句，不能用yes或no回答。Who is on duty today?How did he get the news?选择疑问句The alternative question提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择，两部分用or连接，其结构是：“一般问句+or+要选部分。”Is she playing or working?Which would you like, tea or coffee?反意疑问句The disjunctive question在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，表示说者对所叙述的事实虽有一定见解，但没把握，提出反问或疑问，希望得到对方证实。其结构是：前肯后否+前否后肯两种。Work is a big part of your life, isnt it?You dont want to stay here, do you?Dont be so noisy, will you?句子种类 句子用途分为四，陈述疑问感祈使。疑问用来提问题，陈述肯否讲件事。学记口诀 问句再分又有四，一般特殊选反意。惊奇悲喜感叹句，命令请求是祈使。14 页 共 14 页学科网（北京）股份有限公司