2021届高考英语二轮复习语法突破学案：第2讲从“主语”角度释解名词、冠词 WORD版含答案.doc

1、第二讲从“主语”角度释解名词、冠词编者按：主语是句子所叙述的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物，表示句子描述的是谁或什么。主语通常由名词(短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等充当。本讲主要讲名词及其附属词冠词，其他形式放到后面讲解。第1课时名词真题集训明考点一、 语法填空常考点1.【2020新课标III卷语法填空】Filled with 64 (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.2.【2020新课标I卷语法填空】The far side of the moon is of particular 64 (intere

2、sting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so 65 the familiar near side.3. 【2020新课标II卷语法填空】 Chinese New Year is a 61 (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.1(2019北京高考)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in var

3、ious _ (activity) on Earth Day.2(2019浙江6月高考)Other American studies showed no _ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.3(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and

4、 early deaths from all _ (cause)4(2018浙江6月高考)Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.5(2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very t

5、hing the medical community was trying to fight.二、短文改错常考点1. 【2020新课标I卷短文改错】Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.2. 【2020新课标II卷短文改错】Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.3. 【2020新课标III卷短文改错】My mom is really concerning with the health of everyone in

6、 our families. 1(2019全国卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly, saying that I had a talent for football._2(2019全国卷)To everyones surprising, the ball went into the net._3(2019全国卷)Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do._4(2019全国卷)I wish to have a chain of

7、 cafes in many different city._5(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken._6(2018全国卷)When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night. _答案：1. 64. curiosity 此考查名词。处介词 with 的宾语应该由名词充当，故用名词形式curiosity。 2.【答案】64. interest 65. than【解析

8、】64. interest 此处考查(be) of interest，该短语相当于(be) interesting, of particular interest 相当于particularly interesting, 形容词particular应修饰名词 interest。 65. than 此处考查连词的使用。根据上下文可知，本句是对 the far side of the moon 以及 the familiar near side 进行比较，故应用连词 than；more so than意为“比更加”， so 替代前文“deep craters”。3.61.celebration 考

9、查名词。根据空白处之前的 a 和后面的非谓语动词 marking，可知此 处应填名词 celebration。 1. 解析：activities空格前有形容词various修饰，表示“各种各样的活动”，应用复数形式，activity是可数名词，故填activities。2. 解析：connection/connections分析句子成分可知，设空处在句中作谓语showed的宾语，应用connect的名词形式。connection表示“联系，关联”时为可数名词，也可填复数形式。3. 解析：causes此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据设空处前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填cau

10、ses。4. 解析：dishes此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。5. 解析：effects根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。二、短文改错常考点1. 【2020新课标I卷短文改错】Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.【答案】chopstick chopsticks 【解析】筷子通常为一双（两根），常用复数，所以应改为复数形式。 2.【2020新课标II卷

11、短文改错】Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations.第五句：vacations vacation 考查名词。句意为“我将在两周后回家过暑假”， summer vacation 意为“暑假”，此处指今年的暑假，因此将 vacations 改为 vacation。3. 【答案】concerning concerned；考查非谓语动词。families family 考查名词。 【解析】be concerned with 为固定搭配，意“关心，关切”；根据句意可知是“母亲关心我们家每个人的健康”，故应用集体名词 family

12、指一家人。 1. 解析：playerplayersplayer为可数名词，其前有All修饰，应用复数形式。2. 解析：surprisingsurpriseto ones surprise为固定搭配，意为“让某人惊讶的是”，所有格后面应用名词形式。3. 解析：jobjobsjob意为“工作，职位”，是可数名词，且根据前面的形容词different可知，此处表示“不同的工作”，应用复数形式。4. 解析：citycitiescity为可数名词，其前有many different修饰，表示“许多不同的城市”，应用复数形式。5. 解析：chickenchickens短语dozens of“许多”，后面接

13、可数名词复数，此处应用chicken的复数形式。6. 解析：FridaysFriday应用名词Friday修饰night，意为“星期五晚上”。语法精析知规则一、可数名词的复数形式(一)规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smonthmonths以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglassesmatchmatches以辅音字母y结尾的名词变y为i再加escountrycountriesfactoryfactories以元音字母y 结尾的名词在词尾直接加sholidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加sphotophot

14、os有些在词尾加espotatopotatoes以f，fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为v再加esselfselveswolfwolves少数直接加sbeliefbeliefs (二)可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen外来名词mediummedia (媒体)phenomenonphenomena (现象)ana

15、lysisanalyses (分析)名师指津fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。(三)合成名词复数的2类变化形式1若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups2“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。二、不可数名词(一)常见的24个不可数名词单词词义单词词义fun乐趣homework家庭

16、作业progress进步equipment设备bread面包wealth财富knowledge知识room空间work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻；消息traffic交通meat肉word消息luck运气advice建议housework家务information信息furniture家具milk牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange橙汁man人类 (二)抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶a surprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉an h

17、onour受尊敬的人或一种荣誉failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣a pleasure一件乐事应用落实通方法一、单句语法填空1(2020慈溪中学模拟)There are various types of tea that offer different health_ (benefit) and flavours.2We usually expect Hollywood _ (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.3I sudd

18、enly regretted that we had no_ (photo) from this vacation together.4One spring afternoon, we went to one of the grocery _ (store) nearby to buy some food for dinner.5(2020湖州模拟)Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural_ (bel

19、ief) about dogs.6Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many _ (complaint) about the unbearable advertisements.7Recent _ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.8Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of ph

20、one use on_ (passerby)解题技法语法填空解题“3定向”1根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式(1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；(3)名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。2根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式3根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。二、单句改错1(2020合肥市质检)As a student, what

21、can we do to guarantee our safe？2Most people directly link senior high school life with plenty of stress and endless homeworks.3In the afternoon, Ill show you around and take you to some place of interest.4(2020兰州一中模拟)Nowadays, many people were crazy about instant fame and wealthy.5The two thing tha

22、t change your life are the people you meet and books you read.6It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.7The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.8For students, no matter how busy they are, it is necessary to spare some time to do exercises.解题技法短文改错解题“3视角”1分清名词单复数看到sever

23、al, a few, many, one of, a list of, a number of等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。2知晓不可数名词看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词(短语)，要想到后跟名词形式。三、高考写作佳句1(2019全国卷书面表达)这次比赛定于本周六下午在市体育场举办。(the match)_2(2019全国卷书面表达)这场比赛意义如此重大，以至于要求

24、每个人都要准时到场。(the game)_3(2019全国卷书面表达)我们学校的排球队确实日程紧。(our school volleyball team)_4(2016江苏高考书面表达)当人们被要求做他们不想做的事情时，他们可能感到被强迫。(people)_5(2014重庆高考写作)众所周知，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援助之手。(our friends)_答案：一、单句语法填空1. benefits 2. heroes 3. photos 4. stores 5. beliefs6. complaints 7. studies 8. passersby二、单句改错1. safesafe

25、ty 2. homeworkshomework 3. placeplaces 4。 wealthywealth 5. thingthings6. parentparents 7. friendfriends 8. exercisesexercise三、高考写作佳句1The_match_is_to_be_organised/held_this_Saturday_afternoon_in_the_citys_stadium.2The_game_is_so_significant_that_it_is_required_that_everyone_should_present_themselves_

26、punctually.3Our_school_volleyball_team_does_have_a_tight_schedule.4People_may_feel_forced_when_asked_to_do_things_that_they_dont_want_to.5As_we_all_know,_our_friends_lend_us_a_helping_hand_when_we_need_help.第2课时冠词编者按：冠词(Article)是一种虚词，不能单独作句子成分，只能与名词放在一起帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词(即不用冠词)，定冠词是the，不

27、定冠词是a和an。真题集训明考点一、 语法填空常考点1.（2020新课标II卷语法填空）The plum trees are 70 first to flower even as the snow is melting (融 化). 1(2019全国卷)Of _ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.2(2019全国卷)When we got a call saying she

28、 was shortlisted, we thought it was _ joke.3(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.4(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.5(2017全国卷)When fat and salt are removed

29、from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As _ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.6(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.二、短文改错常考点1.（2020新课标I卷短文改错）For example, every morning,

30、my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple.2.（2020新课标I卷短文改错）Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. 1(2019全国卷)Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me. _2(2019全国卷)Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style. _3(

31、2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents._4(2018全国卷)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me._5(2017全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was._6(2017全国卷)They li

32、ve far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day._答案：一、 语法填空常考点1. 【答案】the【解析】根据空白处后面的序数词 first，可知此处应填定冠词 the。1解析：the此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填定冠词the。2解析：a此处表示“我们以为那是一个玩笑”，设空后的joke为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。3解析：the此处表示特指， over the past 25 years意为“

33、在过去的25年里”，故用定冠词the。4解析：theat the top of ones lungs为固定搭配，意为“用最大的声音，声嘶力竭地”。5解析：aas a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。6解析：thetop是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以填定冠词the。二、短文改错常考点1. 【答案】the a; had have;【解析】考查冠词。a bowl of 意为“一碗”，不定冠词a 在此表示泛指；had have 考查谓语动词。根据时间状语 every morning 以及与空白处并列的谓语动词 has to 和通篇时态可知，此处应用一般现在时

34、，故将 had 改为 have。2.【答案】Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. 【解析】考查冠词。Pan为可数名词，且在上文中一出现过，此处为第二次出现，特指“我”之前放油加热的“平底锅”，因此 pan前要用定冠词 the。1解析：football前加afootball为可数名词且是第一次提到，此处泛指一个足球，且football的读音以辅音音素开头，故在football前加a。2解析：anastyle为可数名词，此处泛指一种独特的风格，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，其前应用不定冠词a。3解析：co

35、untryside前加thego to the countryside是固定用法，意为“去乡下”。4解析：thea此处表示“作为一个孩子”，为泛指，且kid的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。5解析：first前加the/my此处表示“第几天”，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用形容词性物主代词my进行修饰。6解析：第一个aan/onehour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以用an/one hour and a half表示“一个半小时”。语法精析知规则(一)不定冠词表示类指或某类中的“任何一个”。A child not only needs food and clothing, but

36、 love as well.表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于a certain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。I have a question to ask you.In a sense what you said is true.All of a sudden, she burst into tears.Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Picasso.表示量指。

37、不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数量概念没有one强烈。Suddenly they heard a loud voice.表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一种的人或事”He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise to us.不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。Live a good, honorable life.Then when

38、 you get older and think back, youll get to enjoy it a second time.(二)定冠词用在表示特定的人或事物，或者双方都知道的或双方都明确的人或事物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物之前。Take your time its just a short distance from here to the restaurant.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The earth goes around the sun.用于序数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。Is this the first time that you have visited Q

39、ingdao？用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妇俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示“某一类人或事物”。The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。Its said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century.(三)零冠词(不用冠词的情况)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。He is living in Canada now.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。We

40、usually have breakfast at 7 oclock in the morning.语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。Im interested in English.表示头衔和职位的名词作表语、同位语、补足语或与姓氏连用时，其前通常不用冠词。Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。His brother has turne

41、d writer.as/though引导让步状语从句，单数可数名词提前构成倒装时，其前不用冠词。Hero as/though he is, he has some shortcomings.(四)冠词用于固定搭配中不定冠词用于固定搭配中an average of平均 for a while一会儿as a result因此，结果 as a rule 通常as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上定冠词用于固定搭配中all the time一直 in the e

42、nd 最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时零冠词用于固定搭配中at present目前take part in参加in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧on purpose故意 on business因公出差ahead of time提前 in advance提前by law根据法律 by mistake错误地应用落实

43、通方法一、 单句语法填空1(2020石家庄市质检)In Chinese tradition, people take giving children lucky money as_blessing.2(2020青岛市模拟)There was _ empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.3If I wanted to be_more responsible person, I needed to make daily decisions that a responsible person would mak

44、e.4(2020合肥市一模)Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of _most important art forms in China.5Since I had _ electronic ticket, I then went straight to the boarding gate.6Well, Sarah, sometimes food and clothes arent _ only important things.7She stayed up until eleven thirty one evening

45、 on purpose just to see _ moonlight.8In Chinese culture, each year is related to_ Chinese animal according to the 12year cycle.解题技法语法填空解题“2定向”1根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。(1)如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个”，一般填a/an。如果可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”一般填the；(2)如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。2

46、根据固定句式或短语选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语，记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。二、单句改错1(2020山西实验中学模拟)Last but not least, we should take a active part in sports and build up our body.2Besides, this will be my first experience to participate in such a activity.3It started when teacher set up a volleyball club in our school, hopi

47、ng that more students would take part in the sport and keep fit.4(2020山西实验中学模拟)Last summer vacation, I worked in restaurant.5(2020九江一中模拟)During your study, you can take the part in more activities after class, where you can make more friends from different countries.6Realizing it was our last school

48、 sports meeting, we decided to make it unforgettable experience.7After climbing for half a hour, we finally got to the top of the mountain.8(2020周口市质检)On the one hand, he has gift for singing and has taken part in many singing contests in which he performed well.解题技法短文改错解题“4视角”1注意单词首字母的音素看到读音以辅(元)音音

49、素开头的名词要想到应用不定冠词a(n)。2明确特指与泛指如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the，泛指用a/an。3掌握可数与不可数看到单数可数名词要想到是否少用了冠词；看到不可数名词表示泛指要想到是否多用了冠词。4记熟固定搭配牢记含冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。三、高考写作佳句1(2019全国卷书面表达)为了赢得比赛，我们决定每天放学后训练两个小时。2(2019浙江6月高考写作)尽管表扬有助于鼓励孩子取得进步，但不要从一个极端走向另一个极端。3(2018全国卷书面表达)这部英文短片不仅有意义，而且很有趣。4(2017全国卷书面表达)这次展览可以帮助你更好地了解中国民间艺术作品。5(2016全

50、国卷书面表达)六月的最后一个周日怎么样？那时考试已经结束，我们都有时间。答案：一、单句语法填空1. a 2. an 3. a 4. the 5. an 6. the 7. the 9. a二、单句改错1 aan2 aan3 teacher前加a4restaurant前加a5去掉the6 unforgettable前加an7 aan8gift前加a三、高考写作佳句1 In_order_to_win_the_match,_we_have_made_a_decision_that_we_train_for_two_hours_after_school_every_day.2 Though/Altho

51、ugh_praise_helps_to_encourage_children_to_make_progress,_dont_go_from_one_extreme_to_the_other.3 The_English_short_film_will_be_not_only_meaningful_but_also_interesting.4 The_exhibition_can_help_you_have_a_better_understanding_of_Chinese_folk_art_works.5 How_about_the_last_Sunday_of_June,_when_the_e

52、xamination_is_over_and_we_are_free?语篇巧训全融会一、冠词专练(用适当的冠词填空)When I walked down _1_ Third Avenue, as _2_ rule, I used to look into the windows of _3_ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against _4_ windows to get _5_ small lo

53、ok at the treasures inside.Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for _6_ long time，but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were _7_ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it h

54、urt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given _8_ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well，my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all _9_ people around her. She was known to be _10_ wise and k

55、ind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years.Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect.You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.二、名词专练(依据汉语提示补全短文)It was late at night. _ (两名德

56、国人) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs.Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had _ (三千美元) in her pocket. “What should I do? _ (许多小偷) usually _ (带着刀子) with them，” she thought _ (静静地). And at the same time the thief happened to tou

57、ch _ (一套运动服装). It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where _ (两名法国人) were sleeping. When he _ (在找一些钱或珠宝) in the next room, Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and _ (报警). And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out

58、a knife.Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs.Green, it was really _ (一次不寻常的经历)答案：一、冠词专练(用适当的冠词填空)语篇解读：本文为一篇议论文。一些旧的东西虽然外表不再光鲜亮丽，但仍有内在的美，老年人也是如此。如果老年人受到尊重，同样会焕发出新的活力。1the设空处后为序数词，且此处表示“次序”，故设空处应填定冠词the。2aas a rule为固定短语，意为“通常”。3an本空表示泛指，设空处后old的读音以元

59、音音素开头，故设空处用不定冠词an。4the设空处后的windows指的是那个老店铺的橱窗，表示特指，故填定冠词the。5aget a look at为固定短语，意为“看一眼”。6a一些东西看上去好像很长时间没有人管了。for a long time“很长时间”。7the设空处后有most，且most和后面的形容词构成最高级，故设空处为the。8a“我”被“我”祖母养大并被赋予了对经验价值的理解。sense在此意为“理解力，判断力”，是可数名词，此处表示泛指，故与不定冠词连用。9the设空处后的people在本句中表示特指，故设空处填the。10a众所周知，她是一位有智慧而且善良的女人。woman在本句中表示泛指，故设空处填不定冠词a。二、名词专练(依据汉语提示补全短文)_ Two_Germansthree_thousand_dollarsMany_thievesbring_knivesin_silencea_sports_suittwo_Frenchmenwas_looking_for_some_money_or_jewelscalled_the_policean_unusual_experience