2019-2020学年北师大英语选修八新素养同步讲义:UNIT 22 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SECTION Ⅴ GRAMMAR .doc
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- 2019-2020学年北师大英语选修八新素养同步讲义:UNIT 22 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SECTION GRAMMAR 2019 2020 学年 北师大 英语 选修
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1、Section Grammar & Writing 学生用书P22转述结构与被动语态单句语法填空1The boy admitted (cheat) in the last exam.答案:cheating2They agreed (offer) us some advice on how to paint the wall.答案:to offer3Look! The old car (wash) by that old man.答案:is being washing4A lot of young trees (plant) here already.答案:have been planted5I
2、t is clear that the dirty house needs (clean) very much.答案:to be cleaned一、转述结构可用于转述某人所说的话的动词及常用句型:常用动词常用句型例句insist,complain,add,admit,agree,announce,believe,claim,declare,explain动词that从句They complained that the price of books had increased.他们抱怨说书价提高了。I should like to add that we should take some umb
3、rellas with us.我还要补充说我们应该带着雨伞。The captain announced that the plane was going to land.机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。warn,remind动词sb. that从句The whistle warned visitors that the ship was ready to sail.汽笛通知旅客轮船即将起航。Please remind me that I must call her up before nine.请提醒我九点前给她打个电话。advise,beg,order,promise动词sb.to do sth.I
4、 begged her not to go,but she did not listen to me.我恳求她不要去,但是她不听我的。They ordered him to stop firing.他们命令他停止开枪。They had promised their teacher to behave better.他们答应老师要表现好一些。agree,offer,refuse,threaten动词to do sth.His father threatened to punish him.父亲威胁说要惩罚他。He agreed to come to school earlier.他同意早一点去学
5、校。He offered to help me with my English.他答应要帮助我学习英语。admit,deny,suggest动词doingThey dont admit smoking in the meeting room.他们不允许在会议室吸烟。He denied stealing a book.他否认偷了一本书。He suggested going out for a walk.他建议出去走走。inquire,ask,wonder,doubt动词whether/if从句She inquired whether my mother was well.她问起我母亲是否健康。I
6、 doubt whether he is at home.我看他不一定在家。accuse ofaccuse sb. of.The police accused him of murder.警方指控他谋杀。二、被动语态1被动语态的结构一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。动作的执行者一般由介词by引起的短语来表示(by短语通常可以省略)。被动语态由“助动词be过去分词”构成。现以动词do为例,列出常用的被动语态。构成例句一般现在时is/am/aredoneHow is this word pronounced?这个单词怎么发音?一般过去时was/weredoneShe was
7、 asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱首歌。一般将来时will/shallbe doneSome of you will be sent to America for further training. 你们中有些人将被送到美国接受进一步的培训。is/am/aregoing tobe doneThe trees are going to be planted along the river. 沿河种树。现在进行时is/am/arebeing doneThe classroom is being cleaned by the students. 学生们正在打扫教室。现在完成时
8、have/hasbeen doneAll the work has been finished.所有工作都已完成了。过去进行时was/werebeing doneMom told me that grandma was being taken good care of in that nursing home.妈妈告诉我,奶奶在那个疗养院被照顾得很好。过去完成时hadbeen doneIt was the first time that I had been criticized in public.那是我第一次当众挨批。过去将来时wouldbe doneHe did know the job
9、 would be kept for him.他知道这项工作给他留着。情态动词的被动结构情态动词be doneEverything that can be done has been done.能做的都已做了。All the mobile phones must be turned off during the meeting.开会期间关掉手机。My homework can be finished in two hours.我的作业两小时之内能完成。(1)在主动语态中,make,hear,see等词后接不定式时要省略to,但转换为被动语态时,则不能省略to。I was made to sta
10、rt to work at once.要求我立即开始工作。(2)带双宾语的动词作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,可将表物的直接宾语变为主语,用for或to引出表人的间接宾语,或将表人的间接宾语变为主语即可。My father is telling me an interesting story now.An interesting story is being told to me by my father now.Im being told an interesting story by my father now.爸爸正在给我讲一个有趣的故事。(3)动词短语作谓语的主动句转换为被动句时,要把动
11、词短语作为一个整体使用,而不能将其分开或去掉某部分。My grandparents have taken care of me these years.I have been taken care of by my grandparents these years.这些年来祖父母一直照顾我。2非谓语的被动语态非谓语成分一般式完成式例句动词ing主语、表语、宾语、定语being donehaving been doneHe remembered being taken to Beijing when he was a child.他记得小时候曾经被人带着去过北京。状语being donehavi
12、ng been doneBeing surrounded,the enemy troops were forced to surrender.被紧密包围着,敌人被迫投降。Having been told many times, she still couldnt understand it.被告知了很多次,她还是不明白。不定式主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语 to be done表示规律性的动作或所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或谓语动词之后发生to have beendone所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前The apples need to be washed.这些苹果需要洗一下。It is a
13、great honor for him to have been elected a model worker.对他来说被选为劳模是很大的荣耀。 单句语法填空1The press conference is (hold) tomorrow.答案:to be held2The question (discuss) at present.答案:is being discussed3It was said that some houses (burn) down in the big fire.答案:had been burnt4I tried to advise her (change) her
14、attitude, but failed.答案:to change5The man denied (steal) the computer from the company.答案:stealing6I am sorry (step) on your foot just now.答案:to have stepped7Next week we will go to America. Our pet dog (take) care of by grandma.答案:will be taken8 (blame) by the teacher, the girl was in low spirits.答
15、案:Having been blamed9No matter what I said, he refused (come) with us.答案:to come10The dog was afraid of (abandon) by its owner.答案:being abandoned 单句改错1The scientist said he has spent 10 years working at the research. 答案:hashad2He says he bought a beautiful car the day ago. 答案:agobefore3The astronome
16、r told us the moon moved around the earth. 答案:movedmoves4Having invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 答案:Having后加been5This question is far from settled. 答案:from后加being 语法与写作1这位老人建议我们去附近的商店买一张地图。The old man suggested us 答案:buying a map in the shop nearby2请提醒我在本周末给我的父母写信。Please thi
17、s weekend.答案:remind me to write a letter to my parents3被老师责备了,这个男孩情绪很低沉。 , the boy was in low spirits.答案:Having been blamed by his teacher4到上个月月底,他已经写了三本短篇小说了。Three short stories by the end of last month.答案:had been written by him5这个年轻人戒烟了,因为他害怕被足球队开除。The young man had quit smoking, for he was afrai
18、d of the football team.答案:being taken off 学生用书P24如何写英语报告 文体感知写英语报告要求在对特定对象进行深入考察了解的基础上, 经过归纳整理, 分析研究, 进而揭示事物的本质, 提出符合实际的结论。报告一般分为四部分:标题(Heading); 报告的目的(Aim of the report); 陈述(Comments); 结论和建议(Conclusion and Suggestions)。写报告应注意知识的科学性, 行文的条理性和语言的准确性。 写作要求最近, 校园安全成为人们广泛关注的话题。 为确保师生安全, 你校决定禁止外人进入校园。为此,
19、学校在学生中做了一次“家长该不该进校园及其原因” 的调查。调查结果如下图所示:根据上图信息, 请以“Should Parents Be Banned from Entering Campus? ” 为题, 用英语写一篇100词左右的报告。要求如下:1简要描述图中的信息(包括人数比率、 观点及原因); 2谈谈你的看法。注意:文章的标题和开头已给出(不计入总词数)。Should Parents Be Banned from Entering Campus?Recently, campus security has become a hot issue. To ensure security, st
20、rangers are banned from entering campus by our school, and a survey has been made among the students about whether parents should be included. 审题谋篇项目结论体裁报告话题校园安全时态主体部分用一般现在时人称第三人称为主 词句推敲1词汇校园安全 根据调查 同意(观点、 看法等) 做决定 取决于, 视而定 采取措施 与保持联系 总之 答案:campus securityaccording to the surveyagree with/subscribe
21、tomake a decisiondepend ontake measures/steps/actionkeep in touch withall in all/in a word/in short/in brief2句式有百分之六十的学生认为父母应该被包括其中, 因为每个人都应该遵守规定。一般表达:60% of the students think parents should be included. It is a rule everyone should obey.高级表达:(用状语从句合并句子) 答案:60% of the students think parents should
22、be included because it is a rule everyone should obey.另外的百分之二十五的学生认为没有必要禁止家长进校。一般表达:Another 25% subscribe to the view. There is no need for the ban.高级表达:(用名词性从句合并句子) 答案:Another 25% subscribe to the view that there is no need for the ban.其余的人认为门卫可以视具体情况做出恰当的决定。一般表达:The rest think the guards can make
23、a proper decision. It depends on certain situations.高级表达:(用非谓语动词合并句子) 答案:The rest think the guards can make a proper decision depending on certain situations.与其补救于已然, 不如防患于未然。 答案:To forestall is better than to amend.未雨绸缪。 答案:Dont have the cloak to make when it begins to rain./To repair the house bef
24、ore it rains./Although the sun shines, do not leave your cloak at home. 妙笔成篇 One possible version:Should Parents Be Banned from Entering Campus? Recently, campus security has become a hot issue.To ensure security, strangers are banned from entering campus by our school, and a survey has been made am
25、ong the students about whether parents should be included.According to the survey, 60% of the students think parents should be included because it is a rule everyone should obey.Another 25% subscribe to the view that there is no need for the ban as their beloved parents couldnt be a danger to anyone
26、.However, the rest think the guards can make a proper decision depending on certain situations.Personally, I agree with the first.As the saying goes, “To forestall is better than to amend.” Proper measures should be taken before its too late.As for parents, they have some other ways to keep in touch
27、 with their children, like making calls or asking for teachers help.All in all, campus security calls for everyones concern and cooperation.A卷 单句语法填空1It is reported they would give us an examination the next Monday.答案:that2He informed me that the meeting (put) off already.答案:had been put3He is said
28、(study) abroad now.答案:to be studying4The woman is trying to persuade her son (give) up smoking.答案:to give5It is suggested that the problem (solve) in another way.答案:should be solved6His mother (dress) in white at the party.答案:is dressed7Dana admitted (feel) hurt by what I had said.答案:feeling8The off
29、icer was accused of (abuse) his power.答案:abusing9After the accident, the injured (take) to hospital.答案:were taken10The book is difficult (understand)答案:to understand 阅读理解AAs Antarctic ice continues to melt at an alarming rate, scientists warn that the wellbeing of penguins native to the area is beco
30、ming increasingly threatened.According to a new report, the welfare and existence of at least half of the worlds 18 penguin species will be badly affected if the warming of the Antarctic Peninsula continues. Experts say that a big part of the problem is related to food:Less ice means less krill(磷虾),
31、 a cornerstone(基石) of the Antarctic ecosystem and a mainstay of a penguins diet.“When you look at all penguins they are largely in trouble,” said Oxford University penguinologist Tom Hart, who spends a few months every year observing penguins along the Antarctic coast.“Were so concerned because were
32、 seeing great changes to their populations. Theyre probably not going to go extinct anytime soon, but the environment is changing very fast.”Emperor penguins, Adelies and chinstraps, for example, live entirely in the Antarctic. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN), b
33、oth emperor penguins and Adelies are considered “near threatened”. Even populations of chinstraps, not usually considered a vulnerable(易危的) species, have “declined by up to 50 percent in the last 30 years”, Hart said. “The general public doesnt realize that penguin populations are declining so fast.
34、”In an interview with the BBC in 2009, Professor Hart warned that emperor penguins could face nearextinction by the end of the century if global warming continued at its present rate.“Regardless of their environmental preferences, we see a connection between climate change and penguin populations th
35、rough the loss of habitat of their main food source,” Dr. Wayne Trivelpiece, the reports lead author said. “As warming continues, the loss of krill will have a farreaching effect throughout the Antarctic ecosystem.”Since krill feed on phytoplankton(浮游植物) that grow under ice cover, warming waters and
36、 disappearing sea ice have contributed to decreasing Antarctic krill populations. According to Al Jazeera, other recent studies have shown that krill in the Southern Ocean may have declined by about 80 percent since the 1970s.“Simply put, without krill, most of the life forms in the Antarctic would
37、disappear,” National Geographic said.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。南极洲的冰层因气候变暖持续融化,这已严重影响到企鹅的生存。1What problem will penguins face?ALoss of habitat.BA shortage of food.CPopulation increase. DColder environment.B解析:细节理解题。由第二段中的“a big part of the problem is related to food:Less ice means less krill(磷虾). penguins diet”
38、可知,由于南极冰层的持续融化,企鹅将面临的问题主要与食物有关,冰少了意味着磷虾少了,磷虾是南极洲生态系统的基石,也是企鹅的主要食物。2What is Tom Harts attitude toward the penguins situation?AUncaring. BOptimistic.CDoubtful. DWorried.D解析:观点态度题。由第三段中的“they are largely in trouble”和“Were so concerned because were seeing great changes to their populations.the environme
39、nt is changing very fast.”可知,牛津大学的企鹅研究专家Tom Hart对企鹅的现状非常担忧。3Why does the author mention chinstraps in Paragraph 4?A.To blame human beings unawareness.BTo underline the dangers penguins face.CTo give an example of an extinct species.DTo show how penguins react to global warming.B解析:推理判断题。由第四段中的“Even
40、populations of chinstraps, not usually considered a vulnerable(易危的) species, have declined by up to 50 percent in the last 30 years”可知,帽带企鹅并非易危物种,但是它们的数量在过去的30年里也下降了50%;由此可知,作者提到帽带企鹅的数量大幅下降,是为了强调企鹅的处境非常危险,气候变暖给它们的生存带来极大的影响。4What do the last two paragraphs suggest?AKrill loss may have disastrous resu
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