新教材2020-2021学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第3册学案：UNIT 3 SECTION Ⅱ　DISCOVERING USEFUL STRUCTURES WORD版含解析.doc

1、Section Discovering Useful Structures单元语法精析 省略(Ellipsis)语法点拨为了避免重复，将句子中的一个或几个成分省去，这种语法现象叫省略。省略是避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法手段。英语中的省略有下列几种情况。一、词法上的省略1介词的省略一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有：have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.be busy (in) doing sth.spend some time(in) doing sth.stop/prevent sb.

2、(from) doing sth.The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.大雨使得他没能近时到达那里。He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.他花了4个小时复习功课。表示一段时间或方式的短语中的for，in，by，at等常常省略；但是在否定句或引导介词短语位于句首强调持续时间时，for一般不可省略。The snowy weather lasted (for) two weeks.雪持续下了两个星期。He doesnt do it (in) the way I d

3、o.他没有照我的方式去做。She didnt say anything for several hours.她几个小时一句话也没说。2替代性省略在某些情况下，当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时，还需要用某个替代词。省略的动词或动词加其他成分可以用do来代替。He speaks English more fluently than you do.他说英语比你说得流利。在believe，expect，suppose，think和it appears/seems之后，表示同意前面说过的话时可以用so代替单词(形容词、副词)、词组或句子；表示对前面说过的话加以否定时，可以用not或not.so。Can

4、you finish your work today?你今天能完成工作吗？I think so./I dont think so./I think not.我认为能。/我认为不能。“So/Nor (Neither)谓语/助动词主语”这一句型用来替代前面提到的情况，表明它也适用于后者。I dont think I can walk any further.我认为我不能再行走了。Neither can ILets stop here for a rest.我也不行了。我们在这儿停下来休息一会吧。省略掉的名词词组、形容词词组、从句或比较结构可用the same来代替。I lost my bike l

5、ast month.我上个月把自行车弄丢了。The same happened to me.我也丢了一辆自行车。名师点津hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not.so的形式。The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?男孩子们工作做得一点也不好，是吗？I guess not.我猜是没做好。3动词不定式中的省略动词不定式中的省略现象可分为两种情况，一是动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的省略；二是动词不定式符号to的省略。(1)省略动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的情况一些表示心理活动，情感态度的动词或

6、短语，如expect，want，hope，wish，love，hate，decide，plan，mean，try，would like，be ready，be afraid，be glad等后，动词不定式省略to后面的动词部分，但保留to。Will you go with me?Well，Id like to (go with you)你愿意和我一起去吗？嗯，我愿意(和你一起去)。不定式作定语补足语时，省略to后的动词部分，即用to代替整个不定式。Youd better finish the job on time if he ordered you to (finish the job on

7、 time)如果他命令你，你最好按时完成工作。名师点津如果该不定式后的动词是be或完成时态，则需在to后加上be或have。Are you a lawyer?No，but I hope to be (a lawyer)你是律师吗？不是，但是我希望是。Have you been to the West Lake?I hope to have (been to the West Lake)你去过西湖吗？我希望去过(西湖)。(2)省略动词不定式符号to的情况动词不定式作感官动词feel，see，notice，watch，find，hear，listen to，observe和使役动词have，mak

8、e，let等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to省略。如果这些动词用于被动语态，其后的动词不定式符号to不能省略(但let除外)。We often hear him sing the song at home.He is often heard to sing the song at home.我们经常听到他在家唱这首歌。两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词and，or，than，but连接时，从第二个不定式起，往往省略不定式符号to。但如果强调对比之意时不能省略。Shed like to take off her coat and have a break.她想脱下外套休息一会儿。Its more

9、 difficult to do than to say.做比说难(强调语意前后对比)。在why或why not引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中。Why get so excited?为什么变得那么激动？名师点津but，except作介词，后接动词不定式。如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to，反之则要带to。She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭什么也做不了。He has no choice but to leave.他别无选择只有离开。即学即练单句语法填空They have seen her _grow_(grow) up fr

10、om childhood.The teacher came not to punish you but _to help_(help) you.She was made _to work_(work) for ten hours a day.I have no choice except _to accept_(accept) his conditions.二、句法上的省略1简单句及并列句中的省略省略成分情况说明主语在祈使句中和不容易引起歧义的情况下可省略谓语或谓语的一部分为了避免与前面已出现过的动词重复常省略表语答语或下文中与上文结构相似的表语可省略宾语省略并列谓语最后一个动词的宾语以外的所

11、有宾语双宾语动词的直接宾语或间接宾语都可以省略掉一个主语和谓语，或主语和谓语的一部分在不引起歧义的情况下为使语言更加简洁、明了可省略(I)Beg your pardon.请您原谅。/请再说一遍。Some of us study Japanese；others(study) English.我们中有些人学习日语，有些人学习英语。Do you know Mr Li?I dont know(him)你认识李先生吗？不认识。She washed(the shirt), ironed(the shirt), and folded the shirt.她洗了衬衫，并且把它熨好、折叠好。Sorry，(you

12、ve dialed the) wrong number.对不起，你拨错号了。2复合句中的省略(1)主句中的省略常见于句首或回答问题时，只用从句。Why didnt you come to class yesterday?(I didnt come to class yesterday) Because I was ill.你昨天为什么没来上课？因为我病了。(2)宾语从句中的省略在宾语从句中常省略连词that，但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词that可以省略。I know (that) she is a teacher and that she is an excel

13、lent writer.我知道她是一个老师，也是一个优秀的作家。(3)状语从句中的省略当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致或从句主语是it，并且从句谓语中有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。此类状语从句中的省略有如下情况：在as，before，till，until，when，while等引导的时间状语从句中。While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.当我正沿街而行时，我听到有人叫我的名字。在though，although等引导的让步状语从句中。Though (they were) tired，they

14、 went on working.虽然累了，但他们继续工作。在if，unless等引导的条件状语从句中。You shouldnt come to his party unless (you are) invited.除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的晚会。在as，as if，as though等引导的方式状语从句中。He did as (he was) told.他按要求去做了。名师点津在虚拟语气中，常省掉if，从句使用倒装句式。Were I you (If I were you), I should give that guy a good lesson.如果我是你的话，我会好好地教训那个

15、家伙一顿。(4)定语从句中的省略一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that，which，who，whom可以省略；而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不可以省略。The man (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.你昨天见到的那个人生病了。The man, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill.那个人生病了，你昨天见到他了。当先行词是way，且引导词在定语从句中作方式状语时，引导词可用in which或that，也可以省略。The way (in which/that) these comrades treat prob

16、lems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。即学即练在横线上写出被省略的部分I believe _that_ she will help you and that you will succeed.Ill give you all _that_ I have as long as you are happy.Whenever _it is_ possible, he will come to my help.语法专练单句语法填空1If _convenient_(convenience), I will visit you this weekend and discuss wha

17、t to do next with you.2Once _encouraged_(encourage), he will have confidence to overcome the difficulties.3Mary, how about going to the movies after supper?_Sounds_(sound) great.4Though _surprised_(surprise) to see us, the old man gave us a warm welcome.5He rushes out of the room as if _to meet_(mee

18、t) some important person.6Knowing his trouble, I had nothing to do but _inspire_(inspire) him to continue his work.7Tom wanted to play football with his friends in the street, but his father told him not _to_.8If _possible_(possibility), Id like to work in the Ministry of Finance because I am good a

19、t mathematics and know much professional knowledge about finance.9_Were_(be) I a bird, I would fly to see you at once.10Who should be responsible for the accident?The boss instead of the workers.They just carried out the order as _told_(tell)用省略句式完成句子1_How beautiful_ to be treated like a normal chil

20、d.被当作一个正常孩子对待是多么美妙的一件事呀。2I would rather _stay at home_ than go to see a film.我宁愿待在家也不愿去看电影。3All _I want_ is to go to school and study hard.我想要的就是上学，努力学习。4The only thing you have to do is _press the button_.你唯一要做的事情是按按钮。5She wants to come but her parents wont _allow her to_.她想来，可是她父母不会允许的。6_Open the

21、door_，please.请打开门。7He wants to move abroad but his parents _wonder why_.他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。8I dont like the way _you laugh at_ her.我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。9_If necessary_，youd better refer to the dictionary.如果有必要，你最好查字典。10Study hard _when young_，or youll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。语法主题应用妈妈在厨房准备晚餐，并跟儿子汤姆交谈。请用省略句写出

22、以下内容：1妈妈正在厨房，她一面做饭一面谈着。(时间状语从句的省略)2她告诉Tom过街时注意车辆。(祈使句中主语的省略)3如果必要的话，她还让Tom等一会。(if省略句)4然而，Tom并没有回应。她匆匆离开了房间，好像生气了。(as if从句省略)5看到这一幕，Tom感到愧疚、害怕，因此他跑上前去跟妈妈道歉。(简单句中谓语的省略)_参考范文：Mom was in the kitchen.She talked while preparing their supper.She said to Tom, “Look out for cars when crossing the street.” If necessary, she let Tom wait for a while.However, Tom didnt respond.She hurriedly left the room as if angry.Seeing this, Tom felt sorry and frightened, so he ran to Mom apologizing to her.