2022版高考英语二轮复习 模块1 语篇能力 专题1 阅读理解 第3讲 词句猜测题.doc

1、模块一专题一第3讲A(2021江西南昌市高三一模)Prince William, second in line to the British throne, gave his first TED Talk on Saturday to launch his Earthshot Prize, a competition that will award five million prize money every year for the next decade to those who can come up with solutions to environmental problems.An

2、y person, group or organization around the world is qualified, and any suggestion is welcome, so long as it is applicable globally.It could be a new technology, a new approach, a new governmental policy or any other ideas toward five environmental goalsfixing the climate, purifying the air, protecti

3、ng nature, cleaning oceans and handling waste.“Earthshot” was inspired by John F.Kennedys “Moonshot”， an ambitious 1961 mission to get a man on the moon within a decade.The purpose of the prize is partly to arouse excitement and offer what Prince William called “a bit of catalyst ,a bit of hope, a b

4、it of positivity” at a time when the world needs.The money will come from donors around the world.The prize committee includes many celebrities.Prince William has environmental activism in his blue blood.Both his grandfather, and his father Prince Charles were active environmentalists.Prince William

5、 acknowledged his heritage by saying he had always listened, learned and believed what they were saying about the environment.Besides speaking wise words, he also puts forward a good prize.Over a million pounds is significantly more than a Nobel Prize and should inspire some serious and creative thi

6、nking about the difficulties of Planet Earth.Unlike the Nobel Prize money, the Earthshot money is supposed to be spent on the winning project.“If we achieve these goals, by 2030 our lives wont be worse, and we wont have to sacrifice everything we enjoy.Instead, the way we live will be healthier, cle

7、aner, smarter, and better for all of us，” he said.1What can be learned about The Earthshot Prize?AIt will be awarded to Britons.BIt aims to solve social problems.CIt is named after a moon mission.DIt offers 50 million in total.2A person can win the prize for _.Aa method to monitor sea levelsBa new t

8、echnology to forecast the weatherCa new approach to recycling the wasteDa local government policy to ban fishing3What does the underlined word “catalyst” in Paragraph 3 mean?AEncouragement.BAlarm.CChallenge.DSurprise.4What can we infer from the last paragraph?AEarthshot Prize equals Nobel Prize.BPla

9、net Earth will be cleaned by 2030CPrince William only talks the talk.DPrince William is influenced by his family.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了威廉王子由于受到家人的影响，也很关心环境问题，并设立了一个奖项“Earthshot Prize”用来奖励那些能够有效解决某些环境问题的人。1D细节理解题。根据第一段“Prince William, second in line to the British throne, gave his first TED Talk on S

10、aturday to launch his Earthshot Prize, a competition that will award five million prize money every year for the next decade to those who can come up with solutions to environmental problems.(英国王位第二继承人威廉王子于上周六发表了他的首次TED演讲，宣布设立“Earthshot Prize”。在未来十年里，该奖项每年将向那些能想出环境问题解决方案的人颁发500万英镑的奖金。)”可知，该奖项单人将获得50

11、0万英镑，总共十年，因此总奖金为5000万英镑。故选D项。2C细节理解题。根据第二段“It could be a new technology, a new approach, a new governmental policy or any other ideas toward five environmental goalsfixing the climate, purifying the air, protecting nature, cleaning oceans and handling waste.(它可以是一项新技术、一种新方法、一项新的政府政策或任何其他旨在实现五个环境目标的想

12、法修复气候、净化空气、保护自然、清洁海洋和处理废物。)”可知，一个人能够获得该奖项的条件是要提出一种循环处理废弃物的新方法。故选C项。3A词义猜测题。根据第三段“The purpose of the prize is partly to arouse excitement and offer what Prince William called a bit of catalyst , a bit of hope, a bit of positivity at a time when the world needs.(设立该奖项的部分目的是在这个世界需要的时候激起人们的兴奋，并提供威廉王子所说的

13、“一点catalyst，一点希望，一点积极性”。)”可知，catalyst与hope(希望)，positivity(积极性)并列，其词性与含义都要与它们相近，表达正向的感觉，结合选项意思，A.鼓励；B.警告；C.挑战；D.惊喜，惊讶。最符合要求的是A项“鼓励”。故选A项。4D细节理解题。根据最后一段“Both his grandfather, and his father Prince Charles were active environmentalists.Prince William acknowledged his heritage by saying he had always li

14、stened, learned and believed what they were saying about the environment.(他的祖父和父亲查尔斯王子都是积极的环保主义者。威廉王子承认自己的传统，他说他一直在倾听、学习和相信他们对环境的看法。)”可知，威廉王子重视环保的思想是受到了他的家人的影响。故选D项。B(20202021宁夏银川一中高三下学期第二次模拟)If you want to do your kids a favor, consider having them walk to school.Walking to school provides many ben

15、efits-improving academic performance, reducing anxiety, boosting spirits, better sleep, a sense of independence, having an opportunity to familiarize oneself with a neighborhood, to notice small details, to feel a sense of wonder at the surroundings.The list goes on.Parental fears still exist, howev

16、er.Parents are terrified of cars, of injury, of harsh weather, of encounters with strangers and wild animals.These fears prevent parents from letting their kids do something thats actually enormously beneficial to them, despite the fact that removing an opportunity to be active contributes to an inc

17、rease in childhood obesity, which can have a greater negative impact on a childs life than the risk of being injured due to being active.How do we go from being a society that does not encourage its children to walk independently to being one that does？Parents must face their own discomfort with let

18、ting go.Brussoni, an expert who researches childrens outdoor and risky play, said “We want to move parents from focusing solely on protecting their child to building trust in their childs abilities and strategies to support their childs skills in navigating the streetscape.”Schools can play a role b

19、y encouraging children to walk to school.Brussoni offers additional suggestions：“They should promote a culture that walking to school is the norm, help educate parents on why this is important, and consider closing the streets around the school to cars before and after school.”Parents might do well

20、to put themselves in their childrens shoes.As adults, we know how good a morning walk feels to start off a day or to end one.Walking energizes us and cheers us up, and it can do the same for children.As we go through this pandemic that has shaken up all of our lives, its a good time to practice new

21、routines and establish new habits.Walking to school is a great place to start.5What can we infer about kids usual way of going to school?AThey walk to school alone.BThey are driven to school.CThey ride bikes to school.DThey are led to school by teachers.6What does Brussoni suggest parents do in Para

22、graph 3?AFocus on their childs safety.BProtect their child against injury.CBelieve their childs abilities.DStrike traffic rules into their childs heart.7What does the underlined word “They” in Paragraph 4 refer to?ASchools.BSocieties.CGovernments.DChildren.8What is the authors purpose of writing the

23、 text?ATo illustrate the roles of parents and schools.BTo advise parents to have kids walk to school.CTo promote a way of establishing a new routine.DTo encourage kids to form a good habit.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。建议家长及学校提供机会让孩子步行去上学，这对孩子益处多多。5B推理判断题。根据第二段“Parental fears still exist, however.Parents are terri

24、fied of cars, of injury, of harsh weather, of encounters with strangers and wild animals.(然而，父母的害怕仍然存在。他们害怕汽车，害怕孩子受伤，害怕恶劣的天气，害怕遇到陌生人和野生动物。)”可推知，父母担心孩子独自上学路上种种风险意外，多数情况是不让孩子独自去上学，那就应该是家长开车送孩子。故选B项。6C细节理解题。根据第三段“Brussoni, an expert who researches childrens outdoor and risky play, said We want to move

25、parents from focusing solely on protecting their child to building trust in their childs abilities and strategies to support their childs skills in navigating the streetscape.(Brussoni是一位研究儿童户外活动和冒险游戏的专家，他说：“我们想让家长们从只关注保护孩子，转向对孩子的能力和策略建立信任，以支持孩子在街道上的技能。”)”可知，该专家建议家长相信孩子有能力应对独自步行在街道上遇到的各种情况。故选C项。7A代词

26、指代题。根据前一句“Schools can play a role by encouraging children to walk to school.(学校可以通过鼓励孩子步行上学问题上起到作用。)”可知，此处承接上文，指出学校可以采取一些措施促使孩子可以步行去学校，因此划线词they指代的就是前面提到的schools。故选A项。8B写作意图题。根据文章第一段“If you want to do your kids a favor, consider having them walk to school.Walking to school provides many benefits-imp

27、roving academic performance, reducing anxiety, boosting spirits, better sleep, a sense of independence, having an opportunity to familiarize oneself with a neighborhood, to notice small details, to feel a sense of wonder at the surroundings.The list goes on.(如果你想帮助孩子，可以考虑让他们步行去学校。步行上学有很多好处提高学习成绩，减少焦

28、虑，振奋精神，改善睡眠，增强独立感，有机会熟悉周围的环境，注意细节，对周围的环境感到惊奇。这样的例子不胜枚举。)”可知，本文作者认为，孩子独立步行去学校有诸多好处，建议家长让孩子步行去学校。故选B项。C(2021广西南宁市第二次适应性测试)Chinas Change 5 mission to the moon was completed in less than a month after blasting off(点火起飞)A capsule containing samples of lunar(月球的) rocks and soil collected from the surface

29、of our natural satellite landed in Inner Mongolia, where it was taken back for study.Chinese broadcaster CGTN reported that the capsule had landed back to Earth just after 10 am Dec.16Search crews were out in the freezing pre-dawn hours looking to find back the capsule from the snowy grassland durin

30、g temperatures well below zero.Aerial images(航拍影像) appeared to show the capsule safely resting on the ground.Chinas National Space Administration announced on Thursday, Dec.3, that its ascent module(上升器) had blasted off from the top of the missions lunar lander, carrying samples of rock and soil it

31、dug from the lunar surface.It then met with an orbiter circling the moon.The pair made the return trip to Earth where the capsule carrying the samples was sent on its way for a hot and fast going down through our atmosphere only to land on the frozen ground.The mission lifted off from China on Nov.2

32、3 and landed on the moon on Dec.l.Videos from Chinese media showed the landers robotic arm hard at work during its short shift on another world.During its stay, Change 5 also sent back images of a lunar plain of relatively young volcanic moon rock.The image shows both distant hills and how the feet

33、of the lander dug into the soft surface of the moon as it touched down.Enlarging the foot of the lander in particular providers a real sense of the dry, desert-like lunar surface.When the samples were collected, they have been the first pieces of the moon to be returned to our planet since the 1970s

34、.9What is the mission of Change 5?ACollecting samples of rocks and soil from the moon.BTaking the samples from the earth to the moon.CSending a man-made satellite to orbit the moon.DSending a manned spaceship to make a lunar landing.10Which of the following was left on the moon according to the text

35、?AThe capsule.BThe lunar lander.CThe ascent module.DThe orbiter.11What do the underlined words “another world” in Paragraph 4 refer to?AThe Earth.BA spaceship.CChange 5DThe Moon12In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?AEntertainment.BScience.CEducation.DHealth.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。报道了中国的嫦娥五号

36、登月任务圆满完成，带回了月球表面的岩石及土壤样本。9A细节理解题。根据第一段“Chinas Change 5 mission to the moon was completed in less than a month after blasting off (点火起飞)A capsule containing samples of lunar (月球的) rocks and soil collected from the surface of our natural satellite landed in Inner Mongolia, where it was taken back for

37、study.(中国的嫦娥五号登月任务在发射后不到一个月就完成了。一个装有从我们的月球表面采集的月球岩石和土壤样本的太空舱在内蒙古着陆，它在那里被带回进行研究。)”可知，嫦娥5号登月返回地球，太空舱内装有月球表面采集的月球岩石和土壤样本。这些月球岩石和土壤样本就是嫦娥五号登月的任务。故选A项。10B推理判断题。根据第三段“Chinas National Space Administration announced on Thursday, Dec.3, that its ascent module (上升器) had blasted off from the top of the mission

38、s lunar lander, carrying samples of rock and soil it dug from the lunar surface.(中国国家航天局于12月3日周四宣布，登月舱已从月球着陆器顶部起飞。携带着从月球表面挖出的岩石和土壤样本。)”可知，ascent module(登月舱)从lunar lander(月球着陆器)上方脱离升空，最终返回地球，可以推测lunar lander(月球着陆器)被留在了月球。故选B项。11D词句猜测题。根据第四段“The mission lifted off from China on Nov.23 and landed on th

39、e moon on Dec.l.Videos from Chinese media showed the landers robotic arm hard at work during its short shift on another world.(“嫦娥四号”于11月23日在中国发射升空，并于12月1日登陆月球。中国媒体的视频显示，着陆器的机械臂在另一个世界短暂转换期间努力工作。)”可知，着陆器已在月球着陆，那么之后它就是在月球停留期间努力工作，所以所谓another world.就是指“在月球表面”。故选D项。12B文章出处题。根据第一段“A capsule containing sa

40、mples of lunar (月球的) rocks and soil collected from the surface of our natural satellite landed in Inner Mongolia, where it was taken back for study.(一个装有从我们的天然卫星表面采集的月球岩石和土壤样本的太空舱在内蒙古着陆，它在那里被带回进行研究。)”可知，文章主要介绍了中国的嫦娥五号登月任务圆满完成，带回了月球表面的岩石及土壤样本，这是科学界天文宇宙方面的重大事件，因此文章可能出现在报纸的科学版面。故选B项。D(2021河南省安阳市高三年级5月第

41、三次模拟考试)The Department of Health and Social Care is carrying out a new programme, giving the National Health Service (NHS) and local councils in England 70 million to pay for up to 700,000 overweight or obese people to go on weight management courses, or work with a personal coach to help them shed u

42、nwanted pounds.As part of the development process, those involved will investigate(研究) previous and present programmes all over the world that have been successful in their mission to get people moving more and eating better.An example of similar programmes that have worked well is the step challeng

43、e in Singapore, a nationwide physical activity programme aimed at encouraging people to do more physical activity.Experts will look whether initiatives(首创) such as the national step challenge in Singapore could work in England.Citizens are offered cash payments if they do a certain amount of physica

44、l activity, such as walking and running, and their progress is measured through wearable devices.Research published in the British Medical Journal last year found that 1.6 million Singaporeans26% of the populationhad taken part in the government-backed programme.In return for undertaking certain num

45、bers of steps, participants earned “health points” which they could exchange for rewards worth up to US $10Downing Street has recently been exploring the use of financial incentive to help people lead healthier, more active lives and has privately sought the views of leading health charities, such a

46、s the British Heart Foundation and Cancer Research UK.Boris Johnson, who has become determined to undertake meaningful action against Britains obesity crisis after his stay in hospital last year with COVID-19, supports the latest government action on bulging waistlines.He has slimmed down from a rep

47、orted 108kg at the time he went into St Thomas hospital and is eating more healthily and taking regular exercise.“Being overweight increases the risk of becoming ill with COVID-19If we all do our bit, we can not only reduce our own health risks but also take pressure off the NHS and solve the social

48、 obesity crisis，” he said.13What will the department do in carrying out the new programme?ABase the new programme on deep research.BFollow the example in Singapore closely.CGive money to whoever wants to lose weight.DMake people turn to personal coaches.14What do we know about the step challenge in

49、Singapore?AIt is unpopular with young people.BIt gets support mainly from charities.CIt is unknown to most Singaporeans.DIt gives rewards to the participants.15What does the underlined word “incentive” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?AAdvice.BTechnology.CService.DEncouragement.16What does Boris Johnson

50、 mean in the last paragraph?AOverweight will eventually cause serious illnesses.BEating healthily is more beneficial than taking exercise.CSmall changes in losing weight can make a big difference.DHe owes his success in losing weight to St Thomas hospital.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。英国现在面临着肥胖危机，健康与社会保健部门正在开展一个新的

51、项目来解决这个问题。文章对这个新项目进行了介绍。13A推理判断题。根据第二段“As part of the development process, those involved will investigate (研究) previous and present programmes all over the world that have been successful in their mission to get people moving more and eating better.(作为发展进程的一部分，相关人员将调查世界各地过去和现在的成功项目，这些项目的使命是让人们多运动、吃

52、得更好。)”可知，这个部门将在实施新方案时在进行深入研究的基础上制定新方案。故选A。14D细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的“Citizens are offered cash payments if they do a certain amount of physical activity(如果公民做一定数量的体育活动，就可以得到现金奖励)”可知，新加坡的阶梯挑战会给参与者奖励。故选D。15D词义猜测题。根据第五段最后一句“In return for undertaking certain numbers of steps, participants earned health points

53、which they could exchange for rewards worth up to US $10(参与者只要走一定的步数，就可以获得“健康点数”，最多可换取10美元的奖励。)”可推知划线部分所在部分意为 “唐宁街最近一直在探索利用经济鼓励来帮助人们过上更健康的生活”，所以incentive意为“鼓励”，与encouragement同义。故选D。16C细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Boris Johnson所说的话“If we all do our bit, we can not only reduce our own health risks but also take pr

54、essure off the NHS and solve the social obesity crisis(如果我们都尽自己的一份力，我们不仅可以减少自己的健康风险，还可以减轻NHS的压力，解决社会肥胖危机)”可知，Boris Johnson的意思是减肥过程中小小的改变就能产生很大的影响。故选C。E(2021河北石家庄市高三一模)On January 12, a few days after registration for the course of Psychology and the Good Life, roughly 300 people had signed up.Within

55、three days, the figure had more than doubled.After three more days, about 1,200 students, or nearly one-fourth of Yale undergraduates, were enrolled.The course, taught by Laurie Santos, 42, a psychology professor and the head of one of Yales residential colleges, tries to teach students how to lead

56、a happier, more satisfying life in twice-weekly lectures.“Students want to change, to be happier themselves, and to change the culture here on campus，” Dr.Santos said in an interview.“With one in four students at Yale taking it, if we see good habits, things like students showing more gratitude, del

57、aying less, increasing social connections, were actually seeing change in the schools culture.”Dr.Santos discovered that Yale students are interested in the class because, in high school, they had to give up their happiness to gain admission to the school, adopting harmful life habits that have led

58、to what she called “the mental health crises were seeing at places like Yale”A 2013 report by the Yale College Council found that more than half of undergraduates sought mental health care from the university during their time there.“In reality, a lot of us are anxious, stressed and unhappy，” said A

59、lannah Maynez, 19, a freshman taking the course.“The fact that a class like this has such large interest speaks to how much students numb their emotionsboth positive and negativeso they can only focus on their work, the next step and the next accomplishment.”Students have long requested that Yale of

60、fer a course on positive psychology, according to Woo-Ky-oung Ahn, director of undergraduate studies in psychology, who said she was “blown away” by Dr.Santos proposal for the class.Administrators like Fr.Ahn expected significant enrollment for the class, but none anticipated it being quite so large

61、.Psychology and the Good Life, with 1,182 undergraduates currently enrolled, stands as the most popular course in Yales 316-year history.The previous record-holder-Psychology and the Law-was offered in 1992 and had about 1,050 students, according to Marvin Chun, the Yale College dean.Most large lect

62、ures at Yale dont exceed 60017What is the purpose of the course?ATo make students learn to show thanks.BTo change the culture of the campus.CTo increase students social connections.DTo teach students how to become happier.18What does the underlined word “numb” in the fifth paragraph mean?AUnable to

63、express.BManaging to let out.CWilling to share.DFailing to control.19What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?AStudents are interested in the course.BStudents suffered from mental problems before.CStudents have changed greatly after the course.DStudents pay much attention to their performances

64、.20Whats the text mainly about?AMental problems of undergraduates.BA famous professorLaurie Santos.CYales most popular course in history.DHow to teach college students to be happy.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了耶鲁一所大学42岁的心理学教授Laurie Santos试图通过每周两次的课程讲座Psychology and the Good Life，教授学生如何过上更快乐、更满足的生活，而且Psychol

65、ogy and the Good Life成为耶鲁这所大学历史上最受欢迎的课程。17D细节理解题。由文章的第二段中“The course, taught by Laurie Santos, 42, a psychology professor and the head of one of Yales residential colleges, tries to teach students how to lead a happier, more satisfying life in twice-weekly lectures.(这门由42岁心理学教授，也是耶鲁一所大学的校长，试图通过每周两次的

66、讲座教授学生如何更快乐、更满足的生活。)”可知，课程设置的目的是引导学生更开心、更满意。故选D项。18A词义猜测题。由该句“The fact that a class like this has such large interest speaks to how much students numb their emotionsboth positive and negativeso they can only focus on their work, the next step and the next accomplishment.(事实上，这样的课程引起学生这么大的兴趣，说明学生非常厌倦

67、麻木自己的情绪无论是积极的还是消极的学生麻木自己的情绪是为了把注意力放在学业上，放在下一个任务上，放在下一个成就上。)”可知，学生的情绪已经麻木。故numb的意思为“麻木的”，即无法宣泄自己的情绪。故选A项。19B推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Dr.Santos discovered that Yale students are interested in the class because, in high school, they had to give up their happiness to gain admission to the school, adopting harmful

68、life habits that have led to what she called the mental health crises were seeing at places like Yale(Dr.Santos推测，耶鲁学生对这门课感兴趣是因为在高中阶段，他们为升学而不得不忽略自己的幸福快乐，养成了有害的生活习惯，导致了在耶鲁这样的地方，我们正在目睹精神健康危机。)”可知，学生们之前遭受了精神健康危机。故选B项。20C文章大意题。由文章第一段“On January 12, a few days after registration for the course of Psychol

69、ogy and the Good Life, roughly 300 people had signed up.Within three days, the figure had more than doubled.After three more days, about 1,200 students, or nearly one-fourth of Yale undergraduates, were enrolled.(在耶鲁大学的Psychology and the Good Life课程开放注册三天后，注册人数达到300人左右；又过了三天，约有1 200名学生，也就是近四分之一的耶鲁本科

70、生报名选修这门课。)”和最后一段“Psychology and the Good Life, with 1,182 undergraduates currently enrolled, stands as the most popular course in Yales 316-year history.(这门课程目前有1 182名本科生报名选修，成为耶鲁建校316年来最受欢迎的课程。)”可知，Psychology and the Good Life这门课程是耶鲁这所大学历史上最受欢迎的。故选C项。词海拾贝读原句品词句一、英汉对对碰1Any person，group or organizati

71、on around the world is qualified,_and any suggestion is welcome, so long as it is applicable globally.符合资格的2Prince William acknowledged his heritage by saying he had always listened, learned and believed what they were saying about the environment.传统3Parental fears still exist, however.Parents are t

72、errified of cars, of injury, of harsh weather, of encounters with strangers and wild animals.恶劣的4Walking energizes us and cheers us up,_and it can do the same for children.(使)高兴起来，(使)振作起来5In return for undertaking certain numbers of steps, participants earned “health points” which they could exchang

73、e for rewards worth up to US $10承担，负责6On January 12, a few days after registration for the course of Psychology and the Good Life, roughly 300 people had signed up.登记；注册7With one in four students at Yale taking it, if we see good habits, things like students showing more gratitude,_delaying less, in

74、creasing social connections, were actually seeing change in the schools culture.感激之情；感谢8Dr.Santos discovered that Yale students are interested in the class because, in high school, they had to give up their happiness to gain admission to the school, adopting harmful life habits that have led to what

75、 she called “the mental health crises were seeing at places like Yale”允许进入9Students have long requested that Yale offer a course on positive psychology, according to Woo-Ky-oung Ahn, director of undergraduate studies in psychology, who said she was “blown away” by Dr.Santos proposal for the class.建议

76、，提议10Administrators like Fr.Ahn expected significant enrollment for the class, but none anticipated it being quite so large.预料；预见；期望二、熟词考新义1It could be a new technology, a new approach, a new governmental policy or any other ideas toward five environmental goalsfixing the climate, purifying the air,

77、 protecting nature, cleaning oceans and handling waste.解决，修复2As we go through this pandemic that has shaken up all of our lives, its a good time to practice new routines and establish new habits.流行病3During its stay, Change 5 also sent back images of a lunar plain of relatively young volcanic moon ro

78、ck.平原4Experts will look whether initiatives(首创) such as the national step challenge in Singapore could work in England.奏效；产生作用5Citizens are offered cash payments if they do a certain amount of physical activity, such as walking and running, and their progress is measured through wearable devices.估量，

79、判定三、解锁长难句1Prince William, second in line to the British throne, gave his first TED Talk on Saturday to launch his Earthshot Prize, a competition that will award five million prize money every year for the next decade to those who can come up with solutions to environmental problems.分析：second in line

80、 to the British throne用作Prince William的同位语，a competition用作Earthshot Prize的同位语，定语从句that will award five million prize money.修饰competition，定语从句who can come up with solutions to environmental problems修饰those。译文：英国王位第二继承人威廉王子于上周六发表了他的首次TED演讲，宣布设立“Earthshot Prize”。在未来十年里，该奖项每年将向那些能想出环境问题解决方案的人颁发500万英镑的奖金

81、。2These fears prevent parents from letting their kids do something thats actually enormously beneficial to them, despite the fact that removing an opportunity to be active contributes to an increase in childhood obesity, which can have a greater negative impact on a childs life than the risk of bein

82、g injured due to being active.分析：定语从句thats actually enormously beneficial to them修饰something；同位语从句that removing an opportunity to be active contributes to.作fact的同位语，动名词短语removing an opportunity to be active在该从句中作主语，which引导非限制性定语从句。译文：这些担心阻止了父母让孩子做一些实际上对他们非常有益的事情，尽管事实上，剥夺一个活跃的机会有助于儿童肥胖的增加，这可能对孩子的生活产生

83、更大的负面影响，而不是因为活跃而受伤的风险。3A capsule containing samples of lunar (月球的) rocks and soil collected from the surface of our natural satellite landed in Inner Mongolia, where it was taken back for study.分析：现在分词短语containing samples of lunar rocks and soil作定语，修饰capsule；过去分词短语collected from the surface of our n

84、atural satellite作定语，修饰rocks and soil；非限制性定语从句where it was taken back for study修饰Inner Mongolia。译文：一个装有从我们的月球表面采集的月球岩石和土壤样本的太空舱在内蒙古着陆，它在那里被带回进行研究。4Boris Johnson, who has become determined to undertake meaningful action against Britains obesity crisis after his stay in hospital last year with COVID-19

85、, supports the latest government action on bulging waistlines.分析：非限制性定语从句who has become determined to undertake meaningful action against Britains obesity crisis after his stay in hospital last year with COVID-19修饰Boris Johnson。译文：鲍里斯约翰逊在去年接受COVID-19治疗住院后，决心对英国的肥胖危机采取有意义的行动，他支持政府针对腰围膨胀采取的最新行动。5The c

86、ourse, taught by Laurie Santos, 42, a psychology professor and the head of one of Yales residential colleges, tries to teach students how to lead a happier, more satisfying life in twice-weekly lectures.分析：过去分词短语taught by Laurie Santos作定语，修饰course；a psychology professor and the head of one of Yales residential colleges作Laurie Santos的同位语；不定式短语how to lead a happier, more satisfying life作teach的直接宾语。译文：这门课程由42岁的心理学教授、耶鲁一所寄宿学院院长劳里桑托斯教授，试图通过每周两次的讲座教会学生如何过上更快乐、更满意的生活。