专题01 名词、冠词、代词专项讲练-2023中考英语二轮复习讲练测(广东专用).docx
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1、2023中考英语二轮复习讲练测(广东专用) 专题01名词、冠词、代词名词考点一:名词的分类 名词的分类名词可以分为普通名词和专有名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,joy等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:doctor, house, photo。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family, class。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无
2、法分为个体的实物,如:rice, water, air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:health, friendship。考点二:名词复数的变化 1.名词复数的规则变化(1)一般情况加 -s清辅音后读/s/;map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/,bag-bags /z/;car-cars/z/(2) 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/ bus-buses 、watch-watches(3) 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s读 /iz/license-license(4) 以辅音字母
3、+y结尾的词,变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babies但是,以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:monkey-monkeys,holiday-holidays比较: 楼层:storey -storeys,story-stories(5)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero-zeros / zeroes(6)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数
4、时: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs,roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如knife-knives, thief-thieves, leaf-leaveswolf-wolves, wife-wives, life-lives c. 均可,如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves2.名词复数的不规则变化(1)child-children;foot-feettooth-teeth;mouse-mice;man-men;woman-women注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复
5、数形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;,(2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese(3)美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters(4)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: peoplepolicecattle(牛) 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a h
6、ead of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。(5)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等名词,为不可数名词,是单数。(6)news 是不可数名词。(7)the United States(美利坚合众国),the United Nations(联合国) 应视为单数。如:The United N
7、ations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。(8)以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。(9)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes(10)若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers(11)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表达别的意思,如:goods货
8、物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼3.不可数名词量的变化物质名词:结构: 数词+量词(可以是复数形式) + of +不可数名词例如:a glass of water 一杯水;twoglassesof watera. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数) We need various steels.(可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时
9、,可数。Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please.请来两份茶。考点三:名词的所有格 名词的所有格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下:名词的所有格的表示方法: (1)表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格一般在名词后加s。 my fathers study 我父亲的书房a. 以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“ ”。the teachers reading room 教员阅览室b. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所
10、有格要加 s。the peoples right 人民的权利 the womens dressc. 如专有名词以s结尾,它的所有格一般只加“ ”,但也有加 s 的时候。Burns poems 彭斯的诗d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 s 加在后面的名词之后。her son-in-laws photo 她女婿的照片e. 如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的后面加s 。如果不是共有的,则两个名词之后都要加s。 Jane and Helens room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有) Bills and Toms radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)f. 有些指时间,距离,国家,城镇的无生
11、命名词也可加 s 表示所有格。half an hours class 半个小时的课 Chinas industry 中国的工业twenty minutes walk 二十分钟的路程(2)表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the content of the story故事的内容(3) 指有生命的名词有时也可以用of词组表示所有格。a. 如果名词较长。 the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事 the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin马,恩
12、,列,斯著作b. 如果名词的定语较长,就只能用of词组来表示所有关系。 Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 你知道站在大门旁的那个男孩的名字吗?【典例精析】考点一:名词的分类典例1:( )Look,the boss is very angry with AlexWell,he came late againBut thats no_ to shout at him.Aproblem Blesson Cexcuse DReason【答案】C【解析】首先明确选项中名词的意思,A:问题;B:功课;C:借口;D:理由; 根据语境联
13、系上下句推测设空处所在句子的句意是但是没有借口朝着他大喊,由此判断句子中缺少借口一词,故答案为C【考查角度】抽象名词的词义典例2:( )As we all know, Wudang Mountain is the _ of Shiyan.A. proud B. pride C. progress D. purpose【答案】B【考查角度】抽象名词的词义典例3:Michael,how much do you know about_?People usually eat rice dumplings to remember Qu YuanAthe Mid-Autumn FestivalBthe S
14、pring FestivalCthe Dragon Boat FestivalDthe Lantern Festival【答案】C【解析】根据对节日的了解。根据题中“纪念”屈原,说明是端午节。故选C。【考查角度】抽象名词的词义典例4:Could you take out the rubbish and do the dishes,Tony?Sure,Mom will be mad if she sees this _,I thinkAmatter Bmess Ctrouble Ddifficulty【答案】B【解析】句意:妈妈会发疯的,如果她看到这乱七八糟的东西。mess混乱,脏脏。故选B。【
15、考查角度】抽象名词的词义典例5:I feel tired. I have so much work to do and dont have much time for myself.You should take_,I think.A.health B. exercise C. lesson D. time【答案】B【考查角度】抽象名词的词义典例6:将下列词组译成英语:1. 一群孩子_ 【答案】1.a group of children 【解析】1.child复数形式是children;2. 两箱子苹果_【答案】two boxes of apples 【解析】 apple复数形式apples3
16、.十杯牛奶_ 【答案】ten cups of milk 【解析】milk属于不可数名词4.多种植物_ 【答案】many kinds of plants 【解析】plant复数形式plants5.一副眼镜_ 【答案】a pair of glasses 【解析】眼镜glasses6.四瓶橘汁_ 【答案】four bottles of orange juice 【解析】orange juice是不可数名词 7.五杯茶_ 【答案】five cups of tea 【解析】tea是不可数名词8.六碗米饭_ 【答案】six bowl of rice 【解析】.rice属于不可数名词9.七袋米_ 【答案】s
17、even bags of rice 【解析】rice属于不可数名词10.两片面包_ _【答案】two pieces of 【解析】面包属于不可数名词考点二:名词复数的变化典例1:按要求填入单词的适当形式1. Two_ live in this building. (family)【答案】1.families【解析】amily作“家庭”讲时,复数为families;作“家人,亲人”讲时,family单数形式。2.Look at those _. (child)【答案】hildren【解析】child的复数形式为children.3.I can see a _ standing near the
18、door. (policeman)【答案】policeman【解析】policeman的复数为policemen4.There are some _ on the table. (glass)5.Would you like some _? (bread)【答案】bread【解析】bread是不可数名词6.I have two _. (sister)【答案】.sisters 【解析】sister复数为sisters7.I like _. (cat)【答案】cats 【解析】cat的复数为cats8.Do you want some _ for supper? (potato)【答案】.toma
19、toes【解析】potato复数为tomatoes9.He has two _. One is old ,the other is new .(watch)【答案】watches【解析】watch作“手表”讲时,复数为watches 10. In autumn ,you can see a lot of _ on the ground. (leaf)【答案】leaves【解析】eaf复数为leaves.【考查角度】名词的单复数【解析】1.f 5. 6 8 9. 10.典例2:( ) Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B
20、. leaves C. leaf D. leave【考查角度】以“f”“fe”结尾的名词复数变化【解析】以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:去f,fe 加ves。故选B。【答案】B典例3: Would you like_ tea? No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any,bottles of orange B. some,bottles of orangeC. many,bottles of oranges D. few,bottle of oranges【答案】B【考查角度】不可数名词复数表达典例4:( )Each couple in China can hav
21、e two_from January 1st,2016Aboy Bgirl Cchildren Dchild【答案】C【解析】boy复数是boys;girl复数是girls;child复数是children。故选C。【考查角度】名词变为复数的规则与不规则变化典例5:Yibin is one of the most beautiful _in Si Chuan()Acity Bcities Ccitys【答案】B【解析】根据one of the most beautiful可知本句是最高级的句子,表示宜宾是最美丽的城市之一one of后应用名词的复数形式city为可数名词,且是以辅音+y结尾的单
22、词,故变复数时应该把y变为i加es故其复数形式为cities故选B.【考查角度】以“y”结尾的名词变为复数典例6:Its hot todayHave some _,pleaseNo,thanksIm not thirsty at all.Awater Bpotatoes Cbread Dcakes【答案】A【解析】根据选项的意思water水;potato土豆;bread面包;cake蛋糕,结合答语No,thanksIm not thirsty at all不,谢谢我一点也不渴可推知在上文中对方让他喝点东西,故选A. 【考查角度】单数名词变为复数规则典例7:( )There are many _
23、 about this farm.Yes, lots of _ are planted on it.A. photo; potato B. photos; potatos C. photos; potatoes D. photoes; potatoes 【答案】C【考查角度】以“o”结尾名词的复数变化规则典例7:( )What can I do for you?I want two _.A. bottle of milk B. bottles of milk C. bottles of milks D. bottle of milks【答案】B【解析】在英语中可以用“容器”来表达不可数名词,即
24、a+容器+of+不可数名词。容器是可数名词。故选B.【考查角度】不可数名词量的变化考点三:名词的所有格 典例1:将下列句子翻译成英语(1)露西和莉莉的父亲都是医生。【答案】(1)Lucys and Lilys fathers are doctors. 【解析】(1)根据句意可知,露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲是医生。根据名词所有格的用法,两个人都加s(2)露西和莉莉的父亲是医生【答案】Lucy and Lilys father is a doctor.【解析】根据句意,露西和莉莉两者共同的父亲,所以只在最后一个人后加s.典例2:( )Are you sure this is a photo _,the
25、 famous comedy actress?It surprised you,didnt it?But she was once really thinAJia Ling BJia Lings Cof Jia Ling Dof Jia Lings【答案】C【解析】a photo of sb=sbs photo某人的照片;of的,s也表示的,是所有格形式,故选C.【考查角度】名词所有格中“of”与“s”典例3:( )Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mar
26、ys and Jacks sister【答案】B【解析】句意:Joan是Mary和Jack共同的妹妹。所以后面的名词加“s”即可。故选B.【考查角度】名词所有格中的“共有”关系典例4:用单词的适当形式填空It takes about_walk from my home to school.(五分钟)【答案】five minutes【考查角度】时间名词的所有格形式典例5:( )_ room is big and nice. A. Kates and Janes B. Kates and Jane C. Kate and Janes 【答案】C【解析】句意: _的房间又大又漂亮。由句意可知room
27、应为二人共同拥有的,所以应在最后的名词加所有格s, 故选C.【考查角度】名词所有格中的“共有”关系典例6:( )It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into a teardrop shape.A. of the drop B. the drops C. drop of D. drops the【答案】B【解析】“It”是形式主语。“that”引导的是主语从句。主语从句的谓语是“changesinto”“把变成”。其中“into”的前后应是对应的平行结构。
28、很明显A和D都不行,不能把“changes”误作名词。C改变了“into”的平行关系。只有B既能与前边的动词“changes”衔接,又能保持“into”的平行关系。故选B.【考查角度】名词所有格中“of”与“s”【易错疑难】1.对可数名词与不可数名词理解有误例一:Id like_because I am very thirsty.(两杯牛奶)【答案】two cups of milk【考查角度】可数名词与不可数名词的表达例二: Mum, Im hungry. May I have some _?Sure. But I dont eat too much. A. hamburgers B. mil
29、ks C. cake 【答案】A【解析】句意:“妈妈,我饿了。我可以吃些_?”“当然了。但是不要吃得太多。”hamburgers汉堡包;milks牛奶;cake蛋糕。some后跟不可数名词或可数名词复数形式,milk是不可数名词,没有复数,cake是可数名词,没有用复数形式。故选A.【考查角度】可数名词与不可数名词例三:There are many websites on the Internet and there _ a lot of useful _ on the websites.A. are; informations B. are; information C. is; infor
30、mation D. is; information【答案】C【解析】句意:网站上有很多网页,并且在网页上有很多有用的信息。这个题的关键就在information,因其为不可数名词,故谓语动词应用单数is。故选C。【考查角度】不可数名词2.对名词所有格理解有误例四:三月八号是妇女节。(翻译成英语)【答案】March 8 is Womens Day.【解析】man与woman修饰名词时,需要变复数,例如,很多男医生many men doctors;表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格一般在名词后加s。【考查角度】“of”“s”名词所有格的区别例五:Its easy to travel from
31、 Urumqi to Lanzhou by taking high-speed railway.Yes. Its only _.A. eight hours ride B. eight hours ride C. eight-hours ride D. eight hoursride【答案】D【考查角度】“s”名词所有格例六:Its about _ from our school to my house.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walkC. walk of 20 minutes D. 20 minutes walks【答案】A【解析】句意:从我的学校到
32、我家大约得20分钟的路程。在名词所有格当中,表示时间等无生命的名词构成所有格用s,该题中表示“20分钟的路程”,用20 minutes walk。故选A。【考查角度】“of”与“s”名词所有格3.对集合名词“sheep”的理解有误例七:( )Look, these_eating grass on the hill.A. sheep is B. sheeps is C. sheep are D. sheeps are【答案】C【解析】sheep的单复数同形。题中these是复数,所以说明sheep是复数形式,所以要使用are。故选C.【考查角度】集合名词sheep4.对相似名词记忆不准确。例八:
33、How did you put together the model plane so perfectly?Its easy. I just followed the .A. instructions B. instruments C. interviews D. inventions【答案】A【解析】句意:你是如何将飞机模型组装得这么完美地?这很简单,我只是根据_做的。A项说明;B项仪器;C项采访;D项发明。根据句意我是通过说明来组装飞机的。故选A。【考查角度】抽象名词的词义冠词考点一:不定冠词 1、不定冠词a 和an的用法区别:a用在单词发辅音开首的单词前,an用在单词发元音开首的单词前。
34、如:a book, a desk, a pen, a doctor, a house ,an enemy, an accident, an animal, an egg 但注意:an hour, a useful tool 2、 不定冠词的用法:(1) 表示人、事和物中的某一类或某类中任何一个。A horse is a useful tool. A dog runs faster than a goat. (2) 泛指某人或某事物An old man is sitting on the chair. (3)表示one 或every,但概念上没有它们那样强烈。当表示one的意思时,一般不用two
35、, three等相对比。如:Every elephant has a long nose. Take this medicine three times a day. (4)用于某些固定词组中。a few, a bit, a lot of, in a hurry, at a time, all of a sudden, many a, a little, a couple of, as a matter of fact, in a word, have a good time, do sb. a favor, pay a visit to, in a way, have a word with
36、, make a living, take a pride in, take a walk, a great deal of, catch a cold, (5)用在某些抽象名词前,表示“一种,一类,一场,一阵”等She was caught in a heavy rain. It was a wonderful tea. That is a great disappointment. 3、不定冠词的特殊用法:(1)与有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前,表示具体一个“人或物”。He received a good education. Thank you, Jim. You have done a
37、 kindness. Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today. The meeting held yesterday was a success. To advise him is a waste of time. (2)偶尔与专有名词连用,表示某种特定意思。表示类似的一个或某一个(a certain) a Mr Black a living Lei Feng A Mr. Smith wants to see you. (3)与形容词最高级连用,表示强调,不表最高
38、级。 The Huanghe River is a longest river in China. The story is a most interesting one. (4)用在有形容词修饰的一日三餐、季节和日期前Before I go to work every morning, Ive a light breakfast. The traffic accident happened on a Sunday to the end of the July. (5)用于序数词前,表示“再一,又一”而不表顺序。How important it is to learn a second lan
39、guage. The fisherman cast a third net. (6)表示类别,有any, per之意,a(n)不必译成汉语,此时a(n)可改为the或不用冠词(但必须用名词复数形式)。His income is one thousand yuan a month. A camel is a useful animal. = Camels are useful animals. (7)不定冠词用于一些原来是动词的名词前。 Lets have a look around the playground after supper. have a rest / walk / swim /
40、 talk (have = take) give a shout / whistle / loud laugh make a drive / move (8)用在同源宾语中。Now we are living a happy life. Last night I dream a terrible dream. 考点二:定冠词 冠词the的用法:1、用于特指(基本用法)。表示某一或某些特定的人或事物。She stayed at home and cleaned the house. He saw a book on the table in his room. The boys in this
41、school wear blue shirts. 2、用于双方都知道的名词前。What do you think of the film? Close the door, please. Lets go and give it to the policeman. 3、用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前。 Which is farther from the earth, the sun or the moon? 4、用于第二次提到的事物前。 Mr Wang has a son and the son is a driver. There is a book on the desk. The book
42、 is Johns.5、与单数名词连用,表示一类(同a或an) The panda is very lovely. = A panda is very lovely. = Pandas are very lovely. 6、用于最高级前(与不定冠词不同 = very),以及对两人或事物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。the first / second, the tallest, the most important, the taller of the two boys, the more interesting of the two books 7、用于序数词前。 the first bo
43、y the third student 区别a third student 8、用于有定语修饰的名词前。 the writing desk the man standing there 9、用于乐器名词前。 Do you like playing violin? 10、用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前,表示国家、当派、团体、组织机构、单位、报刊、条约、朝代、江河湖泊海洋、山川、群岛等。 the United States the Peoples Republic of China the Youth League, the Yellow River, the Peoples Daily, the
44、 Tang Dynasty, the Philippines, the History Museum, the Childrens Palace, the Taiwan Straits 11、与某些形容词、分词连用表示某一类人。 the rich, the poor, the sick, the wounded12、用于姓氏复数之前,表示全家或夫妇二人。 the Turners the Wangs the Browns13、用于世纪的某年代。 in the 1980s (in the 1980s) 14、用于方位名词前。Shanghai is in the east of China. Jap
45、an lies to the east of China. 15、用于发明物的单数名词前。Who invented the telephone? 16、用于某些表示国家和民族的形容词前,泛指全体。这些词通常以-sh, -ch, -ese结尾。the English, the French, the Chinese 17、用于表示数量的名词前。They sold eggs by the dozen. They were paid by the hour. 18、用于某些词组和习语中。in the morning in the end at the age of on the other hand
46、, in the daytime 19、用于句型:主语+ pat (strike/hit/catch/touch) +sb+介词+the+接触部位He hit Tom in the face. The teacher patted the boy on the head. 口诀一:沙漠河流与群山,岛屿海峡与海湾;阶级当派国家名,组织团体和机关;方位朝代不一样,会议条约及报刊;乐器建筑海洋船,定冠词都不能删。口诀二:特指双熟悉,上文已提及;世上独无二,序数最高级;某些专有名,习语及乐器。考点三:零冠词及特例 1、非特指的物质名词和抽象名词前。 paper bravery Water boils
47、at 1000C. Knowledge begins with practice. 但,这些词被限定时,要用冠词,当表示个体事物或“一种、一场、一份”等含义时,前面加不定冠词。The milk in the bottle has gone bad. Do you want a coffee? What do you think of the work? He has a good knowledge of English. 2、不含有普通名词的专有名词前。 China, Beijing, Mary, Peter 但有限定性、描绘性定语修饰时,用定冠词;当表示“像那样的人或事物”,“有个名叫的人
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