2020-2021学年高考英语语法核心考点复习 句子成分知识点.docx

1、句子成分知识点 【只有分析清楚句子成分，才能够理解句子结构。】一个句子是由作用不同的各个部分所组成的，这些组成部分被称为句子成分。句子成分可以是单词，也可以是短语或句子。在句中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语等，称为次要成分。1.主语主语是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，通常用名词或相当于名词的词（即：名词、形容词或分词（与定冠词the连用表示一类人或物）、数词、代词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）以及主语从句等）担任。一般置于句首。如：Boy studentslike to play football on the playg

2、round after school.男学生们喜欢放学后到操场上踢足球。（名词作主语）The disabledare to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的救济金。（形容词与定冠词the连用表示一类人或物作主语）The woundedhave been taken good care of.受伤的人都得到了很好的照顾。（分词与定冠词the连用表示一类人或物作主语）Five and tenis fifteen.五加十等于十五。（数词作主语）Hehas left Beijing for Paris.他已经离开北京去巴黎。（代词作主语）It is not easyto lea

3、rn a foreign language well.学好一门外语是不容易的。（动词不定式短语作主语，it是形式主语）Watching TV too muchis bad for health.看电视过多对健康不利。（动名词短语作主语）What we shall do nextwill be decided at the meeting tomorrow.下一步我们做什么将在明天的会议上作决定。（主语从句作主语）注：有时可以将表示时间、地点的词用作主语。如：October 1st,1949saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.中华人

4、民共和国是1949年10月1日建立的。（时间作主语）Tian An Men Squarefirst saw the raising of our five-star red flag on October 1st, 1949.1949年10月1日天安门广场上升起了我国第一面五星红旗。（地点作主语）2.谓语谓语或谓语动词是说明主语的动作或状态的，通常用动词担任，置于主语之后。如：The earthtravelsround the sun.地球绕着太阳转。（不及物动词作谓语）The playbeginsat eight. So wemust dineat seven.戏八点钟开演，所以我们必须七点

5、钟吃饭。（不及物动词作谓语）Iborrowedthe novel from the school library a week ago.一周前，我从学校图书馆借了这本小说。（及物动词作谓语）The new bookswill have been enteredin the register by the end of next week.这些新书在下周前将登记完毕。（及物动词的将来完成被动式作谓语）Heis one of the most popular professorsin the university.他是大学里最受欢迎的教授之一。（系动词+表语作谓语）3.宾语宾语表示行为动作的对象。

6、及物动词涉及到的对象叫动词宾语。一般置于及物动词之后。不及物动词后不能直接跟宾语，只有与介词连用构成短语后才可以跟宾语。介词后面的宾语叫介词宾语。通常用名词或相当于名词的词（即：名词、数词、代词、形容词或分词（与定冠词the连用表示一类人或物）、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、名词化的分词以及宾语从句等）担任。如：You can leaveyour luggagewith me.你可以将你的行李存在我这儿。（名词作宾语）If you add five to ten, you get fifteen.5加10得15。（数词作宾语）Where did you buythat?你在哪儿买的那个？

7、（代词作宾语）He is always helpingthe poorerthan himself.他总是帮助比他穷困的人。（形容词与定冠词the连用表示一类人或物作宾语）Does she really meanto leave home?她真地要离开家吗？（动词不定式短语作宾语）He stoppedsmokingtwo years ago.他两年前就戒烟了。（动名词作宾语）More and more people like buyingready-madesnow.现在越来越多的人喜欢买形成的服装。（名词化的分词作宾语）I wonderedhow old the girl was.我不知道这

8、个女孩有多大年纪。（宾语从句作宾语）注：a.代词作动词的宾语时通常要用宾格（例外：who常可替换whom），代词作介词的宾语时只能用宾格。如：He showedmehis photographalbum.他把照相册拿给我看。（代词宾格作间接宾语，名词作直接宾语）You can leave your luggage withme.你可以将你的行李存在我这儿。（代词宾格作介词宾语）b.介词之后要求跟带疑问词的动词不定式（短语），而不能跟简单的动词不定式。如：The teacher gave us much advice onhow to learn English well.老师给我们提出了许多学

9、好英语的建议。The problem ofhow to get the grand piano through the doorwaybaffled the workman.如何使这个大钢琴通过门廊难住了工作人员。c.如果宾语是与动词同源的名词，可构成同源宾语结构。这种宾语前有不定冠词和其它限定词修饰。如：Weare living a happy life.我们过着幸福的生活。Chris willsing an English songfor us.克里斯将要给我们唱支英文歌。Last night shedreamed a sweet dream.昨天晚上她做了一个甜蜜的梦。Theyfough

10、t a hard fight.他们进行了一场艰苦的战斗。Her sondied a heros deathin battle.她的儿子在战斗中英勇牺牲了。4.宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分叫宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）及分词（短语）等可作宾语补足语。如：We chose him ourmonitor.我们选他为班长。（名词作宾语补足语）I think the football gameworthwatching.我认为这场足球比赛值得一看。（形容词作宾语补足语）When he arrive

11、d there he found the meetingover.当他到达那里时，发现会议已经结束了。（副词作宾语补足语）She likes to keep everythingin good order.她喜欢把一切放得整整齐齐。（介词短语作宾语补足语）Li Hua is ill. Letsgo and see him.李华生病了，我们去看看吧。（动词不定式短语作宾语补足语）I call thisrobbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名词短语作宾语补足语）I dont think the movievery touching.我认为这部电影并不很感

12、人。（现在分词短语作宾语补足语）Can I have this parcelweighed here?我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗？（过去分词短语作宾语补足语）注：a.如果句子由主动语态变成被动语态，那么宾语补足语就变成主语补足语。如：He was calledOliver Barret.=People called him Oliver Barret.他名叫奥利弗巴雷特。（名词作主语补足语）He was borna poor farmers boyand diedpresident of the United States.林肯生下来时是一个贫苦农民的儿子，死时则是美国的总统。（名词短语作主

13、语补足语）He was takenfor my brother.=Someone took him for my brother.他被误认作我的兄弟。（介词短语作主语补足语）He was seento go upstairs.=Someone saw him go upstairs.有人看见他上楼去了。（动词不定式短语作主语补足语）He was foundlying in bed, dead.=Someone found him lying in bed, dead.他被发现躺在床上，死了。（现在分词和形容词作主语补足语）The missing girl was seenseated by t

14、he river,reading a letter.=Someone saw the missing girl seated by the river,reading a letter.有人看见那个失踪的女孩坐在河边，读着一封信。（seated by the river是过去分词短语作主语补足语, reading a letter是现在分词短语作主语补足语）b.注意下列主动语态句子中使用主语补足语的情况：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.我又累又困，就去睡了。（形容词短语作主语补足语）She gazed at himspeechlessfor a moment.她

15、一言不发地凝视了他一会儿。（形容词作主语补足语）Chen,only 1.30 metres tall, succeeded in winning her third gold in the individual floor exercises.陈，只有1. 30米高，却在个人自由体操中成功地夺得第三枚金牌。（形容词短语作主语补足语）He found a young and beautiful girl, who kept shouting and crying, obviously mad.他发现了一个年轻美貌的姑娘，这个姑娘又喊又哭，分明是疯了。（形容词短语作主语补足语）As a true

16、friendhe will stand by me forever.作为我的真挚朋友，他会永远支持我的。（介词短语作主语补足语）She came homequite changed.他回到家时已完全变了。（过去分词短语作主语补足语）People are just bornwhat colour they are.人们的肤色是天生的。（名词性从句作主语补足语）5.表语表语置于系动词之后，说明主语的身份、状态或特征。表语和系动词一起构成谓语部分。名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、分词（短语）及表语从句等都可作表语。如：His elder brother isa

17、 journalist.他的哥哥是个记者。（名词作表语）-Whose camera is this?-Itsmine.-这是谁的照相机？-是我的。（代词作表语）Is everybodyready?大家都准备好了吗？（形容词作表语）Is anyonein?里面有人吗？（副词作表语）The girl looksexactly like her mother.这个女孩看起来很像她的妈妈。（介词短语作表语）Your job will beto look after the children.你的工作将是照看孩子。（动词不定式短语作表语）Her job islooking after the child

18、ren.她的工作是照料这些孩子。（动名词短语作表语）The story isvery moving.这个故事非常感人。（现在分词作表语）I amvery interestedin stamp-collecting.我对集邮非常感兴趣。（过去分词作表语）The problem iswhether he will be fit for the job.问题是他是否能够胜任这项工作。（表语从句作表语）6.定语定语修饰名词或代词。名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、分词（短语）及定语从句等都可作定语。名词、代词、数词、形容词及单个的动名词和分词作定语，一般置于

19、被修饰的词之前，但形容词修饰复合不定代词时，应置于复合不定代词之后；少数形容词、形容词短语、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、动名词短语、分词短语及定语从句作定语，一般置于被修饰的词之后。如：The young man went into aclothesshop and bought a suit.那个年轻人走进一家服装店，买了一套衣服。（名词作定语）The weather was getting more and more cold, andmanyold man became ill.天气越来越冷了，很多老人都生病了。（代词做定语）Youre aproperfool if you be

20、lieve it.如果你相信它，那你就是一个十足的傻瓜。（形容词作定语）He must be the best pianistalive.他一定就是在世的最好的钢琴家了。（形容词作后置定语）All the peoplepresentat the conference voted for him.出席会议的人都投了他的票。（形容词作后置定语）I would like somethinginteresting to read.我想找些有趣的东西来读。（形容词作后置定语）Never had I seen a faceso happy, sweet and radiant.我从未见过如此快乐、甜蜜、喜

21、悦的面容。（形容词短语作后置定语）He lives in the roomabove.他就住在楼上。（副词作定语）A friendin needis a friend indeed.患难见真知。（介词短语作后置定语）I have a wishto travel round the world.我有周游世界的愿望。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）Thesleepingold man took twosleepingpills last night.正在睡觉了那个老人昨晚吃了两颗安眠药。（前者是现在分词作定语，后者是动名词作定语）There are some ten girlsstanding at

22、the gate,talking and laughing.大约有十个女孩站在大门口，又说又笑。（现在分词短语作后置定语）The carthats parked outsideis my daughters.停在外面的汽车是我女儿的。（限定性定语从句作后置定语）7.状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或全句。通常表示动作或状态发生的时间、地点、目的、程度、方式等。名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词（短语）及状语从句等都可作状语。如：The party teaches us to serve the peopleheart and soul.党教导我们要全心全

23、意为人民服务。（名词词组作状语，修饰谓语动词）We have walkedthisfar without stopping.我们不停地走了这么远。（代词作状语，修饰副词far）No one would sitthirteento dinner in that country.在那个国家，没有人愿意在宴会上坐第13个座位。（数词作状语，修饰谓语动词）After he ran 1500-metre race, he feltdeadtired.跑完1，500米的比赛，他累极了。（形容词作状语，修饰形容词性分词tired）He speaks Englishbadlybut reads itwell.

24、他英语讲得不好，但阅读能力强。（副词作状语，修饰谓语动词）The classroom isreasonablyclean.这个教室还算干净。（副词作状语，修饰形容词clean）He didnt run quicklyenoughto catch the bus.他跑得不够快，没有赶上那班公共汽车。（副词作状语，修饰副词quickly）Unfortunately, I didnt pass the exam a third time.不幸的是，我再一次考失败了。（副词作状语，修饰全句）I did itonlybecause I felt it to be my duty.我做此事仅仅是因为我觉得

25、它是我的责任。（副词作状语，修饰全句）I always stay in bed lateon Sundays.星期天我常睡懒觉。（介词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词）The conference will be heldin the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.这个会议将在北京人民大会堂举行。（介词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词）After taking my name and address, the police asked a lot of questions.警察把我的姓名和地址记下后，还问了我许多问题。（介词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词）He told a

26、 lieto get a job with the company.他撒慌以便在那家公司谋取一个职位。（动词不定式短语作状语，修饰谓语动词）Being sick, she didnt go to school that day.那天她生病了，没有去上学。（现在分词短语作状语，修饰谓语动词）We chattedas we walked along.我们边走边聊。（状语从句作状语，修饰谓语动词）8.同位语当一个名词、代词、数词或同位语从句置于另一个名词或代词后说明或解释该名词或代词时，那么起说明或解释作用的词或句子就是同位语。如：The Smiths have two children,a boy

27、 and a girl.史密斯夫妇有两个孩子，一男一女。（名词作同位语）We,the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。（名词作同位语）Theyallwant to see you.他们都想见你。（代词作同位语）Letsyou and mego to work.让我们俩去工作吧。（代词作同位语）Theytwowent, and wefivestayed behind.他们俩去了，我五个留了下来。（数词作同位语）W

28、ord camethat China succeeded in bidding for the 2022Winter Olympic Games.有消息传来，中国成功获得2022年冬奥会的举办权。（同位语从句作同位语）9.独立成分与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。可用作独立成分的通常有三种词语，即：感叹词语、称呼语和插入语。如：Oh, John, will you please come to my office?噢，约翰，请你到我办公室来好吗？（感叹词语作独立成分）Why, the bird cage is empty!哎呀，鸟笼是空的！（感叹词语作独立成分）Jack, you are wanted on the phone.杰克，有你的电话。（称呼语作独立成分）Everybody, pay attention to this sentence structure.大家要注意这个句型结构。（称呼语作独立成分）I am pleased with only one boy,namely,George.我只对一个男孩满意，那就是乔治。（插入语作独立成分）To tell you the truth, we dont have a very good opinion of him.说真的，我们认为他不怎么行。（插入语作独立成分）