2021-2022学年新教材译林版英语必修第二册学案：语法精讲① 主谓一致 WORD版含解析.docx

1、 语法精讲 主谓一致主谓一致是指句子的谓语必须与其主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则。1语法一致原则语法一致原则是指主语和谓语在语法形式上必须一致，即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。这一原则主要适用于以下几种情况：(1)不可数名词或可数名词单数形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可数名词的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。Every part is to be carefully checked before they are put together.组装之前，每一个部件都要仔细检查。A big part of the corn

2、 is used to feed chickens, pigs and cattle in that country.在那个国家，一大部分玉米被用来喂鸡、猪和牛。These toys are designed for children under three years old.这些玩具是为三岁以下的儿童设计的。(2)复合不定代词anyone, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing及不定代词either, each等在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Ev

3、eryone is ready for the sports meeting.每个人都为运动会做好准备了。Everything is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy.所有的事情都乱成一团，让人发疯。(3)单个的动词不定式(短语)、v.ing(短语)或主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。When they could finish the task is not known yet.他们何

4、时能完成这项任务还未知。特别提示由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式；但若表语是复数，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。What I bought were three English books.我买的是三本英语书。若what引导的主语从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词常用单数，有时也可以用复数。What I say and do is/are helpful to you.我所说的和所做的对你是有帮助的。(4)由as well as, along with, together with, with, rather than, but, except, besides

5、, in addition to, like, including等连接两部分名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与(短语)介词前面的主语保持一致。The teacher as well as the students likes the painting.老师和学生们都喜欢这幅画。Tom, along with his friends, goes skating every Saturday.每个星期六，汤姆都和他的朋友们一起去滑冰。(5)“many a(n)(许多)/more than one(不止一个)可数名词单数”作主语时，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。Many a paren

6、t has had to go through this painful process.很多父母都不得不经历了这一段痛苦的过程。More than one person is against the proposal.不止一个人反对这个提议。(6)由each.and (each)., every.and (every).，no.and (no).连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Each teacher and (each) student was given a ticket.每一位老师和学生都发了一张票。Every hour and (every) minute is impo

7、rtant for us.每一小时和每一分钟对我们都很重要。No sound and (no) voice is heard.听不见任何声响。(7)“one of可数名词复数”后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式；而“the (only) one of可数名词复数”后跟定语从句时，从句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.他是那些去过上海的学生中的一个。He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai.他是那些学生中唯一一个去

8、过上海的。(8)一些形式为复数但表达单数意义的名词如trousers, pants, shoes, glasses, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但当这类名词前有pair修饰时，要根据pair的单复数来确定谓语动词的单数或复数形式。Her glasses are new.她的眼镜是新的。This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.这把剪刀是这个裁缝的。(9)在倒装句中，谓语动词与其后的主语保持一致。Between the two buildings is a monument.这两座建筑物之间矗立着一座纪念碑。After the

9、exam is the time for rest.考完试就可以休息了。(10)在“Itis/was被强调部分 that/who.”结构中，如被强调部分是主语，that/who后的谓语动词与被强调部分的人称、数保持一致。It is they who have worked there for five years.是他们在那里工作了五年。 即学即练单句语法填空Knowing how to think clearly _ (be) very important.What astronauts need in the spaceship _ (be) oxygen.What the childre

10、n in the area starve for _ (be) books.Dr. Smith, as well as his wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.All the scientific evidence _ (show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ (be) damaging our health.To our disappointment, only a minority of people _ (be) in support

11、 of our plan.It is reported that many a new house _ (build) at present in the disaster area.Between the two rows of trees _ (stand) the teaching building.The teacher together with the students _ (discuss) the great sports personalities now.The teacher, in addition to his students, _ (be) interested

12、in the book.The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ (be) around $ 8,450 a year, which _ (be) a burden for some of them.Tom was one of the boys who _ (be) praised by the headmaster.Tom was the only one of the boys who _ (be) praised by the headmaster.He is one of th

13、e students who _ (be) the winner of scholarship for three years.2意义一致原则这一原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。主语所表达的单复数概念并不总是根据主语的形式来确定，有时要根据它所表达的意义来确定。意义一致原则主要适用于以下几种情况：(1)and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果and所连接的两个单数名词指的是同一个人、同一件事或表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词前不加冠词。The owner and the editorinchief of the newspaper are

14、to attend the conference.这家报纸的业主和主编将参加这次会议。The knife and fork is on the desk.这套刀叉在桌子上。The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk.那位老师兼作家将要给我们做一次报告。(2)all, none, some, any等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词的数根据其指代的内容而定。All are here and all is ready.所有的人都已到，一切就绪。All who have studied this question have come to the s

15、ame conclusion.所有研究过这个问题的人都得出同样的结论。None have arrived yet.还无人到来。None is more qualified for the task than him.没有人比他更适合执行这项任务了。(3)“all/most/half/the rest of名词/代词”或“分数/百分数名词/代词”作主语时，若名词或代词表示单数概念或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式；若表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式。a number of.(许多)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the number of.(的数量)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。The rest of

16、 the buildings were easy to get to and the rest of his time was spent in enjoying the beautiful scenes.其余的建筑物并不难到达，他剩下的时间都用在欣赏美景上了。He got back home, finding that some of the sugar was spilled on the floor.他回到家，发现一些糖散落在地上。The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for di

17、fferent reasons.邀请的人数是50，但很多人因不同的原因没来。(4)表示时间、距离、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时常被当作一个整体来看待，谓语动词常用单数形式，但为了强调数量之多，也可用复数形式。Twenty kilometers is quite a long distance. 20千米是相当长的一段距离。Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.那时50美元对我来说是一大笔钱。(5)集体名词作主语时的主谓一致问题有的集体名词表示复数含义，作主语时谓语通常也用复数形式，比如cattle, people, police等

18、。How many people were at the meeting?有多少人参加了会议？The cattle are grazing at the foot of the hill.牛群正在山脚下吃草。有的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。若视为整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若强调集体中的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式，比如family, class, audience, team, group, band, committee(委员会)等。a强调整体，谓语动词用单数：There was a big audience at the evening party.晚会上观众

19、很多。Class One suggests a second visit to the Great Wall.一班提议第二次游览长城。The football team is being reorganized.这支足球队正在重组。b强调成员，谓语动词用复数：The audience were all deeply impressed by the plot.故事情节给观众留下了极为深刻的印象。Class One are all out on the playground to cheer for the athletes.一班的同学都到操场上为运动员加油去了。The committee ag

20、ree to discuss the proposal at the next meeting.委员们同意在下次会议中讨论该建议。有的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式，比如clothing, equipment, furniture, jewellery, poetry等。The furniture in this room has been made to order.这个房间的家具是定做的。All their clothing is bright and attractive.他们所有的衣服都颜色鲜艳，引人注目。Most of their equipment has been sh

21、ipped ahead of schedule.他们的大部分设备已提前运走了。特别提示单复数形式相同的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式应根据其表达的意义来确定。这类名词有means, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。Every means has been tried.每一个方法都试过了。Not all means are useful.并非所有的方法都有用。(6)“定冠词the形容词”表示某一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Even the wise are not always free from error.即使智者也可能犯错误。(7)作主语的书名

22、、影片名、格言、剧名、报纸名、国名等若为复数形式，谓语动词通常用单数形式。The Newcomers is one of Thackerays finest books.纽克姆一家是萨克雷的最好著作之一。(8)以“s”结尾的学科名词和news作主语时，因为这些词都属于形式上是复数，实际意义为单数名词或不可数名词，所以谓语动词要用单数形式。I think physics is well worth studying.我觉得物理很值得学习。Bad news has wings.坏事传千里。 即学即练单句语法填空A survey carried out last year showed that 8

23、0% of the middleaged in this city _ (be) in favour of the proposal for health care reform.All we need _ (be)a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.Onethird of the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _

24、 black people. (be)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ (be) saved for other purposes.As the saying goes, “No news _ (be) good news.”Last Sunday, at least ten people _ (be) killed in the car crash.Summer Olympics usually _ (last) about two weeks and the events _ (div

25、ide) into five parts.The United States _ (be) founded in 1776.The audience _ (be) so large that no seat is left unoccupied in the great hall.The rich _ (be) not always happy.Your trousers _ (be) dirty; you must have them washed.The pair of trousers _ (be) a little short. Would you please show me a l

26、onger pair?The Olympic Games _ (be) held every four years.Mathematics _ (be) the science of numbers and shapes.3就近原则这一原则是指谓语动词的人称和数往往与其最近的主语保持一致。该原则主要适用于以下几种情况：(1)either.or., .or., neither.nor., not only.but also.，not.but.等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近谓语动词的名词或代词决定。Are you or he good at English?是你还是他擅长英

27、语？Not only the students but also the teacher wants to go climbing.不仅学生想去爬山，老师也想。Neither he nor his children eat meat.他和他的孩子都不吃肉。Does neither he nor his children eat meat?他和他的孩子都不吃肉吗？(2)there be句型中的be动词应与离其最近的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和许多铅笔。Ther

28、e are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk.桌上有两本书、一支钢笔和许多铅笔。 即学即练单句语法填空Neither you nor one of your students _ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Were having a meeting next week to discuss the matter. Either you or he _ (be) to attend the meeting.The exam is approaching. Not onl

29、y Tom but also his classmates _ (be) working hard._ (be) either you or she going to the USA?There _(be) a boy and two girls in the garden. They are planting trees.【随堂自测】单句语法填空1It is important to remember that success _ (be) the sum of small efforts made each day and often _ (take) years to achieve.2

30、Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ (have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.3Actually, the garden, as well as the trees around it, _ (belong) to a man living across the street.4Nobody but those invited by Dr Li _ (allow) to enter the patients room.5Two fifths of the land in that district

31、 _ (be) covered by trees and grass.6The majority of students in my school _ (be) admitted to famous universities every year.7Buses were not able to run normally on the roads because of the heavy snow and more than one student _ (be) late for school that morning.8Five years _ (pass) since they met la

32、st time, and for them, five years _ (be) really a long time.9Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _ (regard) as one of the best allround forms of exercise.10. The committee _ made up of 20 members who experts in medicine. (be)11Amy, as well as her brothers, _ (give) a warm welcome whe

33、n returning to the village last week.12When every pupil in the school _ (wear) the uniform, nobody _ (have) to worry about fashion.13The publication of Great Expectations, which _ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.14If you look at all sid

34、es of the situation, youll find probably a solution that _ (suit) everyone.15There _ (be) a man sick in bed, his wife, who took care of him and could not go out to work, and their little boy.语法精讲主谓一致1语法一致原则isisareisshowsisis/areis being builtstandsis discussingis/wasareiswerewashave been2意义一致原则wereisisarewereiswerelastare dividedwasisareareisareis3就近原则isisareAreis【随堂自测】单句语法填空1istakes2.has3.belongs4.was/is allowed5.is/was6.are7.was8.has/have passedis/are9.is regarded10.is11. was given12.wearswill have/has13.was14.suits15.was