河北省武邑中学2018届高考英语复习：阅读-主旨大意题学案 WORD版含答案.doc

1、阅读学案二：主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。一、题型特点与命题方式 【设题类型】 (1)概括文章大意； (2)选出最佳题目(标题)； (3)概括人物特点。 【设问形式】 (1)标题类常见的标题型题干： The best title / headline for this passage might

2、 be_. The text (passage) could be entitled _. What is the best title for the passage? Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? (2)大意类常见的主题型题干： This passage chiefly deals with _. Whats the topic of the article? What is the subject discussed in the text? With what topic is

3、the passage chiefly concerned?第一招标题类要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；然后要注意题目是否过大或过小，要避免下列三种错误： 概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）； 过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）； 以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。第二招大意类概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是

4、体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。二、主旨大意题高效解题方法1. 归纳文章大意文章主题句的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾。解题时，通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首尾句（包括每一段的首尾句），重点搜索主题线索和脉络。五种主题呈现的方式：a开门见山式。b藏头露尾式。c首尾呼应式。d抛砖引玉式。e藏龙卧虎式。注意：此种类型即主题

5、句隐含在全文当中，文中没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括推导出文章的主题。具体方法：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点，然后加以归纳形成主题。 【典例】 (2015重庆卷 . A篇) At thirteen, I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me. When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks, I could not.

6、 In my first literature class, Mrs. Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it, all within 45 minutes. I raised my hand right away and said, Mrs. Smith, you see, the doc tor said I have attention problems. I might not be able to do it. She glanced down at me through her glasses, You are no

7、different from your classmates, young man.” I tried, but I didnt finish the reading when the bell rang. I had to take it home.In the quietness of my bedroom, the story suddenly all became clear to me. It was about a blind person, Louis Braille. He lived in a time when the blind couldnt get much educ

8、ation. But Louis didnt give up. Instead, h invented a reading system of raised dots（点）, which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.Wasnt I the “blind” in my class, being made to learn like the “sighted” students My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance. I completed the ta

9、sk within 40 minutes. Indeed, I was no different from others; I just needed a quieter place. If Louis could find his way out of his problems, why should I ever give up I didnt expect anything when I handled in my paper to Mrs.Smith, so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day- wi

10、th an “A” on it. At the bottom of the paper were these words :“See what you can do when you keep trying”1. What is the main idea of the passage A. The disabled should be treated with respect. B. A teacher can open up a new world to students. C. One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.D

11、. Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.解析：主旨大意题。作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生，因为上课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做，在安静的环境下终于完成了。阅读材料的内容也给了他很大的启发，说明只要不懈努力就一定能战胜困难取得成功。文章强调的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助，故A、B、D三项均有偏差，应选C项。2. 概括文章主旨 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思

12、想是解答该类题的关键。 快速阅读文章，找出各个段落的主题句，把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安排，就能概括出文章的中心。【典例】 (2015福建卷 . D篇)Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy. It can also be full of challenges, setbacks and heartbreaks. Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires that little something mor

13、e we want for ourselves and our loved ones. Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem, because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls (陷阱) that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place. This tension between what we feel we can h

14、ave and what were seemingly able to have is the niggling (烦人的) suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think its easier to just give up. But were never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more. The intelligence behind that knowing is usthe real us. Its the part

15、that believes in life and its possibilities. If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead” inside because youre dropping “you”. So, if we have this capability but somehow life seems to keep us stuck, how do we break these patterns? Decide on a new course and make one decision at a time. This i

16、s good advice for a new adventure or just getting through todays challenges. While, deep down, we know we can do it, our mind or the minds of those close to us usually says we cant. That isnt a reason to stop, its just the mind, that little man or woman on your shoulder, trying to talk you out of so

17、mething again. It has done it many times before. Its all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking. When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and youll be on your way.1. What does the author intend to tell us? A. Its easier

18、than we think to get what we want. B. Its important to learn to accept sufferings in life. C. Its impractical to change our way of thinking. D. Its harder than we expect to follow a new course. 解析：写作意图题。作者在文中一直建议我们要打破思想束缚，不要因盲目听从与我们关系亲密的人的意见而轻易放弃自己的理想。我们只要觉得时机成熟就要果断地采取行动，这样我们才能迎接挑战，得到我们想要的。 答案：A3. 概

19、括文章标题首先，弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。要避免下列三种情况：a概括不够。多表现为以部分替代整体，从而导致范围缩小。b过度概括。多表现为脱离文章内容的发挥。c以事实或细节替代抽象概括的大意。其次，要注意标题的醒目性。标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性。读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。【典例】 (2015天津卷 . C篇)One day when I was 12,my mother gave me an order:

20、I was to walk to the public library, and borrow at least one book for the summer. This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem-inability to read.In the library, I found my way into the “Childrens Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cove

21、r of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child. He was my secret sharer, but one morning, he was gone, given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him. I never forgot my beagle

22、.There on the books cover was beagle which looked identical (相同的) to my dog. I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover. My eyes ran across the title, Amos, the Beagle with a Plan. Unknowingly, I had read the title. Without opening the book, I borrowed it from the library for the summ

23、er.Under the shade of a bush, I started to read about Amos. I read very, very slowly with difficulty. Though pages were turned slowly, I got the main idea of the story about a dog who, like mine had been separated from his family and who finally found his way back home. That dog was my dog, and I wa

24、s the little boy in the book.At the end of the story, my mind continued the final scene of reunion, on and on, until my own lost dog and I were, in my mind, running together.My mothers call returned me to the real world. I suddenly realized something: I had read a book, and I had loved reading that

25、book. Everyone knew I could not read. But I had read it. Books could be incredibly wonderful and I was going to read them.I never told my mother about my “miraculous” （奇迹般的）experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And yea

26、rs later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held.1. Which one could be the best title of the passage?A. The Charm of a Book B. Mums Strict OrderC. Reunion with

27、My Beagle D. My Passion for Reading.解析：标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了作者因一本书而改变了自己的阅读习惯，逐渐克服了阅读障碍，并最终成为一名成功作家的故事。A项“一本书的魅力”符合全文主旨。B项“妈妈的严加管教”、C项“与比格犬的团圆”、D项“我对阅渎的热爱”均不符合全文主旨。 答案A4概括作者的写作目的、观点和态度在整体理解文章主旨大意的基础上，进一步把握文章的内涵，确定思维方向，并体会作者所要表达的思想感情，辨清褒贬态度，明确写作意图。 【典例】 (2015北京卷 . D篇) Technological change is everywhere and a

28、ffects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes. An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic sug

29、gest that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays par

30、ents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate. However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their adult children. In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find o

31、ut the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication

32、today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents- todays grandparents-would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of co

33、mmunication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past. Thanks

34、 to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some i

35、magined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.1. The writer believes that_. A. parents today are more protective than those in the past B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages C. technology explains greater involvement with their children D. parents change

36、d attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence2. What is the best title for the passage? A. Technology or Attitude B. Dependence or Independence C. Family Influences or Social Changes D. College Management or Communication Advancement.解析：1.观点态度题。在第三段中作者指出调查的结果并不一定表明家长对孩子不放手，在接下来的段落作者论述了出现这种结果的一个原因是科技的发展。最后一段中作者再次强调了科技在父母更多参与子女生活中所起的作用，故C项正确。 2.标题归纳题。由第一段第二句可知，这种新科技带来的改变常被误认为是态度的改变。第二至第五段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变，第六段再次明确表示是科技的改变。由此可得出A项“科技还是态度”作为文章题目最合适。而B项“依赖还是独立”、C项“家庭影响还是社会变化”和D项“大学管理还是交流进步”，均不能作为文章内容的恰当概括。 答案：1.C 2.A