2022版高考英语一轮复习 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS培优练（含解析）新人教版选择性必修第二册.doc

1、UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS课后培优微积累战高考，训练提分点描写地理位置一、多样表达1beach n.海滩2village n. 村庄3situate vt. 使(某物)位于4northern adj. 北方的， 北部的5rural adj. 农村的6beneath prep. 在下方7rock n. 岩石8mountain n. 山9a room facing south 朝南的房间10a favorably situated city 位置优越的城市11a small village off the map 一个偏僻的小村子12in a village amo

2、ng the hills 在群山环抱的村庄里13within a stones throw of the beach 离海滨仅咫尺之遥14be situated at the northern extreme of.位于最北端15a hidden rock beneath the surface of the water 水面下的暗礁二、佳句观摩1The small village is midway between these two towns.这个小村子位于两个镇的中间。2The bookstore is within a stones throw of the school.那个书店就

3、在学校附近。3An ice cream shop is situated at the street corner.一家冰淇淋店坐落在街角。4The groundwater is only feet beneath the city streets.地下水距离上面的城市街道只有几英尺。5The park is in the northern part of the city.公园位于该城市的北部。6At last, I chose a flat with three windows facing south.最后我选了一套有三个窗户朝南的公寓。三、佳句仿写1They found her wal

4、king_alone_on_the_beach,_depressed.他们碰见她独自一人神色忧郁地走在海滩上。2There was a_village_among_the_hills在群山环绕中有一个村庄。3They lived in_a_house_facing_south他们住在一所朝南的房子里。4The house stands_on_a_rock among pines.房子耸立在松树林中的一块岩石上。5The lake is_situated_at_the_eastern_extremity_of_the_mountain_range湖位于山脉最东端。.阅读理解A语篇类型说明文主题语

5、境人与社会科学研究基因编辑技术在医学方面的应用AIDS may be one of the most undesirable diseases in the world.Luckily，there is now hope for AIDS patients.According to a recent paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine，Chinese scientists have successfully used CRISPR technologya method of gene editingto treat a

6、patient with HIV.While it may not have cured the patient，it still represents a huge step forward in fighting the disease.The patient was a 27yearold Chinese man who was diagnosed with both AIDS and acute lymphoblastic leukemia，a type of blood cancer.Despite his bleak situation，doctors offered him a

7、little hope: a bone marrow (骨髓) transplant to treat his cancer and an experimental treatment for his HIV.They used this chance to edit the DNA in bone marrow stem cells(干细胞)from a donor before transplanting the cells into the patient.Specifically，the treatment involved using the gene editing tool CR

8、ISPRCas9 to delete a gene known as CCR5，which encodes a protein that HIV uses to get inside human cells.Without the gene，HIV is unable to enter cells.Talking about the gene，lead scientist Deng Hongkui told CNN，“After being edited，the cellsand the blood cells they producehave the ability to resist HI

9、V infection.” Nineteen months after the treatment，the patients leukemia was in complete remission (缓解) and donor cells without CCR5 remained，according to the research paper.Though the transplant didnt cure the mans HIV，it still showed the effectiveness of gene editing technology，as there was no indi

10、cation of any unintended genetic changesa major concern with past gene editing treatment experiments.Amesh Adalja，a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in the United States，who was not involved in the study，praised the treatment.“They did a very creative experiment，and it

11、was safe，” he told Live Science.“It should be viewed as a success.”Deng believes gene editing technology could“bring a new dawn” to bloodrelated diseases such as AIDS and sicklecell anaemia.“Thanks to this new technology，the goal of a functional cure for AIDS is getting closer and closer，”he said.文章

12、大意：该文主要介绍了一种基于基因编辑骨髓干细胞来治疗艾滋病的新技术。1The underlined word “bleak” in Paragraph 3 probably means“_”AhopelessBunstableCembarrassingDunique解析：A考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的描述及其后的“doctors offered him a little hope”可知，此处表示尽管他的情况不乐观，但医生给他提供了一丝希望，由此可推知，画线词的含义与A项的含义相近。2How did the treatment fight against HIV?ABy identifying

13、and killing HIV.BBy changing the structure of HIV.CBy preventing HIV entering cells.DBy removing a protein HIV feeds on.解析：C考查推理判断。根据第四段前两句“Specifically，the treatment involved using the gene editing tool CRISPRCas9 to delete a gene known as CCR5，which encodes a protein that HIV uses to get inside hu

14、man cells.Without the gene，HIV is unable to enter cells.”可推知，这种疗法是通过阻止艾滋病病毒进入细胞来对抗艾滋病病毒的。3What is the result of the treatment?AGeneedited cells are able to resist HIV infection.BThe number of cells infected with HIV has decreased.CCCR5 and other genes in the patients cells are changed.DUnintended ge

15、netic changes have taken place in the patients cells.解析：A考查细节理解。根据第四段第三句中的“After being edited，the cellsand the blood cells they producehave the ability to resist HIV infection.”可知，这一疗法的结果是基因编辑的细胞能够抵抗艾滋病病毒感染。4What can we know about the experiment?AIt pointed out the problems of gene treatment.BIt pro

16、vided a new way to cure AIDS patients.CIt could offer a safe treatment for bloodrelated diseases.DIt was the first example to use the gene editing tool to treat AIDS.解析：C考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“They did a very creative experiment，and it was safe”以及第七段第一句中的“gene editing technology could bring a new dawn to bl

17、oodrelated diseases”可推知，这个实验可以为与血液相关的疾病提供一种安全的治疗方法。B语篇类型议论文主题语境人与社会科学科学是值得信任的 (2021北京市高考适应性测试)For several decades，there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science，funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern scienc

18、e. In response，scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all，scientists have been right about most things.Stressing successes isnt wrong，but for many people its not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “ Why trust science？” is that scientists use the socalled scient

19、ific method.If youve got a high school science textbook lying around，youll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific methoddevelop a hypothesis(假设)，then design an experiment to test itisnt what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get inve

20、nted；old ones get abandoned；and sometimes，scientists can be found doing many different things.If there is no identifiable scientific method，then what is the reason for trust in science? The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science，regardless of the specific fiel

21、d or the particular methods being used，is the strict scrutiny (认真彻底的审查) of claims. Its this tough，sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in

22、the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults.A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens，if not hundreds，of heads. In areas that have been contested，like climate science and vaccine sa

23、fety，its thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist，even a very famous one，disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in sciencethe more people looking at a claim from different anglesis important.Does this process ever go wrong? Of cour

24、se. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds”While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer，they do exist. Bu

25、t the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical(自相矛盾的)：that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence，but this is a strength of science，not a weakness.文章大意：尽管在过去的几十年有人质疑科学，但科学以其动态的研究方法

26、、严格的审查制度、集体的智慧论断和与时俱进的态度值得人们信任。5How does the author think of the scientific method?AStable.BUnreliable.CDynamic.DUnrealistic.解析：C考查观点态度。根据第二段中的“Science is dynamic：new methods get invented；old ones get abandoned”可知，作者认为科学方法在不断更新，是处于动态变化中的，故选C。6What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 pro

27、bably mean?AExplained.BExamined.CRepeated.DReleased.解析：B考查词义猜测。根据第三段尾句可知，一个科学论断在被接受为正确的之前要经历漫长的“同行评审”，并结合第四段第一句可推知，画线词所在句表示科学论断只有在经过很多人审查之后才能被接受，由此可推知，画线词的含义与B项词义最为接近，故选B。7According to the passage，the author may agree that _Ait is not persuasive to reject those faulty claimsBsettled science tends to

28、 be collectively overturnedCa leading expert cannot play a decisive role in scrutinyDdiversity in knowledge is the common element in science解析：C考查推理判断。根据第四段的内容，尤其是“This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist，even a very famous one，disagrees with the claim.”可

29、推知，单个知名科学家在科学论断的审查过程中并不能发挥决定性的作用，故选C。8Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?APut Your Faith in ScienceBDefend the Truth in ScienceCApply Your Mind to ScienceDExplore a Dynamic Way to Science解析：A考查标题判断。作者在第一段以过去几十年人们对科学的怀疑引出话题，随即表明了论点“scientists have been right about most thi

30、ngs”，接着第二至五段提出论据支撑了这一论点，以此来呼吁人们要信任科学，所以A选项最适合作文章标题。.完形填空语篇类型记叙文主题语境人与自我家庭生活地震中母亲带着孩子逃命的经过(2021山东省临沂市联考)You just cant imagine what a brave mother is like.She was a mother of three, who just _1_ an earthquake, couldnt tell if her children were _2_ for help.Or what if you knew you couldnt yell at her f

31、or help because she couldnt _3_ you? That was what happened to Connie and her three children _4_ the 6.1magnitude earthquake rocked Napa, California.Connie is _5_ and communicates with her children using sign language.At midnight, Connie and her three children were _6_ on the first floor of their tw

32、ostory home.She and her 16yearold son, Juan, were shaken awake.Instantly, they realized there were no disaster supplies downstairs.Connie, also _7_ onemonthold Raul and 8yearold Adriana, called Juan to come close to her in the darkness and _8_ for him to go upstairs to get a _9_Juan slowly _10_ the

33、stairs.He heard a loud creak (嘎吱声).Arriving on the top floor, he moved quickly but _11_ to get what he needed.Using the flashlight to guide his steps back _12_ the stairs, the family was able to take a few items from the first floor and _13_Their home was almost in ruins.Being deaf was not deterrent

34、 (妨碍物) for this _14_ mother.The family made it to the _15_ safely, which comforted everyone.文章大意：这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是一位耳聋的母亲在一次地震中带着三个孩子逃命的经过。最终他们安全到达避难所。1A.experiencedBdreamedCavoidedDreported解析：A根据第1空后的an earthquake可知，一个母亲和三个孩子经历了一次地震。experienced体验；dreamed梦想；avoided避免；reported报道。2A.turning aroundBstandi

35、ng byCrunning awayDcrying out解析：D根据第2空后的for help可知，不知道孩子们是否哭着求助。 turning around转身；standing by支持，袖手旁观；crying out大声呼喊；running away逃跑。3A.seeBhearCforgiveDreach解析：B根据第3空前的“you couldnt yell at her for help”可知，她听不见声音。see看见；hear听见； forgive原谅；reach达到，抵达。4A.whenBafterCunlessDbefore解析：A后文描述的是地震发生时她的表现，所以认为，当加

36、州纳帕发生6.1级地震时，康妮和她的三个孩子就是这样。5A.blindBdeafColdDsick解析：B根据“Being deaf”可知，Connie是一个聋子。6A.aloneBawakeCaliveDasleep解析：D根据后面语境“She and her 16yearold son, Juan, were shaken awake.”可知，Connie和孩子睡着了。7A.chatting toBplaying withCfocusing onDrunning after解析：C根据空后的“onemonthold Raul and 8yearold Adriana”可知，注意力集中于较小

37、的孩子。chatting to闲聊；playing with和一起玩；focusing on集中于；running after追赶。8A.signedBphonedCshoutedDexplained解析：A根据“in the darkness ”和 “for him to go upstairs to get”可知，她示意胡安去楼上拿手电筒。phoned打电话；signed预示，示意，署名；shouted大喊；explained解释。9A.helperBflashlightCboxDsuitcase解析：B根据“for him to go upstairs to get”以及下文的“Usin

38、g the flashlight”可知，示意胡安去楼上拿手电筒。helper助手；flashlight手电筒；box箱子；suitcase手提箱。10A.moppedBexaminedCclimbedDleft解析：C根据前面语境“go upstairs to get a _”判断，胡安慢慢地爬上楼梯。mopped用拖把拖洗；examined检查；climbed攀登；left离开。11A.carefullyBregularlyCbravelyDhurriedly解析：A根据11空前的 “he moved quickly but”可知，到达顶楼后，他迅速而小心地取走了他需要的东西。careful

39、ly仔细地；regularly定期地，有规律地；bravely勇敢地；hurriedly匆匆忙忙地。12A.upBaboveCunderDdown解析：D前面提到“Connie and her three children were _ on the first floor”，之后说“go upstairs to get a _”判断，用手电筒指引他下楼梯。13A.stayBreturnCfleeDcry解析：C因为地震，拿了东西逃走。stay停止，逗留；return归还；flee逃跑；cry哭。14A.famousBskillfulCordinaryDdetermined解析：D根据“Bei

40、ng deaf was not deterrent (妨碍物)”可知，母亲意志坚定。famous著名的；skillful熟练的，巧妙的；ordinary普通的；determined坚决的。15A.darknessBshelterCruinsDstairs解析：B根据空前的“made it”和空后的“safely”可知，母亲带着三个孩子到达了安全的地方。darkness黑暗；shelter避难所，庇护；ruins废墟；stairs楼梯。.语法填空语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会文学翻译小说销量在英国上升(2021石家庄市高三摸底)Translated fiction sales in the Un

41、ited Kingdom 1._ (rise) by 5.5 percent last year，with growing demand for Chinese titles，said Nielsen Book on Wednesday.British newspaper The Guardian featured Liu Cixins The ThreeBody Problem and Jin Yongs A Hero Born in its report on this trend，2._ (say) that both “sold strongly” in 2018.The resear

42、ch，by the International Booker Prize (formerly known as the Man Booker International Prize)，shows more than 2.6 million 3._ (copy) of translated titles 4._ (sell) in 2018，at an estimated value of 20.7 million，the highest ever since Nielsen started the study in 2001.Fiammetta Rocco，from the Internati

43、onal Booker Prize，said，“Reading fiction is one of the best ways we have of putting 5._ (we) in other peoples shoes.The rise in sales of translated fiction shows 6._ hungry so many British readers are for terrific writing from other countries.”To Anna Holmwood 7._ news is a signal that “a new era has

44、 arrived”Holmwood，who translated A Hero Born，told China Daily，“Its a big moment 8._ Chinese fiction abroad.”Holmwood has worked as a literary agent and 9._ (translate) for nine years，and has seen firsthand how Chinese titles continue to gain a greater audience worldwide，10._ (particular) in the Engl

45、ishspeaking world.文章大意：本文主要介绍了在英国翻译小说销量上升，对中国小说需求增大。1解析：rose考查时态。根据空后的“last year”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填rose。2解析：saying考查现在分词。分析句子结构可知，此处作伴随状语，say和句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填现在分词形式saying。3解析：copies考查名词的单复数。copy此处意为“一册”，为可数名词，根据空前的“more than 2.6 million”可知，此处需填其复数形式，故填copies。4解析：were sold考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析

46、句子可知，主语为复数形式，谓语动词也应用复数形式，又因为时间是2018年，且谓语动词sell与主语是被动关系，故此处需用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were sold。5解析：ourselves考查反身代词。阅读小说是我们所拥有的最好的换位思考的方式之一。put oneself in other peoples shoes“设身处地，处于某人的境地”是固定用法，又由句中的“we”和语境可知，此处应填ourselves。6解析：how考查副词。hungry是形容词，应用副词修饰，又根据语境可知，此处表示被翻译的小说销量的增长表明如此多的英国读者对来自其他国家的优秀文学作品是多么渴望。故填how。7

47、解析：the考查冠词。对Anna Holmwood来说，这则消息是“新时代到来”的标志。根据语境可知，这则消息就是上文所讲的中国小说在英国销量好的情况，表示特指。故填the。8解析：for考查介词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处表示这对于走向国外的中国小说来说，是一个重要的时机。故填for。9解析：translator考查名词。根据本句中的“worked as a literary agent and”可知，空处词性应与agent相同，应填名词形式，又根据语境可知，此处表示Holmwood作为一名作品经纪人兼译员已经工作9年了。故填translator。10解析：particularly考查词形转换。修饰介词短语需用副词，故填particular的副词形式particularly。