江苏省常州一中2019届高三第一学期期初（8月）考试英语试卷 WORD版缺答案.doc

1、2019届高三年级英语期初试卷 2018.8第一部分 听力（共两节，满分20分）第一节，听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. In a store. B. In a restaurant. C. At a station.2. Who is speaking to the man?A. His wife. B. His moth

2、er.C. His manager.3. Who can be called the best student in the mans opinion?A. Harry. B. Susan.C. The boy.4. Why did the man get a ticket?A. Because he was speeding.B. Because he ran a red light.C. Because he was too careless.5. What might have happened?A. A gas accident. B. A fire.C. An earthquake.

3、第二节，听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6. What does the man like to do this evening?A. Hold a party. B. Watch TV.C. Go to the cinema.7. When will the company party start?A. At 7:30.B. At 5:30.C. At 8:00

4、.听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。8. What time did the woman think Cindy would come?A. After 4:00.B. Before 4:00.C. At 4:00.9. Where does the conversation take place?A. At the mans home. B. At the womans home. C. At a cafe.听第8段材料，回答第10至12题。10. Where does the conversation probably happen?A. At the doctors office. B. A

5、t the police station.C. In the street.11. What is the man who asked the time like?A. He is short and thin.B. He is tall and fat.C. He is tall and thin.12. How many people robbed the woman?A. Three. B. Two.C. We dont know.听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。13. What is the man?A. A doctor.B. A nurse.C. A chemist.14. Wh

6、at is wrong with the woman?A. She is wet all over. B. She has a bad headache.C. She has coughed for three days.15. What does the man tell the woman to do?A. Go around from time to time. B. Stay in bed for some time.C. Come to see him tomorrow morning.16. Where does this conversation most probably ta

7、ke place?A. In a garden.B. In the mans office.C. In the womans house.听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17. Who is the speaker?A. A news reporter.B. A specialist in oil spill prevention. C. An oil company technician.18. What is the main topic of the report?A. Where the oil spill occurred.B. What caused the oil spill

8、.C. How the oil spill was treated.19. Who volunteered to clean up the oil?A. Storekeepers, reporters, businessmen and others.B. Businessmen, storekeepers, students and others.C. Farmers, scientists, teachers and others.20. What does the oil company promise to do?A. To clean up the oil at Seaview Bea

9、ch soon.B. To get rid of all the old ships at once.C. To prevent any more oil spills.第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节：单项填空（共25小题；每小题1分，满分25分）21. Sky Hunter successfully captures the bravery of PLA soldiers, _does Wolf Warrior , but met with box failure.A. as B. so C. whichD. what 22. It is hard to believe t

10、hat the heartbroken couple separated in World War could meet again on the same day that they their fifth wedding anniversary.A. should celebrate B. would have celebratedC. was celebrating D. must have celebrated 23.There seems to be no hope of ever getting the money back from Harry. I think you have

11、 to his debt.Given his great loss in the crisis, I am afraid there is no better way.A. let off B. write off C. put off D. set off24. Washington obviously had multiple purposes in choosing to announce a ban on US companies exporting to ZTE, _ containing Chinas rise as a 5G power was more than unfair.

12、A. among which B. for which C. to which D. in which25. Estella showed me the way with a candle. When she opened the side entrance, the _ of the daylight quite confused me.A. trend B. crashC. increase D. rush26. The advertisement company _ a mass audience.A. was intended to target with B. intended th

13、e advertisement to targetC. intended the advertisement to be targeted D. was intended to be targeting27. One of the most common _ of the bird flu is that the patient gets a high fever.A. judgments B. challengesC. symptoms D. impressions28. Why do the researchers sometimes have to climb so high? Its

14、dangerous!As far as I know, on the top of the mountain is a certain wild plant said to have some medical value.A. grown B. growing C. being grown D. having grown29. He is we call Little Einstein, for he can explain such difficult scientific terms most of us havent even heard of.A. who; that B. whom;

15、 which C. what; as D. which; that30. Fearing further attacks from the enemy, most of the population in this area chose to _ the hometown.A. return B. fight C. abandon D. support31. Only two are open to themeither they accept our offer or they give up the fight completely.A. avenues B. criteria C. sc

16、ales D. versions32. Did you hear about the companys second quarter loss?Almost everyone knows it. Rumor has it that the company will lay off 25,000 employees .A. under its umbrella B. in its wake C. beyond its means D. to its knowledge33. Mary, do you have any problems if you _to our college?Well, I

17、m thinking about the school fees.A. will be admitted B. have admitted C. are admitted D. will admit34. The new worker is often late for work.Tell him he answer for it if he goes on behaving like that.A. shall B. may C. will D. must35. How could they reach an agreement? Some said one thing, but other

18、s _.A. other B. another C. the other D. others36. I _ imagine it will take about two hours to have your pictures developed. All right. Ill come to get them by then. A. should B. must C. might D. would 37. You neednt be too concerned about what to wear to the party its all _ anyway, because you haven

19、t even been invited yet. A. academic B. painful C. physical D. economical 38. On May 12, 1907, two years after her mothers death, Anna held a(an) _ for her mother and started a campaign to make Mothers Day a recognized holiday. A. monument B. anniversary C. memorial D. mourning 39. The naughty boy h

20、id himself behind the door, _he rushed out to scare the teacher.A. from where B. from which C. where D. which40. In selfies, many girls never miss a chance to make a duck face, an exaggerate pouting expression _ the lips are pointed outward. A. that B. where C. which D. as 41. It is only when each l

21、ogical step has been checked by other mathematicians _. A. the proof will be accepted B. will the proof be accepted C. that will the proof be accepted D. that the proof will be accepted 42. He found it very difficult to speak _, for his lips trembled and refused to form the words. A. plainly B. clos

22、ely C. sharply D. frequently 43. The new airport is a _! Its got four runways and its equipped with the latest technology, but not many people visit the region. A. home bird B. sacred cow C. sleeping dog D. white elephant 44. I lost five pounds just after a month on this new diet. Its definitely wor

23、th a try. Right, _. I badly need to get in shape for my school reunion. A. it beats me. B. I dont buy it. C. just cant help it. D. youve sold it to me45.Excuse me, Professor. Why didnt my essay achieve a high score? I put my heart into it. Well, you havent _ your ideas very clearly in this essay. A.

24、 stretched out B. set out C. given out D. figured out 第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）Leafing through your familys antique media makes clicking through social media a feast of empty calories (46) we should throw our computers and phones away, then open every box in every attic and read whatever (47) such

25、 as what I recently found diaries written by my grandmother when she was 16.I (48) the diaries would be dark and old-fashioned, but my teenage grandmother had much fun and her genius was so well presented in labeling boys she cared for that I can (49) keep up with her crushes（迷恋）, wondering who the

26、mysterious Sunshine was, the sweetest young man in my grandmothers eyes.Arguments with adults are only referred to but never described in (50) . She doesnt resist her mothers strict (51) , even when she gets a “lovely (52) “ for finishing someone elses ice cream. (53) , I recorded every (54) I suffe

27、red in my teenage diary. This, however, further _(55)_ bitterness. I think my teenage grandmothers superior (56) was due to her being 16 before the invention of cool as a symbol of (57) , or for that matter, teenager as an identity.I have not (58) reading the diaries and I do not want to, But my fav

28、orite passage so far was the one (59) on a Monday evening in late summer in 1911. She was sitting on the porch with friends when a neighbor started playing an (60) tune. The girls flew across the street to listen, and when the neighbor started up with Put Your Arms (61) Me, Honey, something (62) hap

29、pened: We couldnt help dancing (63) on the street and felt so sweet arid nice And then, just when my teenage grandmother thought things couldnt get any (64) , Harvey walked by, like a ray of (65) .46. A. because B. yet C. so D. while47. A. falls out B. pulls out C. holds out D. drops out48. A. concl

30、uded B. assumed C. doubted D. bet49. A. closely B. barely C. preciselyD. readily40. A. detail B. vain C. defence D. effect51. A. discipline B. control C. planning D. treatment52. A. scolding B. scream C. treat D. credit53. A. In addition B. In general C. In contrast D. In fact54. A. injustice B. def

31、eat C. disease D. loss55. A. responds to B. leads to C. tends to D. corresponds to56. A. habit B. personality C. effort D. intelligence57. A. slogan B. fight C. principle D. virtue58. A. skipped B. regretted C. finished D. opposed59. A. mentioned B. remembered C. recorded D. celebrated60. A. irresis

32、tible B. antique C. original D. odd61. A. Over B. Behind C. On D. Around 62. A. abnormal B. imaginary C. magical D. mysterious63. A. straight B. right C. fast D. hard64. A. sweeter B. quicker C. crazier D. easier65. A. heat B. sunshine C. hope D. comfort第三部分 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分

33、30分） AMARIJUANA（大麻） RESEARCH GETS SERIOUSEight states voted to legalize marijuana for medical or recreational use in 2016, putting the total number of states with some form of legal pot at 28. In states where it is legal, doctors already prescribe it for things like pain, depression, migraines and P

34、TSD but research has been limited by federal drag laws. A growing quorum of scientists is calling for legitimate research into marijuanas potential as a form of medicine.SUPERBUGS BECOME A SUPERTHREATIn 2016, global, leaders promised to address the growing issue of drug resistance meaning bacteria t

35、hat can no longer be treated with antibiotics during a historic meeting at the U.N. headquarters In New York City. Major progress is yet to be seen, but companies like McDonalds have vowed to phase out antibiotics in their chicken, and scientists are hunting for new drug compounds in places like cav

36、es and the oceans.CRISPR TACKLES CANCERCRISPR is the most hyped technology in medicine for good reason: it allows scientists to easily and inexpensively edit any place of DNA from nearly any species. Recently Chinese scientists have used CRISPR to treat a person with lung cancer. Meanwhile, U.S. sci

37、entists are working on the first human trials using CRISPR to treat cancer statesidethe first of what will surely be many studies like it. CLIMATE CHANGE AS PUBLIC- HEALTH THREATClimate change and pollution are contributing to the spread of infectious disease, less nutritious food, asthma and danger

38、ous heat waves. In response, the U.S. and other nations have committed to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions by as much as 28% below 2005 levels by 2025. It remains to be seen if President-elect Donald Tramp will honor that commitment, but scientists say the issue is only growing more critical66. Whe

39、re is the passage probably taken from?A. A self-help book.B. A magazine. C. A brochure. D. A manual67. From the passage we know that .A. Marijuana will surely be more widely prescribed by doctors for medical treatment in the U.S.B. McDonalds chicken treated with antibiotics has contributed to the sp

40、read of super bacteria.C. U.S. President will observe the commitment as climate change is threatening public health.D. Chinese arid U.S. scientists have made progress in using CRISPR technology to treat disease.BThousands of free, popular childrens apps available on the Google Play Store could be vi

41、olating the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), according to a new, largescale study, highlighting growing criticism of Silicon Valleys datacollection efforts. “This is a market failure，” said Serge Egelman, a coauthor of the study. “What we have uncovered points out basic enforcement(执

42、行) work that needs to be done.”The potential violations were abundant and came in several forms, according to the study. More than 1，000 childrens apps collected identifying information from kids using tracking software whose terms explicitly forbid their use for childrens apps. The researchers also

43、 said nearly half the apps fail to always use standard security measures to transmit sensitive data over the Web, suggesting a violation of reasonable datasecurity measures laid out by COPPA. Some of the apps in question included Disneys “Wheres My Water？”， Gamelofts “Minion Rush” and Duolingo, a la

44、nguage learning app. The findings also suggested that app creators that had been officially recognized as COPPAcompliant(遵守) were no better than any of the other app developers at protecting childrens privacy.Disney argued that the study doesnt claim to identify any actual violations. “Protecting ch

45、ildrens online privacy is very important to us and we are confident that our practices comply with the law，” the company said. “We have a sound COPPA compliance program, and we maintain strict data collection and use policies for Disney apps created for children and families.”Gameloft announced that

46、 childrens privacy is of “utmost importance” and is investigating the issue. “We have a very strict datacollection policy at Gameloft and always make sure that we are compliant with protection laws，” the company said. Duolingo did not respond to requests for comment.Although Google stated that “We a

47、re taking the researchers report very seriously and looking into their findings”， critics of Googles app platform say the company has profited greatly from advances in datatracking technology. “Google has basically looked the other way while it was able to generate revenues off of childrens apps，” s

48、aid Jeffrey Chester, the executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy. “The new, alarming report is further evidence that Google is thumbing its nose at the only federal online privacy law that we have.”68. How did companies respond to the accusation of violating COPPA?A. Gameloft question

49、ed the validity of the study.B. Disney claimed to strictly obey privacy laws. C. Duolingo planned to adopt strict datacollection policies.D. Google admitted to the charge and promised to do more.69. What does the underlined phrase “thumbing its nose at” probably mean?A. Disrespecting. B. Observing.

50、C. Prohibiting. D. Introducing.70. The purpose of the passage is to _A. charge app companies with the violation of COPPAB. inform readers of different ways to violate child privacy lawsC. illustrate the growing criticism of apps datacollection functionD. highlight the urgency of strengthening enforc

51、ement of COPPACEarly last year, the World Economic Forum issued a paper warning that technological change is on the verge（边缘） of upending（颠倒） the global economy. To fill fee sophisticated jobs of tomorrow, the authors argued, the reskilling and upskilling of todays workers will be critical. Around t

52、he same time, the then president Barack Obama announced a computer science for all programme for elementary and high schools in the United States. We have to make sure all our kids are equipped for the jobs of the future, which means not just being able to work with computers but developing the anal

53、ytical and coding skills to power our innovation economy, he said.But the truth is, only a tiny percentage of people in the post-industrial world will ever end up working in software engineering, biotechnology or advanced manufacturing, Just as the huge machines of the industrial revolution made phy

54、sical strength less necessary for humans, the information revolution frees us to complement, rather than compete with, the technical competence of computers. Many of the most important jobs of the future will require soft skills, not advanced algebra.Back in 1983, the sociologist Arlie Russell Hochs

55、child coined（创造）the term emotional labour to describe the processes involved in managing the emotional demands of work. She explored the techniques that flight attendants used to maintain the friendly manners their airline demanded in the face of abusive customers: taking deep breaths, silently remi

56、nding themselves to stay cool, or building empathy for the nasty passenger. I try to remember that if hes drinking too much, hes probably really seared f flying, one attendant explained. I think to myself: “Hes like a little child.”Across the economy, technology is edging human workers into more emo

57、tional territory. In retail Amazon and its imitators are rapidly devouring the market for routine purchases, but to the extent that bricks-and-mortar shops survive. It is because some people prefer chatting with a clerk to clicking buttons,. Already, arguments for preserving rural post offices focus

58、 less on their services-handled mostly online-than on their value as centers for community social life.In the sphere of medicine, one of the loudest moments of a physicians job is sitting with a patient, surveying how a diagnosis will alter the landscape of that patients life. That is work no techno

59、logy can match-unlike surgery, where autonomous robots are learning to perform with superhuman precision. With AI now being developed as a diagnostic tool, doctors have begun thinking about how to complement these automated skills. As a strategic report for Britains National Health Service (NHS) put

60、 it in 2013: The NHS could employ hundreds of thousands of staff with the right technological skills, but without the compassion to care, then we will have failed to meet the needs of patients.A growing real-world demand for workers with empathy and a talent for making other people feel at ease requ

61、ires a serious shift in perspective. It means moving away from our singular focus on academic performance as the road to success. It means giving more respect, and better pay, to workers too often genetically dismissed as unskilled labour. And, it means valuing skills more often found among working-

62、class women than highly educated men.71. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?A. President Obama launched a programme to develop peoples soft skills.B. There is no need for people to continue developing technical skills.C. Future jobs will require less physical strength but more soft skill

63、s.D. Todays workers have to update their skills to compete with machines.72. The underlined word “empathy” in Paragraph 3 probably means the ability .A. to appreciate othersB. to forgive othersC. to respect others D. to understand others 73. According to the passage, which work of the following jobs

64、 doesnt involve managing emotional demands?A. Flight attendants. B. Software engineers. C. Shop clerks. D. Medical workers.74. What is the authors attitude towards emotional skills?A. Favorable. B. Unclear. C. Critical.D. Negative.DMy children are perfect. All four of them. Perfect and beautiful and

65、 clever. I bet yours are, too. Except, of course, they are not. In reality, my children and yours are likely to be reasonably average in terms of looks, behavior, intelligence and charm. Thats why it is called average. Your belief in your child being special is more probably a biological thing than

66、a fact.A loved one, particularly a loved child, is edited as we observe them. Other peoples children are spoiled; ours are spirited. Theirs are naughty; ours are confident.This is all natural and even touching when not taken too far. However, it is one thing feeding this idea to ourselves but feedin

67、g it to our children may be a little less desirable. We have the idea thatunlike my parents generationwe should build our childrens self-respect as high as we can. Therefore, their random scribble (胡写乱画) is up there with Picasso, their C-minus is an unfortunate oversight on the part of the teacher,

68、and the fact that no one wants to be friends with them is because they are particularly clever or sensitive.Children see through this kind of thing very quickly and ignore their parents praises as a matter of course. As they grow up, they sense that the wider world judges them differently. This lead

69、s to a hopefully gentle cynicism (猜忌) about anything their parents tell them about their achievements. Perhaps that is OKbut Im not sure if it is good for them to have the parental praise so overlooked.If parents were a littleharshersometimes, this could have two positive effectsfirst, when praise c

70、ame, it would be more likely to be believed and, second, it would fit in rather more accurately with the picture of reality that the child is forming in their heads.A lot of pressure is put on children who are told they are beautiful, special and perfect. Because then, where is there to go? Only dow

71、nwards. They become too much aware of their status in your eyes, and a danger must be that they fear failing you. To be over-praised by your parents is the counter side of being criticized all the time. Both can have negative consequences.It is important to give your children the freedom to be flawe

72、d (缺点)to know that its OK to be imperfect, and that, in fact, we often love people for their flawsperfect people (whom we can only imagine, as they do not exist) are easy to respect, but hard to love.Now I am nearly 60, my main insight is that I am much less special than I once believed. This knowle

73、dge has actually been helpful in leading a more well-balanced life.I certainly wouldnt like to go back to attitudes that my parents, particularly my father, held, that to praise the child was to “spoil them” or make them bigheaded. However, the history of families is like the history of everything e

74、lsethe story of overreactions. We praise our children to the skies, partly because we think it makes them feel good, but also because it makes us feel good. And perhaps it is more the latter than the former.Too much love can be as big a burden as a shortage of it. My advice is to limit your praise.

75、Then every piece of praise will count, rather than being just ignored.75. In some parents eyes, who is to blame for their childrens poor grades at school? A. Picasso. B. The teacher. C. The children. D. The childrens friends.76. One possible consequence of parents over-praising is that_. A. the chil

76、dren will therefore become more confident B. the children will doubt the way the world judges them C. the children will not take their praise seriously D. the children will understand no one can be perfect77. According to the passage, some children feel pressure because_. A. they are often told they

77、 are unique and perfect B. the society judges them differently from their parents C. they are worried that they may let their parents down D. they have no freedom to express how they really feel78. The word “harsher” (Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to _. A. gentler B. severer C. weaker D. strong

78、er79. Which of the following will the writer most probably agree with? A. Childrens self-respect shouldnt be parents major concern. B. The easiest way to spoil a child is to praise him or her. C. Perfect people deserve our respect but not our love. D. Parents should praise their children but not too

79、 much.80. Which best describes the writers tone in the passage? A.Pessimistic. B. Approving. C. Enthusiastic. D. Concerned.第四部分：任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)You can relax if remembering everything is not your strong suit. Recent research makes the case that being forgetful can be a strength in fact, sele

80、ctive memory can even be a sign of stronger intelligence.Traditional research on memory has focused on the advantages of remembering everything. But looking through years of recent memory data, researchers Paul Frankland and Blake Richards of the University of Toronto found that the neurobiology of

81、forgetting can be just as important to our decisionmaking as what our minds choose to remember.“The goal of memory is not the transmission of information through time. Rather, the goal of memory is to help improve decisionmaking. As such, transience(转瞬即逝) is as important as persistence in memory sys

82、tems，” their study in Neuron states.Making intelligent decisions does not mean you need to have all the information at hand, it just means you need to hold onto the most valuable information. And that means clearing up space in your memory palace for the most uptodate information on situations. Our

83、brains do this by generating new neurons(神经元) in our hippocampus(海马体), which have the power to overwrite existing memories that are influencing our decisionmaking.“If youre trying to deal with the situation and your brain is constantly bringing up multiple conflicting memories, that makes it harder

84、for you to make a wise decision，” Richards told Science Daily.If you want to increase the number of new neurons in your brains learning region, try exercising. Moderate aerobic exercise like jogging, power walking, and swimming have been found to increase the number of neurons making important conne

85、ctions in our brains.When we forget the names of certain clients and details about old jobs, our brain is making a choice that these details do not matter. Although too much forgetfulness can be a cause for concern, the occasional lost detail can be a sign of a perfectly healthy memory system. The r

86、esearchers found that our brains facilitate decisionmaking by stopping us from focusing too much on minor past details. Instead, the brain promotes generalization, helping us remember the most important gist of a conversation.“One of the things that distinguishes an environment where youre going to

87、want to remember stuff versus an environment where you want to forget stuff is this question of how consistent the environment is and how likely things are to come back into your life，” Richards said.If youre an analyst who meets with a client weekly, your brain will recognize that this is a client

88、whose name and story you need to remember. If this is someone you may never meet again, your brain will weigh that information accordingly.These findings show us that total recall can be overrated. Our brains are working smarter when they aim to remember the right stories, not every story. Title：Bei

89、ng Forgetful Might Actually Mean Youre (81) _(82)_to the topicRecent research proves that being forgetful can be a strength, for forgetting and selective memory are of (83) _ importance in our decisionmaking.The goal of memoryPeople take advantage of memory to make good decisions rather than (84) _

90、information.(85) _ ofbeing forgetfulIt helps us forget outdated information.Making wise decisions involves the existing memories making (86) _ for the latest information.Meanwhile, too much contradictory information in memory can do harm to our decisionmaking.Exercising helps increase neurons, contr

91、ibuting to our (87) _ decisionmaking.It helps us see the big picture.After (88) _ the information it gets, the brain chooses to focus on the key points, occasionally forgetting unimportant past details.Whether to remember or forget particular stuff is (89) _ by the degree of the consistency of the e

92、nvironment and the (90) _ of things reappearing later in life.ConclusionOur brains are working smarter when aiming to remember the right stories, not every story.第五部分：书面表达 (满分15分)Wishing AwayHave you ever noticed how people always want to be something theyre not?Tall want to be short, young long to

93、age, single dream of marriage, and no matter what body shape, everyone wants to lose at least another five pounds.Its almost like a natural preoccupation (天性), this wishing away of our lives.Think about it. When was the last time you heard someone say, “I am totally satisfied with myself and my life

94、. I couldnt ask for anything more.”It just doesnt happen. So, I have this idea to create a virtual reality machine that would allow people to actually experience the life of their dreams. For instance, for all the women who live with the unanswered hope that their husband will one day wait at the ba

95、ck door with a dozen roses and a cool bottle of Dom Perignon. the opportunity to live with Prince Charming.Or, for sports fans, how about the chance to score the winning goal, kick the overtime field goal, drive the victory lap, or hit that “must-win” two pointer at the buzzer? Music fans might choo

96、se to jump onstage and perform with their favorite rock band or conduct a full orchestral symphony.The possibilities are endless.But I wonder about the down side to such an invention. Would experiencing the dreams of a lifetime really make us better people? Im not sure of that answer, or of the true possibility of such an invention.But what I am sure of is that perfection is often over-evaluated.写作内容1用约30个单词写出上文概要；2用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括：(1) 陈述你对上文的观点；(2) 用23个理由或论据支撑你的观点。