【寒假特训】06 全方位解读高考阅读理解-2022年高三英语寒假特训课程（上海专用）.docx

1、06 全方位解读高考阅读理解【课程目标】专题知识：针对考试题型，进行系统梳理，感悟解题方法。题型检测：链接考试真题，题型组合练，能力逐个突破。 高考阅读理解解题技巧高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。1、词义猜测题技巧此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means _.2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage

2、 refers to/means _. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _5) The word it（them） in the first paragraph refers to _这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时，应注意划线生词后面的

3、定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外，还要应注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时，词意隐藏在全文或某一段中，这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。【例题】（2019松江一模）Men are as likely a

4、s women to suffer from postnatal (产后的) depression, a study shows. One in ten fathers the same ratios as mothers are found to suffer before or after birth. By the time their child reaches 12 weeks, as many as one in four are feeling down.The symptoms observed in the American study are not thought to

5、be hormonal as they are in women and are instead probably a response to the pressures of fatherhood. These include the expense of having children, changed relationship with partners and fear of paternal (父亲的) responsibility. In the early weeks, the lack of sleep and extra domestic chores also take t

6、he toll.57. What does the underlined phrase“take the toll”in paragraph 2 mean?A. Cost a lot of money. B. Take the lead.C. Have a bad effect. D. Have no links.Key：C（2019黄浦二模）All across America, students are anxiously finishing their “What I Want To Be ” college application essays, advised to focus on

7、 STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) by experts and parents who insist thats the only way to become workforce ready.But two recent studies of workplace success contradict the traditional wisdom about “hard skills”. 63. The underlined word “contradict” most probably means “_”.A.

8、add toB. back upC. bring aboutD. conflict withKey：D（2018闵行一模）They swim lovely along the shore, looking for underwater greens to feed on. But these days, along Floridas western coast, something is mixing with the sea grass that manatees like to eat. And its making them sick, even killing them.56. The

9、 word “them” probably refers to . A.underwater greens B.algae C.manatees D.endangered animalsKey：C2、细节题技巧此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?2) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?3) Which of the f

10、ollowing is not mentioned? 4) Choose the right order of this passage.5) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .6) From this passage we know that _.7) In the passage, the author states that _.细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性

11、，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because, since, as等；表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。细节理解题一直都是高考阅读理解中常考的题型，通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征： 1）对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2）词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3）语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言

12、现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4）正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。【例题】（2018徐汇二模）Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are publish

13、ed. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.63.What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigation

14、s in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.Key：C（2018静安一模）The data show that, though the national crime rates dropped by 70 percent during recent years, seasonal spikes in summe

15、r remain. In some cases those spikes are 12 percent higher than rates during seasons in which the lows occur. The phenomenon confuses many criminologists, and they wonder why.63. What puzzles scholars studying crimes?A. The rates of robbery and auto theft are lower than other violent and property cr

16、imes in summerB. The rates of crimes resulting in death are about the same in all seasons.C The crime rates not reported to the police are much higher during summer.D Crime rates in summer are higher than those of other seasons.Key：D3、推断题技巧此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一

17、般提问方式如下：1) The author implied（suggested）that2) We can infer from the text that _. 3) It can be inferred from the text that _.4) It may be concluded from the passage that5) Which of the following statements does the passage support？6) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.推理是在既有

18、信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。【例题】（2018徐汇二模）Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less d

19、eserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if _. A. they cant

20、 play public goods game B. invest the money to benefit group members C. they behave differently from the majority D. they keep the money for themselvesKey：C（2018虹口一模）For all his global fame, Neil Armstrong is a remarkably modest man. He rarely gave interviews and didnt like talking about his achieve

21、ment. He stopped giving his signatureswhen he found that people sold them for thousands of dollars.“I guess we all like to be recognized not for one piece of fireworks but for the ledger (记账簿) of our daily work,” Armstrong said in a CBS interview in 2005. When asked how he felt knowing his footprint

22、s would be likely to stay on the moons surface for thousands of years, he said: “I kind of hope that somebody goes up there one of these days and cleans them up.”58. By saying “I guess we all like to be recognized not for one piece of fireworks but for the ledger of our daily work”, Armstrong meant

23、that _.A. the more daily work youve done, the more easily you will be recognizedB. things that look spectacular are not as useful as ordinary successesC. achieving greatness can make other successes feel less importantD. everydays hard work is more appreciated than one successful momentKey：D4、作者态度题技

24、巧此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：1) Whats the writers/authors attitude to/towards . ?2) The authors tone would be best described as _ .3) The attitude of . to/towards . is .这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的

25、主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。 确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：1）问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2）如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇1. positive 肯定的,积极的2. passive 被动的，消极的3. negative 消极的 4. supportive 支持的5. disapproving 不赞成的6. critical 批评的 7. conservative 保守的8. suspicious

26、可疑的，怀疑的 9. puzzled/ confused 困惑的 10. subjective 主观的 11. objective 客观的 12. neutral 中立的 13. concerned 关心的，有关的 14. optimistic 乐观的15. pessimistic 悲观的 16. indifferent 漠不关心的 17. unconcerned 不关心的【例题】（2016嘉定一模）Scientist cant foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even kn

27、owing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.77. Whats the authors attitude towards ge

28、netic engineering? A.welcoming B.disapproving C.unconcerned D.optimisticKey：B5、主旨大意题技巧这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文

29、中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖 2、概括性强 3、短小精炼。 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句子为：Coffeeisauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.话题：Coffee控制性概念：isauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld标题：C

30、offeeAroundtheWorld常见的标题型题干：1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4) Whats the topic of the article?【例题】（2018松江一模）Men are as likely as women to suffer from postnatal (产后的) depression, a study shows. One

31、 in ten fathers the same ratios as mothers are found to suffer before or after birth. By the time their child reaches 12 weeks, as many as one in four are feeling down.The symptoms observed in the American study are not thought to be hormonal as they are in women and are instead probably a response

32、to the pressures of fatherhood. These include the expense of having children, changed relationship with partners and fear of paternal (父亲的) responsibility. In the early weeks, the lack of sleep and extra domestic chores also take the toll.The study put the overall rate of depression among new father

33、s at 10.4 percent double the estimated 4.8 percent for all men in any 12-month period. Around 8 percent were affected in the 12 weeks before and after birth, according to the Eastern Virginia Medical School Research. The study found parents were more likely to be down if their partner was too.It is

34、estimated that around one in ten women suffers postnatal depression, even if they have never had mental health problems. Without treatment the condition can last for months. Although most women have a few days of “Baby Blues” shortly after birth, postnatal depression can kick in up to six months lat

35、er. Experts say that paternal depression is serious because it can have “substantial emotional, behavioural and developmental” effects on children. 58.Which could be the best title for the passage?A. Therapy for Depression B. Father Getting Baby BluesC. Effects of Father Blues D. Postnatal RecoveryK

36、ey：B2.主题句（topic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.常见的主题句和主旨型题干：1) What is the topic sentence of the

37、passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) What is the main purpose of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?【例题】（2018松江一模）“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,”George W. Bush sa

38、id, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. “They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.”Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clarks expedition and a Mars mission. .Appealing as the thought of

39、travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology.Present system for getting from Earths surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that mer

40、ely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs - or by raising taxes. .It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled his proposal, he

41、 listed these recent major achievements of space exploration pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. .Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to hurl tons toward Mars using current technology, why no

42、t take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced propulsion (推进力)? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might

43、become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.66. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps to retain Americas position as a technological leader.B. A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America.C. Someday p

44、eople may go to Mars but not until it makes technological sense.D. A Mars mission is unnecessary since the scientists once there wont make great discoveries.Key：C 实战演练(A)As the MOOC craze continues to explode, anyone interested in taking an online course faces a tricky question: Which course to take

45、? Here are five aspects that you should consider before you start.(1)What is your learning style?Many MOOCs are video-based. Other courses use presentation formats. Some also require participation in group work. If you want to stay motivated during your course, think about how you enjoy learning.Are

46、 you a visual learner, preferring to use images to understand a topic? If so, a video-based course will work well for you. If you are a verbal learner who gains new information by speaking and writing, try a text-based course with lots of note-taking. Social learners, meanwhile, will thrive in forum

47、 discussions and project-based assessment.(2)Are you ready to become a full-time student?Be realistic about the time that you can commit to your online studies. Participating in an online course can take as much time and commitment as a class-based program. Check the course requirements and make a p

48、lan around your current schedule.(3) Does the course really meet your needs?Whether you are interested in a professional qualification or want to take a personal development course like yoga, there is a MOOC for you. Its easy to get caught up in the excitement of taking lots of free courses in every

49、thing that you ever wanted to learn. Before you start a course, think about the end goal. Is the course aimed at beginners or advanced learners? Why do you need this qualification?(4) Do you need a support group?Some people learn best from seeing how others approach the problem. If you are such as l

50、earner, you will need to supplement your online lessons with an in-person support group.(5) What kind of certification will you get?Take time to find out what kind of certification is available upon completion of the course, and how you can prove your learning to others - for example, certificates,

51、transcripts or digital badges.36. What kind of MOOCs does the author recommend to verbal learners?A. A video-based course.B. A text-based course.C. A forum-based discussion.D. A project-based assessment.37. What kind of learners need an in-person support group?A Learners who prefer individual work.B

52、. Learners who are in great need of a certificate.C. Learners who are too busy to become a full-time student.D. Learners who learn best from observing how others address the problem.38. What is the passage mainly about?A. Picking the right MOOCs for you.B. Deciding your learning style.C. Taking the

53、right course you need.D. Choosing a suitable support group.【答案】36. B 37. D 38. A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是选在线开放课程之前应该考虑的五个方面的问题。【36题详解】细节理解题。根据(1)What is your learning style?部分的“If you are a verbal learner who gains new information by speaking and writing, try a text-based course with lots of note-takin

54、g（如果你是一个通过说和写来获取新信息的口语学习者，那么尝试一个有大量笔记的以文本为基础的课 程）”可知，作者推荐一种基于文本的课程给口语语言学习者，故选B。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据(4) Do you need a support group?部分的“Some people learn best from seeing how others approach the problem. If you are such as learner, you will need to supplement your online lessons with an in-person support

55、group（有些人从别人处理问题的方式中学到最好的东西。如果你是这样的学习者，你将需要与一个现场支持小组补充你的在线课 程）”可知，通过观察他人如何解决问题来学习效果最好的学习者需要一个现场支持小组，故选D。【38题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段的“As the MOOC craze continues to explode, anyone interested in taking an online course faces a tricky question: Which course to take? Here are five aspects that you should consid

56、er before you start.（随着大规模在线开放课程(MOOC)热潮的持续爆发，任何对在线课程感兴趣的人都面临着一个棘手的问 题:选哪门课程?以下是你在开始之前应该考虑的五个方面）”可知，本文主要是关于选择适合你的MOOC，故选A。（B）With the fragrance industry expected to be worth an enormous $92 billion by 2024, there is big money to be made from scents. As the fashion and marketing industry moves away f

57、rom targeting men and women and onto a more inclusive, non-gendered approach, fragrance companies are doing the exact same-creating products that can be worn happily by all genders. The smells were drawn to are inherently universal, across all genders and including all noses. With this in mind, we t

58、ested our noses against three of the brands that have made a play for gender neutrality.Eccentric MoleculesThe unique selling point of Eccentric Molecules is that its designed to smell completely different on every wearer, reacting with our natural scents to create a unique blend. With potential for

59、 sharing with a loved one, their packaging is a practical if a little unromantic, simple bottle.Still, upon opening their best seller Molecule 01, the journey begins. Upon first spray, the overwhelming scent is of alcohol, but it soon settles into a barely-there smell that recalls soft leather and f

60、eels surprisingly soothing on skin.Top Scent: Molecule 01, 72 for 100mlClean ReserveClean Reserve smells like it sounds-bright fresh scents that would appeal to those who prefer light smell. It is also perfect for keeping in your gym or day bag to freshen up yourself.Packaging feels weighty and luxu

61、rious without compromising sustainability the bottle is made from sustainability -managed fores: wood and even the alcohol is derived from corn.Top Scent: Rain, 82 for100mlLaboratory PerfumesPackaged in chemistry-class bottles, this brands latest collection is strongly inspired by Britain and its na

62、tural abundance of herbs and flowers. What results are grown-up, powerful scents.Our clear favourites from the collection couldnt be more different “Samphire” is a refreshing coastal scent mixed with rose, while “Atlas” is a strong blend of wine and tobacco, an easy signature scent for day and night

63、 with minimal reapplication needed.Top Scent: Atlas, 65 for 100ml40. The purpose of paragraph 1 is _.A. to analyze how smells influence usB. to sell the idea of non-gendered fragranceC. to inform the readers of a latest fashion trendD. to justify the development of fragrance industry41 The common fe

64、ature of Escentric Molecules and Clean Reserve is _.A. practical and simple packagingB. sustainable packaging made from woodC. a soft and light scentD. smelling totally different on every user42. For a customer who prefer strong mature smells that lasts a whole day, which product should he choose?A.

65、 Molecule 01.B. Rain.C. Samphire.D. Atlas.【答案】40. B 41. C 42. D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了不同香水的特点。【40题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“As the fashion and marketing industry moves away from targeting men and women and onto a more inclusive, non-gendered approach, fragrance companies are doing the exact same-creating prod

66、ucts that can be worn happily by all genders.(随着时尚和营销行业从瞄准男性和女性转向一种更具包容性、非性别化的方式，香水公司正在做完全相同的创造性产品，所有性别都可以快乐地使用)”可知，本段的主要目的就是推销非性别化香水理念。故选择B项。【41题详解】推理判断题。第一个方框内“Upon first spray, the overwhelming scent is of alcohol, but it soon settles into a barely-there smell that recalls soft leather and feels

67、surprisingly soothing on skin.(第一次喷洒时，压倒性的气味是酒精，但它很快就变成了一种几乎没有的气味，让人想起柔软的皮革，皮肤感觉异常光滑)”及第二个方框内“Clean Reserve smells like it sounds-bright, fresh scents that would appeal to those who prefer light smell.(Clean Reserve闻起来像明亮，新鲜的气味，会吸引那些喜欢淡气味的人)”可知，两种香水的共同点是，柔软和味道淡。故选择C项。【42题详解】细节理解题。根据第三个方框内“while “Atl

68、as” is a strong blend of wine and tobacco, an easy signature scent for day and night with minimal reapplication needed.(而“Atlas”是一种强烈的混合了酒和烟草的特色鲜明的气味能持续一整天，很少需要再次使用)”可知，“Atlas”适合喜欢气味强烈且持久香水的人士。故选择D项。 (C)In 1851, Auguste Comte, the French philosopher and father of sociology, coined the new word altru

69、ism as part of a drive to create a non-religious religion based on scientific principles. He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”. At that time, studies of animal behavior and phrenology(颅相学) l

70、ed him to locate egotistical(自我本位的) instincts at the back of the brain, altruistic ones at the front.Today, we have a far more sophisticated knowledge of the neurological(神经学的) and biochemical factors that underpin kind behavior. And this science forms the bases of two books aimed at general readers

71、but also at those who, despite the research, still doubt the existence of altruism.However, the books may end up providing more information for those who are doubtful. Take The Altruistic Brain by neuroscientist Donald Pfaff. On solid scientific ground, he builds a five-step theory of how altruism o

72、ccurs, which depends on an idea that is unconvincing and may achieve the opposite result. Pfaff argues that to act altruistically you should first visualize the receiver of your good will, then mentally transform their image into your own, “from angle to angle and curve to curve”. Does it really wor

73、k?At the core of evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilsons Does Altruism Exist? is another contentious(有争议的) idea: altruism has evolved as the result of group selection. But Wilson argues his corner masterfully, providing a clever reply to the belief that natural selection occurs only at the level

74、of the selfish gene: “Selfishness beats altruism within groups. Altruistic groups beat selfish groups,” he says.In other words, we cooperate when doing so gives our team the advantage. That doesnt sound very selfless either.Wilson acknowledges this, but argues that thoughts and feelings are less imp

75、ortant than actions. According to evolutionary theory, pure altruists do exist, but it doesnt matter why people choose to help otherstheir reasons may be difficult even for themselves to understand. What matters is that humans can coordinate their activities in just the right way to achieve common g

76、oals. Other animals do this too, but we are masters. “Teamwork is the signature adaptation of our species,” he says.Pfaff goes further, insisting that our brain biology “urges us to be kind”. He believes this knowledge alone will inspire individuals to be more altruistic. His desire to create a bett

77、er world is admirable and some of his ideas are interesting, but Wilsons analysis is clearer.While it is in our nature to be altruistic, Wilson says, we also have a healthy regard for self-interest and a resistance to being pushed around. Which one comes to the fore depends on the environment in whi

78、ch we find ourselves. Ethics, he says, cannot be taught at individual level, but are “a property of the whole system”.43. Which of the following can be considered an altruistic behaviour according to Comtes definition?A. A person offers to donate his liver to another who needs one.B. A clerk returns

79、 the umbrella to his colleague which he has kept for a long time.C. A student volunteers to wok in the orphanage to collect data for his research.D. A police officer spots a car parking in the no-parking area, finding a child in the trunk.44. What does Donald Pfaff think people should do in order to

80、 behave altruistically?A. Draw a picture of the person they are going to help.B. Transform the receiver into a kind person.C. Visualize what they are going to do in mind first.D. Imagine they themselves are to be helped.45. Which of the following statements is David Sloan most likely to agree with i

81、n his book?A. Being kind is not something people are born with.B. People in groups are less likely to be selfish.C. People may well act selflessly because of where they are.D. Most people know clearly why they are ready to help others.46. What can be concluded from the passage?A. Figuring out what m

82、akes us behave selflessly is a tricky business.B. Unlike Donald Pfaffs book, David Sloans book aims at professional readers.C. Comtes definition of altruism proves to be impractical in modern times.D. Both Donald Pfaff and David Sloan lay emphasis on team work.【答案】43. B 44. D 45. C 46. A【解析】【分析】本文是一

83、篇说明文，以唐纳德普法夫和大卫斯隆的两部关于利他主义的著作为例介绍了人们对法国社会学之父奥古斯特孔特提出的利他主义的不同看法。【43题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”.”可知，奥古斯特孔特将利他主义定义为为他人的福利而采取的故意行为，这种行为至少可能不会给行为人带来利益或损失，“一个职员把他保管了很长时间

84、的雨伞还给了他的同事”符合这个定义，故B项正确。【44题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Pfaff argues that to act altruistically you should first visualize the receiver of your good will, then mentally transform their image into your own”可知，唐纳德普法夫认为人们应该想象他们自己会得到帮助才能表现出利他主义，故D项正确。【45题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While it is in our nature to be altruistic

85、, Wilson says, we also have a healthy regard for self-interest and a resistance to being pushed around. Which one comes to the fore depends on the environment in which we find ourselves.”可知，大卫斯隆说虽然利他主义是我们的天性，但我们也有一种健康的自利观，哪一个最重要取决于我们所处的环境，由此可知，大卫斯隆在书中最有可能同意人们可能会因为他们所处的位置而做出无私的行为，故C项正确。【46题详解】推理判断题。根

86、据文章内容可知，以唐纳德普法夫和大卫斯隆的两部关于利他主义的著作为例介绍了人们对法国社会学之父奥古斯特孔特提出的利他主义的不同看法，利他主义一直是一个有争议的话题，专家学者对利他主义的看法不一，至今对是什么让我们表现得无私都没有一个明确的说法，有的研究者甚至还怀疑利他主义的存在，由此可知，弄清楚是什么让我们表现得无私是一件棘手的事情，故A项正确。【点睛】本篇第1题的难度较大，抓住奥古斯特孔特对利他主义的定义是关键，根据第一段中的“He defined it as “intentional action for the welfare of others that involves at least the possibility of either no benefit or a loss to the actor”.”可知，奥古斯特孔特将利他主义定义为为他人的福利而采取的故意行为，这种行为至少可能不会给行为人带来利益或损失，“一个职员把他保管了很长时间的雨伞还给了他的同事”符合这个定义，其他三项要么不是为他人的福利采取的故意行为，要么给行为人带来了利益或损失，故B项正确。