专题06 阅读理解之健康与饮食-五年（2018—2022）高考英语真题精选分类训练.docx

1、 06 健康与饮食Passage1（2022年新高考I卷之C篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇减少孤独事例阐述316lonelyThe elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing, It is a

2、lso being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had t

3、o prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see theyve gone to bed.”“Its good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in

4、to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. Im enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it

5、 out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”Lynn Lewis, dire

6、ctor of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”28. What is the purpose of the project?A. To ensure harmony in care homes.B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.C. To

7、raise money for medical research.D. To promote the elderly peoples welfare.29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense of achievement.C. She has recovered her memory.D. She has developed a strong personality.30. What do the underlined wor

8、ds “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?A. Improve.B. Oppose.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?A. It is well received.B. It needs to be more creative.C. It is highly profitable.D. It takes ages to see the results.【答案解析】【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A【解析

9、】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人健康状况的项目。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Its good to have a different focus. People have be

10、en bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. Im enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数

11、第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。

12、【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happ

13、y to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。【词汇积累】residents 居民) feel lonely charity 慈善组织 wellbeing幸福；福利；安乐 dementia 痴呆，精神错乱【长难句析】I used

14、to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.【分析】本句含有时间状语从句when I was younger和before I went to school.， used to do sth为固定短语，意为：过去常常做某事。【翻译】我小时候养过母鸡，每天上学前都要为它们准备早餐。 2.There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the

15、 North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. 【分析】本句and连接的两个并列句； looking after为现在分词短语做定语，修饰700 elderly people。【翻译】目前，英国东北部有700名老人在20家护理院照顾母鸡，该慈善机构得到了资金支持，将这项活动推广到全国各地。 Passage2（2022年新高考I卷之B篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇饮食与语音事例阐述360soundsHuman speech contains more than

16、 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the wor

17、lds languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found

18、 how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easie

19、r to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confi

20、rmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popula

21、r view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex

22、interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damin Blasis research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancie

23、nt human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for th

24、e research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to

25、 cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.【答案解析】【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals

26、, such as “f” and v, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian B

27、lasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed

28、 to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world

29、languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可

30、知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change an

31、d cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。【词汇积累】diet-related 与饮食相关的 labiodental adj.唇齿音的 structure结构 evolve v.进化，演化 remarkably adv.不寻常地，惊人地overturn v.（使）

32、翻倒，（使）倾覆complex adj.复杂的，难懂的【长难句析】1. A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages. 【分析】本句是复合句，含有宾语从句 that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds，其后又包含了that引导的定语从句 that are

33、 now found in half the worlds languages.，修饰先行词new speech sounds。【翻译】一项为期五年的突破性研究表明，人类与饮食相关的咬痕变化导致了新的语音，如今在世界上一半的语言中都发现了这种语音。 2. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the low

34、er lip to the upper teeth.【分析】本句含有宾语从句that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making为现在分词做结果状语；which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.为定语从句。【翻译】他们发现，古代人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的(对齐)，因此很难产生下唇与上门牙接触而形成的唇音。Passage3（2022年新高考II卷之D篇） 主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇身体健康事例阐述382

35、heartAs we age, even if were healthy, the heart just isnt as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who dont exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flex

36、ible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. Thats what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser, gettin

37、g in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercisebal

38、ance training and weight trainingthree times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the cloc

39、k back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didnt change, he says. “The swe

40、et spot in life to start exercising, if you havent already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American He

41、art Association, says Levines findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 12. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The

42、 right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 13. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 14

43、. What does Levines research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 15. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg

44、 suggest?A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【答案解析】【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it

45、 in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. Thats what happens to the heart. (“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。【13题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“The firs

46、t group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercisebalance training and weight trainingthree times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. (第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动

47、类型的不同，故选C。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. (第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的“We took these 50-y

48、ear-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. (莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an ex

49、ercise routine make the biggest difference. (但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。【词汇积累】efficient adj. 有效的 process n.v. 过程，加工 enthusiastic adj. 热情地 randomly adv.随意地 high-intensity 高密度【长难句析】1. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups

50、of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 【分析】本句which 引导的为宾语从句；make the biggest difference为固定短语，意为：做出最大的改变。【翻译】但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。 2. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you havent been an

51、enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. 【分析】本句that 引导的是宾语从句，在宾语从句里，又含有一个条件状语从句 if you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser；get in shape 为固定短语，意为：保持体形。【翻译】莱文发现，对于那些中年人士来说，幸运的是，即使你不是一个热情的运动爱好者，现在保持体型可能有助于改善你老化的心脏。 Passage4（2022年全国乙卷之D篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇征收糖税事例阐述3

52、31sugar taxThe Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was

53、introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that todays children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the f

54、irst six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate 240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can

55、avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending

56、 on the sugar content. However some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m lit

57、res per year. Todays figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,

58、 and the industry is playing its part. 32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?A To collect money for schools.B. To improve the quality of drinks.C. To protect childrens health.D. To encourage research in education.33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A. They turned to overseas ma

59、rkets.B. They raised the prices of their products.C. They cut down on their production.D. They reduced their products sugar content.34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?A. Most alcoholic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Coke.35. What can be inferred about

60、the adoption of the sugar tax policy?A. It is a short-sighted decision.B. It is a success story.C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets customers.【答案解析】【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the

61、 tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had thei

62、r sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers

63、. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Todays figu

64、res, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。【词汇积累】predict预测 generate产生，引起 obesity 肥胖 co

65、nsume消费，消耗 Initially 开始，最初 manufacturers 制造商facilities 设施【长难句析】1. At present it is expected to generate 240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.【分析】本句含有一个which引导的非限制性定语从句；At present和be expected to do sth为固定短语，意为：目前和希望期望做某事。【翻译】截至2019年4月，该项目预计将为学校体育事业带来2.4亿英镑的收入。 2. Fir

66、st announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). 【分析】本句含有一个which引导的定语从句，先行词为the tax；主句为the tax was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity。【翻译】该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮

67、助减少儿童肥胖(肥胖)Passage5（2022年1月浙江卷之C篇）document主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇健康运动事例阐述343regular exerciseThe benefits of regular exercise are well documented but theres a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likel

68、y to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: These findings are exciting because its possible that improving peoples cardiovascular （心血管）fitness in middle ag

69、e could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met th

70、e criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or ot

71、her cardiovascular problems. These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of t

72、he women with low fitness. However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime

73、a high fitness level is most important. She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.7. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?A. Positive effects of doing exerc

74、ises.B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.C. Experimental studies on diseases.D. Advantages of sporty woman over man8. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?A. To predict their maximum heart rate.B. To assess their cardiovascular capacityC. To change their habits of worki

75、ng outD. To detect their potential health problems9. What do we know about Dr Horders study?A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.B. Data collection was a lengthy process.C. Some participants withdrew from it.D. The results were far from satisfactory.10. Which of the following is the best title fo

76、r the text?A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent DementiaB. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More ExerciseC. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop DementiaD. Biking Improves Womens Cardiovascular Fitness【答案解析】【答案】7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New re

77、searchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻炼的好处。故

78、选A项。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because its possible that improving peoples cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”（这些发现令人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicy

79、cle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测

80、试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的过程。故选B项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症

81、的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。【词汇积累】be exhausted to do精疲力尽做某事 document文件，公文sporty擅长运动的 peak最大值，顶峰association协会，社团【长难句析】1. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less

82、likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.【分析】本句含有 that 引导的宾语从句，其又含有一个who 引导的定语从句；and为并列连词，其后的as they did是非限制性定语从句。【翻译】新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年罹患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且她们确实比不爱运动的女性晚十年发病。 2. These findings are exciting because its possible that

83、improving peoples cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.【分析】本句含有一个because引导的原因状语从句，其又含有一个it做形式主语，that从句做真正主语的句子； prevent . from .为固定短语，意为：组织做某事。【翻译】这些发现令人兴奋，因为有可能改善人们在中年时的心血管健康(心血管)可以延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。 Passage6（2021年全国乙卷之D篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇噪音事例阐述3

84、63noiseDuring an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “Thats why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. Afte

85、r all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and e

86、xposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group those exposed to a level of noise similar to backgrou

87、nd chatter in a coffee shop significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the st

88、udy also suggests that the right level of background noise not too loud and not total silence may actually improve ones creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impo

89、ssible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks. So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we cant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others conversations while were trying to focus. Indeed,

90、 the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.32.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?A. It helps him conce

91、ntrate.B. It blocks out background noise.C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?A. Total silence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many

92、people?A. Personal privacy unprotected.B. Limited working space.C. Restrictions on group discussion.D. Constant interruptions.35. What can we infer about the author from the text?A. Hes a news reporter.B. Hes an office manager.C. Hes a professional designer.D. Hes a published writer.【答案解析】【答案】32. A

93、33. C 34. D 35. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。【32题】细节理解题。根据第一段“Thats why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。【33题】细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between m

94、ost of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）

95、”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve ones creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音不要太大声，也不要完全安静实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他

96、组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。【34题】细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we cant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others conversations while were trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and

97、 conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的

98、自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。【35题】推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。【词汇积累】distraction干扰membership 会员身份 participants 参加者 statistical

99、ly统计地 insignificant无意义的 outperform 胜过in response to 回应interactions相互作用【长难句析】1. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. 【分析】本句含有一个时间状语从句Since the effects were small，suggest为句子

100、谓语，后面跟了个that宾语从句，宾语从句中的宾语that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. 【翻译】由于影响很小，这可能表明我们的创造性思维在完全沉默和85分贝的背景噪音下并没有那么大的差异。 2. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. 【分析】本句含有一个时间状语从句as they completed

101、tests of creative thinking.主句为The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants。【翻译】当参与者完成创造性思维测试时，研究人员对他们进行了不同程度的噪音测试。 Passage7（2021年全国乙卷之A篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇竞技场事例阐述242stadiums People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built

102、 the Colosseum, which remains the worlds best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Romes Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry compared with the citys Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.These d

103、ays, safety regulations-not to mention the modern sports fans desire for a good view and comfortable seattend to keep stadium capacities（容量） slightly lower. Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of thousands standing to watch the match. For the biggest stadiums in the world, w

104、e have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites. All these stadiums are still funtiona1, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport. Rungrado 1st of May St

105、adium, Pyongyang D.P.R. Korea. Capacity: 150,000. Opened: May 1,1989. Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U. S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened: October 1, 1927. Beaver Stadium, State College, Pennsylvania, U. S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened: September 17, 1960. Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U. S. Capacit

106、y: 104,944. Opened: October 7,1922.Kyle Field, College Station, Texas, U. S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September 24, 1927.21. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?A. 104,944.B. 107,601.C. About 150,000.D. About 250,000.22. Of the following stadiums, which is the oldest?A. Michigan Stadium.

107、B. Beaver Stadium.C. Ohio Stadium.D. Kyle Field.23. What do the listed stadiums have in common?A. They host big games.B. They have become tourist attractions.C. They were built by Americans.D. They are favored by architects.【答案解析】【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况。目前这些竞技场仍在运行并且

108、还在承办大型体育赛事。【21题】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“However, that was small fry compared with the citys Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.” (然而，与这座城市容纳了25万人的大竞技场相比，这只是小巫见大巫。)可知，Circus Maximus的可以容纳250,000人。故选D项。【22题】细节理解题。根据文章最后部分中的“Ohio Stadium, Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened Octo

109、ber 7, 1922.” (美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市俄亥俄体育场，容纳人数：104,944人。1922年10月7日开业。)及其他四个著名竞技场的开放时间介绍可知，Ohio Stadium开放时间最早在1922年，属于年代最久远的。故选C项。【23题】细节理解题。根据文中“All these stadiums are still functional, still open and still hosting the biggest events in world sport.” (所有这些体育场馆仍在使用，仍在开放，仍在举办世界上最大的体育赛事。)可知，这些体育馆都还在承办大型的体育赛事。故选A

110、项。【词汇积累】contemporary当代的 accommodate为提供住宿；容纳 capacities容量permanent永久的【长难句析】For the biggest stadiums in the world, we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated information from official stadium websites. 【分析】本句是一个复合句

111、，we have used data supplied by the World Atlas list so far为主句；含有一个which引导的定语从句。【翻译】对于世界上最大的体育场，我们使用了迄今为止世界地图集提供的数据，它根据它们的永久容量对它们进行排名，以及来自官方体育场网站的更新信息。 Passage8（2018年北京卷之A篇）主题语境语篇类型文章词数核心词汇锻炼身体事例阐述334Marathon My First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and thi

112、s meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was not athletic

113、.The idea that I was not athletic stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon,

114、 I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!By mile 1

115、7, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m

116、. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a

117、marathon winner.36.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor _.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscared C.madeuphismindtorunD.losthope37.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.38.Ho

118、wwastheauthorsfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegotthefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.39.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn. 【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完

119、全程的励志故事。36.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句Yet, I was determined to go ahead. 可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。37.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was not athletic可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选C。38.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第10段I was one of the final runners to finish.

120、But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had. 可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。39.B 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now

121、call myself a marathon winner. 可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。【词汇积累】require sb. to do 请求.做. informe sb. that 通知. athletic adj.运动的，体育的 approach 方法，途径，靠近worldly labels世俗标签【长难句析】1. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was a

122、thletic. 【分析】本句When I started running in my 30s,为时间状语从句，realized后跟了省略了that的宾语从句running was a battle against myself。【翻译】当我30多岁开始跑步时，我意识到跑步是一场与自己的战斗，与竞争或我是否擅长运动无关。 2. Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself amarathon winner.【分析】本句 的Determined to 为过去分词做状语；be determined to do sth为固定短语，意为：决定。【翻译】 下定决心做我自己，继续前进，摆脱耻辱和世俗的标签(世俗标签)，我现在可以称自己为“马拉松赢家”。