2021届高考英语二轮语法复习学案：名词.doc

1、名词&冠词专题考点汇总&专项训练【考情分析】*改错（冠词）1.不定冠词a和an的错用；2不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用；3单数可数名词前冠词的缺失；4冠词的多余；5常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。示例：1.They live far from the school，and it takes them about aan/one hour and a half to go to work every day.2In athe picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time：car magazin

2、es and musical instruments. *语法填空（冠词）冠词表泛指、特指的基本用法以及常见的固定搭配。示例：1.As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.2This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top. *改错（名词）1.可数名词单复数的错用；2.混淆名词的可数与不可数。示例：1.The instructor

3、kept repeating the wordwords，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” 2.Besides，they often get some useful informationsinformation from the Internet. *语法填空（名词）1.给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；2给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词；3名词的固定搭配。示例：1.This trend，.，has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe

4、very thing the medical community was trying to fight.2.This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.【语法剖析】*冠词考点一零冠词1零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。Human life is regarded as part of nature and，as such，the only way for u

5、s to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this，that，my，your，some，each，no，any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语

6、时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his(her) exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)用于表示无特

7、指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词，及球类、棋类和学科名词前。Of all the subjects，I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。2用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧 in history在历史上under repair在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对有害 on purpose故

8、意地in place在正确位置 in danger在危险中in return作为回报 at present 目前ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前lose heart 灰心 out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为让出空间3有无冠词意义不同的搭配示例：单句改错1I told him I could not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the2How are you？Today Ive got a wond

9、erful news to tell you.去掉a3Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.去掉manager前的the *冠词考点二定冠词1定冠词的基本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一

10、类人。Were not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only，very，same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。As is known to all，the Peoples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is th

11、e better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。易错警示：a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；the与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最的”。(4)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按计算”。但size，weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in this bookstore，that is，by the kilogram.他惊

12、奇地发现在这家书店书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。(5)用于“动词(hit，strike，pull，take等)sb.介词the表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb.on the head 打某人的头pull /take sb.by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb.in the face打某人的脸2用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路 in the distance在远处not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相

13、反the other day 几天之前 on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯； 切题 take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时示例：.单句改错They only eat what they like and never touch food they dont like even if they really

14、need it for their health.food前加the.单句语法填空1The unsuccessful person，on the other hand，works little and just waits to see them pass by.2比较应用Xiamen is the most beautiful coastal city I have ever seen so that I will come again.Qingdao is a most beautiful coastal city and I believe I will come for a secon

15、d time. *冠词考点三不定冠词不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”相当于a certain。Excus

16、e me，would you please give the iPad to John?打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？Sorry，but I dont think theres a John in our class.对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于of the same名词。The two plants look different，but they are of a kind (of the same kind)这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。2不定冠词的活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”

17、。First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，pity，danger，comfort，honour等。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those

18、 tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of.时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of.“精通”；have a (clear/good) understanding of.“了解”。If you dont have a good knowledge of English，its out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.如果你不精通英语

19、，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地 as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措；困惑 pay a visit to参观；拜访be/go on a diet节食 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生 a waste of.浪费once in a while偶尔 keep an eye on 留意；留神have a gift for在方面有天赋have a word with与谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a res

20、ult/consequence 因此示例：.单句语法填空1“The match between these two teams is great，” said Jim，and I hope to see a second.2Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be a Beethoven. .单句改错In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.在第二个car前加

21、a *名词考点一名词单复数1可数名词复数的变化规则(1)名词复数的规则变化变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加sbooks，horses，beds，pages以s，x，sh，ch结尾的名词，在词尾加esglasses，boxes，brushes，watches(例外：stomach stomachs)以辅音字母y结尾的名词，把y变为i再加es；以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加scities，countries，factories，boys，toys，holidays以o结尾的名词，常在词尾加sradios，photos，pianos，zoos(例外：heroes，tomatoes，potatoes

22、)以f或fe结尾的名词，常把f或fe变成v，再加es；少数词尾加shalf halves，knife knives，leaf leaves；roofs，chiefs，gulfs，beliefs，proofs(2) 名词复数的不规则变化单复数同形：deer，sheep，Chinese，means(方式， 方法)，series，species词形变化：man men，woman women，child children，tooth teeth，foot feet，mouse mice，ox oxen合成名词的复数：passerby passersby，lookeron lookerson，grow

23、nup grownups，standby standbys名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如：woman doctor women doctors，man waiter men waiters(3)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks，congratulations，trousers，works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，spirits(情绪)，instructions(操作说明)，directions(用法说明)，papers(试卷， 文件)，times(时代)等。2抽象名词具体化示例：.单句语法填空1Any smel

24、l might attract natural enemies(enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.2He lost all his keys(key) to the doors，so he had to get them opened by force.单句改错Though we are now out of danger，the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a *名词考点二固定搭配名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类：“动词名词介词”和“介词名词”。常考的

25、高频短语：1介词名词with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措 in advance提前in favor of支持， 赞成 on purpose故意地beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand需求量很大2动词名词介词have/gain access to可以获得take advantage of利用， 趁之机make use of利用find fault with挑的错keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到catch sight of看见do da

26、mage to损害attach importance to重视take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有make preparations for为做准备make contributions to对做出贡献示例：.单句语法填空1I have no hesitation(hesitate) in recommending her for the job.2Whenever I made mistakes(mistake)，the teacher pointed them out with patience.单句改错Man

27、y parents in China always attach too much important to words，ordering their children to do this or that.importantimportance 【技巧点拨】*冠词冠词与语法填空冠词与短文改错1.观察空格后部分的中心词是否是名词或相当于名词的词或短语，因为冠词的作用通常就是用来修饰名词。1.做短文改错时首先要看名词是否可数。不可数名词前不加冠词，故不可数名词前的不定冠词为多余；而可数名词前若无冠词，则为冠词缺失，必须添加相应的冠词。如果名词表示特指，则应用定冠词the。2准确理解语境，确定空格

28、所填词表示泛指还是特指。3理解空格所在句子的意义，分析所填词是否是冠词活用或固定用法。2做题时要看可数名词或可数名词前修饰词的读音。元音音素前用an。辅音音素前用a。特别注意useful，hour，honest等的读音。3牢记冠词的固定搭配，确定冠词的增与删。 *名词名词与语法填空名词与短文改错1.词性转换题：“句子成分”是关键(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式；(2)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰，要考虑名词形式；1.遇到名词，首先想到是可数名词还是不可数名词；2看到several，a few，many，one of，three，a number

29、of等要想到名词应用复数形式； 2名词复数题：“牢记规则”辨是非(1)如果空格处被these，several，many和数词等修饰时，要考虑名词的复数形式；(2)如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。3看到information，advice，progress，knowledge等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式；4看到冠词等修饰词，要想到应用名词形式；5形容词和名词都可作表语，但形容词作表语说明主语的特点(how)，名词作表语则说明主语的身份、职业等(what)。【综合训练】*单句改错1The dictionary is out of the date：m

30、any words have been added to the language since it was published.2I dont think the experiment is a failure.At least we have gained an experience for future success.3The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.4How can I take the medicine，sir?Just follow the

31、 direction on the bottle.5You should follow the doctors advices and give up smoking. *短文改错I have met many teachers since I begin my schooling.Of all my teachers，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young at her age.Comparing with other teachers，Mrs.Green pays mo

32、re attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and interestingly.In her opinion，we will not only know “what” but also understand“why”So instead of giving us answer immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time when she puts forward questions.With he

33、r help，we have learned how to analyze and settled problems.What the amazing world of “why” she leads us! She is such a learned person that we all admire him very much. *单句语法填空1As a businessman，Mr.Green is a complete failure.Being lazy may well be one of the (disadvantage) to his failure.2As far as I

34、 am concerned，my (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach.3Li Hua has good knowledge of English and this will be advantage over others in finding proper job.4I considered myself very lucky because I was only one of my friends who had their

35、dads around.5The experiment took us five months and turned out great disappointment.6My grandparents like to live in the countryside where they can enjoy leisurely walk on the country road and feel warmth of the sun on their faces.7What if your first choice is wrong？If so，just give yourself second c

36、hance.8You are working too hard.Youd better keep balance between work and relaxation.9Yesterday the (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire. 10For many young people，going to university is one of the most important (stage) of their lives. *语篇语法填空Feli

37、city Miller，a 32yearold British woman， 1 has a Chinese husband，still remembers the 2 (excite) when she first learned to use the “red packet” function on WeChat in 2015.She sent and grabbed some red packets in her Chinese familys group.The rule in her family was that the person who grabbed the 3 (hig

38、h) amount sent the next.Attracted by the unique way of communicating，many foreigners 4 (join) in sending and grabbing red packets so far.Usually，the money in each packet is random.Thus the amount of money one can grab 5 (large) depends on his or her luck，from 0.01 yuan to less than 200 yuan.Many for

39、eigners get more familiar 6 Chinese culture through “red packets”Two years ago，when Felicity Miller was sent 5.20 or 8.88 yuan red packets，she had no clue about the 7 (hide) meanings.Now，she has not only known about them，but also has sent a few.However，the popularity of virtual red packets doesnt st

40、op people sending paper red packets 8 (contain) real cash during the Spring Festival.It 9 (call) lucky money.In Chinese tradition，people take giving children lucky money as 10 blessing.参考答案：*单句改错1. 去掉date前的the2. 去掉experience前的an3. minuteminutes4. directiondirections5. advicesadvice*短文改错I have met ma

41、ny teachers since I my schooling.Of all my teachers，Mrs.Green is the one who impresses me most.Though she is 50，she looks very young her age. with other teachers，Mrs.Green pays more attention to her way of teaching.She tries various ways to make her class lively and .In her opinion，we will not only

42、know “what” but also understand“why”So instead of giving us immediately，she encourages us to think carefully every time she puts forward questions.With her help，we have learned how to analyze and problems.What amazing world of “why” she leads us ！ She is such a learned person that we all admire very much.*单句语法填空1) disadvantages2) suggestion3) A；an；a4) the5) a6) a；the7) a8) a9) firemen10) Stages*语篇语法填空1who2excitement3highest4have joined5largely6with7hidden8containing9is called10a