江苏省南通中学牛津译林版高中英语必修五导学案（无答案）：Unit1 Getting along with others Period Ⅱ Learning notes for Word power .doc

1、Period Learning notes for Word power & Grammar and usage【Learning goals】1.Learning new words: discourage; consider 2.Learning new sentence patterns: speaking of; rather than3.Learning grammar: To infinitive; Bare infinitive; Verb-ing form as a noun【Language focus】 词汇-1. discourage vt. 使气馁，使丧失做的信心；打消

2、（做的念头），劝阻【教材原句】Mum discourages me from chatting on line. (P11)【例句研读】翻译句子(1)His reply to my request discouraged me. _ (2)Her parents tried to discourage her from becoming a singer. _【自主归纳】词性变化 adj. discouraged _ 不要泄气。 discouraging _ 考试结果令人灰心。 n. discouragement 1) /U/ 泄气，灰心2) /U/ 阻止，阻拦，劝阻3) /C/ 使人泄气的事

3、物，挫折 _ 尽管遇到这么多挫折，她仍不气馁。 反义：encourage 鼓励 _ 鼓励某人做某事词汇-2. consider v. 考虑;；将视为，认为，以为【教材原句】So, Im considering making a change. (P11)【例句研读】翻译句子We considered his suggestion and accepted it. _He is considering studying abroad. _I consider him to be my best friend. _He considers himself intelligent. _【自主归纳1】

4、词性变化 n. consideration _ 考虑 adj. considerate _ considerable _prep. considering _【自主归纳2】翻译句子据说他已经超过70岁，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很硬朗。I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong_. His age_, he is still very strong. _, he is still very strong. (consideration) Everything _, I dont think their needs are easy

5、 to meet at present._the best student in class, our monitor is to be sent to attend the competition.句型-1. 【教材原句】Speaking of friends, Ive met some nice people here in London(P9)【句法分析】speaking of prep. _ _ 说到学校，你考得怎么样？【联想归纳】As for/ Talking of/ When it comes to 句型-2. 【教材原句】I decided to write rather tha

6、n e-mail you about my new friends because(P9)【句法分析】rather than表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。【即时巩固】(1)He is an explorer rather than a sailor. You rather than I _ going to go camping. (2)We will have the meeting in the classroom_. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 (3)She enjoys_. 她喜欢

7、唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 (4)We should help him rather than_. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。 (5)I decided to write rather than _. 我决定写信而不打电话。 【联想归纳】would rather.than. = wouldrather than 宁愿而不愿_ 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。_, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。Grammar and usage(一): To infinitive; Bare infinitive (动词不定式)基本形式与结构:语态式一般式完成式进行式

8、完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be builtto have been built动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语和状语用。1）不定式作主语【例如】Tofind the building took him a lot of time. Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility. 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。【例如】Itisimportantfo

9、rmodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages. It作形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中： Itis形容词（easy,important,difficult,foolish,convenient,unnecessary,right,wrong.）（for/ofsb.）不定式 【例如】ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit. It is wrong of you to make fun of those in trouble. It is + 名词(a

10、pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing,ones duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, a waste of time/money, noeasyjob.）不定式 【例如】Itisawasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash. Its a pleasure for someone to smoke cigarettes, but an unbearable suffering to others. Ittakes（sb.）sometime（hours,months,alotoftime,patience.）不定式

11、 【例如】IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday. Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.2）不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等。 【例如】Her duty is to take good care of the baby.Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A) has left

12、B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 3) 不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：decide/determine, attempt, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help, afford, happen, wait等。【例如】We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. Tom hap

13、pened to be talking when the teacher came in.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans _ trouble.A）making B）tomake C）tohavemade D）having made “wh不定式”不定式前加一个疑问代词(what, which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词（where,when,how,why），或连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。 常见的可以接这种不

14、定式短语的动词有：know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, learn, inquire, observe, remember, think, wonder, understand等。【例如】 Icouldntdecidewhichbooktochoose.Icantellyou where togetthisbook.“wh不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。 常跟形式宾语的动词有些及物动词（如：consider, fe

15、el, make, find, believe, know, regard）需要后接“宾语+宾补”意思才完整。作宾语的动词不定式常用it 替代，而不定式移到补足语后。【例如】We think it important to obey the law.I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.Theyfoundithardtoget along with him.4) 不定式作主语或宾语补足语。 宾补：He persuaded me to buy a second-hand car. 类似的有： tell sb to do

16、sth ask sb to do sth require sb to do sth wish sb to do sth would like sb to do sth expect sb to do sth want sb to do sthallow sb to do sth advise sb to do sth order sb to do sthget sb to do sthforce sb to do sthenable sb to do sth appeal to sb to do sthencourage sb to do sth( 不可用hope sb to do sth；不

17、可用demand sb to do )主补：常用于下列结构： sb be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ found+ 不定式【例如】Loulan is generally considered to have been gradually covered over by sand from AD 200 to AD 500.【典型例题】Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventing C. to have inv

18、ented D. having invented5) 不定式作定语不定式作定语时，与被修饰词之间在逻辑上有动宾关系或主谓关系。这些动词不定式可能是及物的，也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式作定语，如: ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, effort, force, intention, method, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(权力

19、), wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something等。【例如】Could you find someone_?A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennisC. play tennis with D. playing tennis【例如】The pressure _ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional st

20、rain.A) to compete B) to be competed C) competing D) having competed6) 不定式作状语 常作目的状语，还可以使用in order (not) to do或so as (not) to do。【例如】The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time._ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.A) To become B) Become C) O

21、ne becomes D) On becoming 结果状语还可以使用enough to, tooto, soas to, such as to等结构。【例如】He is brave enough to go out alone at night.The box is too heavy to carry.She was in such a hurry as not to notice me. 她如此匆忙，以致没有注意到我。She hurried home only to find her father dead.（不料、竟然）They waited for an hour, only to

22、be told to come next time. 作方式状语时，前面由as if / as though引导：【例如】He opened his mouth as if to speak. 他张开嘴，好像要说话。She stood up as if to leave. 她站了起来，好像要离开。7) 不定式(短语)作独立成分【例如】To begin with，I do not like its colour. 首先，我不喜欢它的颜色。To tell the truth，the film was a great disappointment to me.To make things even

23、worse，we lost our map.常见的用作插入语的不定式短语有： to be brief简言之to be exact确切地说to be frank坦率地说to be sure肯定地说to begin with首先to conclude最后8) 不定式的省略。(to不可省)不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。 【例如】I watched him disappear in the dist

24、ance. 但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有to【例如】They were made to work day and night.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do ,不定式要省去to。反之, 则不能省略。 【例如】We did nothing but/except wait then. Ive no choice but to stay here.【Feedback】1. The teacher told them _ so much noise. A. dont

25、 make B. not make C. would not make D. not to make2. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again. A. getsB. gotC. to getD. getting3. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _.

26、A. to useB. to be usedC. to have usedD. to be using4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made _ in the restaurant. A. workingB. workC. to workD. worked6. The patie

27、nt was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7. I cant stand _with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A. workingstopping B. to workstopping C. workingto stop D. to workto stop8. They would not allow him _ acros

28、s the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going9. _for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. A. Blame B. BlamedC. To blame D. To be blamed10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was g

29、rowing D. to grow11. The sitting-room needs _, but itll have to wait until Saturday. A. be cleaning B. to be cleanedC. clean D. being cleaned12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry13. -You shou

30、ld have thanked her before you left - I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to14. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He alwa

31、ys works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. AIDS is said the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. A. that it i

32、s B. to be C. that is has been D. to have been18. -Have you decided when _?-Yes, early tomorrow morning. A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _.Ablamed Bblaming Cto blame Dto be blam

33、ed20. He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 22. -The light in the office is still on.-Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having

34、 turned it off23. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking25. I would love _ to the party last ni

35、ght but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 26. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong. A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit27. Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one. A. to do B. doing C.

36、 with D. to be doing28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest29. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to30. Ive worked with childre

37、n before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects31. He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stopB. stoppingC. to have stoppedD. having stopped32. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. t

38、o invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented33. He hurried to the booking office only_ that all the tickets had been sold out.A. to tell B. to be toldC. telling D. told34. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride； ride B. riding； ride C. ride； to ride D.

39、 to ride； riding35. Its freezing outside. You _ put on your overcoat. A. had better to B. had better C. would better D. would better to36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sit D. be sat on37. Im hungry. Get me something _. A. eat B. to eat

40、C. eating D. to be eaten38. - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going39. The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving40. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who

41、 was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break41. They wont let their teacher _ in that way. A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated 42. John, you must get your room _ after breakfast. A. to be cleaned B. to c

42、lean C. cleaning D. cleaned43. The problem _ at tomorrows meeting is a very difficult one. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss44. He reached the station _ , only _ that the train had just left. A. tired；learned B. tiring；learning C. to tire；to learn D. tired；to learn45.

43、this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making46. Im sorry I forgot _ your dictionary. Lets borrow one from Li Ming. A. to take B. taking C. to bring D. bringing 47. She couldnt decide which restaurant _. A. to have lunch B. to eat C. to eat at

44、 D. eating at48. The problem about peace process in Korea is said _ many times. A. to have been talked B. to have discussed C. having been discussed D. to have been talked about49. Everybody believed the man _ away the diamond ring. A. be taken B. taking C. to take D. to have taken50. At weekends I

45、prefer _ rather than _ TV. A. read; watch B. to read; watch C. reading; to watch D. to read; to watchGrammar and usage(二): Verb-ing form as a noun（动名词） 一、时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 (not) doing (not) being done完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done二、逻辑主语（复合结构中）名词所有格：Mikes failing the exam disappointed

46、 his mother.物主代词：Your coming to the party made us all very happy. Do you mind my / me smoking in the office? The newly-found evidence led to the thiefs / the thief being caught.三、句法作用（一）Verb-ing（短语）作主语：1、Verb-ing（短语）作主语，区分主动、被动。如：Once you become a salesman, flying about will be part of your life.Bei

47、ng exposed to the radiations even a short while can be very dangerous and harmful.2、-ing分词（短语）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Teaching is my job.3、在下面两种结构中，Verb-ing（短语）也作主语：l 通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长，用it作形式主语。特别要注意如下结构： It is useless (no use, no good) doing.It is a waste of time doing.It is worthwhile doing. Its no use crying

48、over the spilt milk.Its no good putting away the old books, which are of little value. Its nice talking with you. 和你谈话很高兴。 （比较：Its nice to talk with you.） （二）Verb-ing（短语）作宾语：1、作动词的宾语：我刚做完家庭作业。I finished doing my homework just now. Mr Green建议向当地政府请求帮助。Mr. Green suggested turning to the local governme

49、nt for help.l 接动名词作宾语的常见动词有：admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免consider 考虑 delay 耽误 deny 否认 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 错过postpone 推迟practice 训练 prevent阻止risk 冒险 suggest 建议 understand 理解stand忍受 forgive宽恕keep 继续dislike 讨厌 tolerate 容忍recommend 建议练一练：1) The patient must be separated

50、to avoid _ others. A. infecting (感染) B. being infected C. to infect D. having infected2) We should often practise _ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speakingl 含有介词的短语后接Verb-ing（短语）作宾语。常见的动词短语有：think ofgive upaim atput offinsist onbe good atkeep onsucceed infeel like set abou

51、t等l 以下短语中to作介词：be used todevote oneself tostick torespond tolook forward to see to get down tocontribute to in addition tolead topay attention todue torefer to thanks to等练一练：1) Although punctual（准时）himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture. A. to have students B. for students bein

52、g C. for students to be D. to students being2) We are both looking forward to _ next week.A. going on vacation B. go on vacation C. go on a vacation D. going on a vacation3) His parents insist on _ to college. A. he should go B. he go C. his going D. him to go4) He devoted his life to _ the atomic（原

53、子）theory. A. study B. be studied C. studying D. have studied 2、下列动词可以接动名词或不定式表示不同意义。如： forget / remember / regret doing （忘了 / 记得 / 后悔做过） forget / remember / regret to do （忘记 / 记得 / 遗憾要做）*我忘了已将你的信寄出去了。I forgot posting your letter.*我忘了给你寄信。I forgot to post your letter. *Have you forgotten _ $1000 from

54、 me last month? Will you please remember _ it tomorrow?A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bringC. borrowed; bringingD. borrowing; bringing mean doing （意味着）mean to do. （打算做）*Being early may mean wasting a little time.*你真的想走吗？Do you really mean to leave? try doing （试着做）try to do （努力做）*既然没人开门，干嘛不试着敲一

55、下后门呢？Since nobody answered the door, why not try knocking at the backdoor? stop doing （停止做）stop to do （停下来去做另一件事）*我们劝他戒烟，但未能成功。We tried to persuade him to stop smoking, but failed. *你已经工作很长时间了。该停下来休息一会儿了。You have been working for a long time. So its time for you to stop to have a rest. go on doing （

56、接着做同一件事） go on to do （接着做）*学了生词之后，我们接着做了一些巩固（consolidation）练习。We went on to do some consolidation practice after learning the new words. cant help doing （情不自禁地要做） cant help (to) do （不能帮助做）*既然不能帮助缓解你背部疼痛，那就不要再服这个药了。Since the pills cant help relieve the pain in your back, stop taking them. be used to

57、doing （习惯于） be used to do （被用于做）3、注意下列结构中的动词形式： spend(in) doing waste(in) doing be busy (in) doing have a good time (in) doing have trouble / difficulty (in) doing there is no point (in) doing另外，-ing形式可以和一些介词，如in, on, after, against, before, since, without, besides, by, for,等构成短 语，在句子中作状语。4、注意以下动词的用

58、法：allow, permit, advise, forbid We dont allow smoking in the office, so we dont allow you to smoke here.练一练： 1) Rebecca was unhappy for _ the first chance to go abroad. A. not having been given B. having not given C. not giving D. having not been given2) He attended the party without _. A. invited B

59、. inviting C. having invited D. being invited3) After operation the patients condition, far from _, became worse than before. A. to improving B. being improved C. to improve D. improved4) _ hearing the noise, Mike rushed out, leaving the TV _.A. At; inB. In; offC. On; roundD. Upon; on5、在need, want,

60、require, deserve等动词后表示“某人或某物需要被”时：The flower needs watering (to be watered).这孩子需要做个检查。 （三）Verb-ing（短语）作表语： My job is teaching them English.（四）Verb-ing（短语）作定语，表示用途： a walking stick: a stick for walking an operating table a reading room a fishing pole 比较：a sleeping baby a developing country the rising

61、 sun【Feedback】1. How about _ a walk down the garden?A. us to take B. we taking C. us taking D. our to take2. It is no use _ without thorough _. A. to read; understood B. reading; understanding C. to read; understand D. reading; to understand 3. The classroom is dirty. It wants _. A. clean B. cleaned

62、 C. to clean D. cleaning4. Jack said that he wouldnt mind _ for us. A. waiting B. wait C. to wait D. waited5. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help.A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having6. The story was so funny that we _. A. couldnt help

63、 laugh B. cant but laugh C. couldnt help laughing D. couldnt help but to laugh7. I _see you without _ your mother. A. never; thinking of B. never; thinking about C. not; think of D. dont; think about8. Though it sounds a bit too expensive, the necklace is well worth _. A. being bought B. buying C. t

64、o buy D. buying it9. Well written, the novel is _ a second time. A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worthy to read D. worthy of being read10. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost11. _ clean is a s

65、afeguard against disease. A. To be keeping B. Kept C. Keep D. Keeping12. Some foods are eaten without _. A. well absorbing B. being well absorbed C. absorbing D. well absorbed13. Articles(物品) used by patients must be disinfected(消毒) before _ others. A. using B. being used by C. used by D. being usin

66、g14. _ provides us with essential nutrients(营养), while _ provides us with oxygen. A. To eat; breathing B. Eating; to breathe C. Eating; breathing D. Eaten; breathed15. Whileshopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. beingpersuadedB. persuading C.topersuadeD

67、. bepersuaded16. When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at the party, but not _.A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leaveC. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave17. The officers narrowly escaped _ in the hot battle. A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed18. Dont you remember _?A. having seen the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before