39 科学新知3-2022年高考英语最新热点时文阅读.docx

1、2022年高考最新热点时文阅读-科学新知3题型主要内容1语法填空介绍了维基百科的创办历程、现状以及面临的一些挑战2七选五解释了为什么速滑运动员要佩戴眼镜的问题3阅读理解介绍来自爱迪生和达利的启示：临睡状态可激发创造力4阅读理解介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。5阅读理解一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症01（2022湖南雅礼中学高三阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Wikipedia，the online enc

2、yclopedia(百科全书), is the largest encyclopedia ever. An encyclopedia is a collection of informative articles about_1_ (variety) things. Encyclopedias used to be printed_2_ books. Now,they are mostly found online.“Wiki” is an Internet term_3_ (mean) “a website that can be edited by the public”. It come

3、s from “wikiwiki”, a Hawaiian word for “quick”. Two Americans, Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, created Wikipedia in 2001. It is now the fifth-most_4_ (visit) website on the Internet. It has about 6 million articles in 300 languages and is visited by billions of people each day,_5_ want to find informa

4、tion on just about anything science, math, languages, art, culture, and company histories.Wikipedia employs_6_ open editing model. Except for a small number of pages， anyone can edit articles， anonymously(匿名地) or with a user account. Editing is unpaid, although Wikipedia does employ a small staff. W

5、ikipedia is _7_ (free) available to anyone with an Internet connection.However, critics have raised doubts about the accuracy and authority Wikipedias content since its editors are mostly amateurs rather than professionals. There is no doubt that many Wikipedia pages contain errors although the_8_ (

6、organize) does attempt to solve problems with its content review system. However, several studies have concluded that Wikipedia is as accurate as most print encyclopedias. Indeed, a 2005 report in the journal Nature_9_ (find) it to be only slightly less reliable than Encyclopedia Britannica. It is t

7、rue that Wikipedia faces challenges. It carries no ads and its funds come from donations. Perhaps more importantly, the number of its volunteer editors is shrinking.Despite these_10_ (difficulty), Jimmy Wales says he will still stick to his aspiration“to do something useful for the world”.02（2022湖北一

8、模）The reasons skiers and snowboarders wear goggles or glasses might seem a little obvious, especially if youve ever hit the slopes yourself. Sunlight reflected off the snow can make it hard to see, and UV rays can even damage your eyesight. Special colored lenses also create contrast, so your whole

9、path wont look like one flat expanse of whiteness._11_Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside on smooth ice. _12_ According to NBC Olympics, glasses can increase visibility on indoor tracks, too. _13_ And while the ice may look smooth from a distance, those sharp blades can kick up ice c

10、hips that could pose problems if they end up in your eyes. In the event of a crash, shatter-proof glasses also protect skaters eyes from errant blades and body parts._14_ Shot-track speed skaters (who race around a roughly 11-meter track) can go as fast as 30 miles per hour or more, and long-track s

11、peed skaters (whose track is 400 meters long) sometimes hit about 35 miles per hour. The wind resistance generated by such speed- in a chilly arenais enough to make any skaters eyes start streaming with tears. Picture leaning your head out the window of a car thats going around 35 miles per hour on

12、a cold day: Youd probably want to be wearing glasses, too.That said, glasses arent a requirement. _15_ Belgiums Stijn Desmet, for example, has raced in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games without eyewear, as has Chinas Zhang Chutong.AHow do they wear glasses?BSo why do they wear glasses?CSome skiers a

13、re afraid of the sunlight.DSome skaters lenses are tinted to help with that.EYoull occasionally see speed skaters with uncovered visages.FNot to mention that eyewear shields your eyes from any snow you displace.GBut the biggest reason speed skaters opt for eyewear just might be their speed.03（2021重庆

14、巴蜀中学高二期末）It was a method favoured by the inventor Thomas Edison and the artist Salvador Dali. Waking from a nap exactly at the point before deep sleep in an effort to inspire creativity.Edison held a metal ball in his hand so that if he nodded off he would drop it and the sound would wake him. For D

15、ali, it was a key landing on a plate. Now scientists have found that they might have been onto something.Researchers at the Paris Brain Institute studied peoples ability to find a hidden rule in a maths puzzle. Identifying the trick would make solving the problem far simpler but to do so required th

16、inking creatively. The scientists found that participants who had been woken just before falling into a deep sleep, using a technique like that used by Edison and Dali, were more likely to find the shortcut.This “twilight zone” is known as non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1, or N1. Scientists desc

17、ribed it like an exaggerated form of mind-wandering, where dream-like thoughts fill the mind. It is thought that as people start to disengage (脱离) from their environment they can “freely watch their minds wander, while maintaining their ability to identify creative sparks (火花)”.For the study 103 peo

18、ple were given a maths problem to solve. To reach the final answer they had to apply the rules step by step but, unknown to them, a “hidden rule” would allow them to bypass most of the steps and get to the solution much more quickly. The results showed that 83 percent of those in the N1 group had fo

19、und the shortcut, compared with 31 percent in the group who were awake and 14 percent of those in a deep sleep.Researchers conclude that the brain activity common to the twilight zone between sleep and wakefulness set off creative sparks. “Although the neural mechanisms (神经机制) involved are not yet k

20、nown, our findings suggest that there is a creative sweet spot within the twilight zone,” said Dr Thomas Andrillon, co-author of the study.16Why did the author mention “a metal ball” and “a key” in Paragraph 2?ATo clarify a method.BTo explain a theory.CTo present a concept.DTo make a comparison.17Wh

21、at can we learn about “the twilight zone” from the text?AIt prevents your mind from wandering.BIt determines what your dreams will be like.CIt is known as rapid eye movement sleep stage.DIt is a state of being half asleep and half awake.18What does “the shortcut” in Paragraph 5 refer to?AThe maths p

22、roblem.BThe final answer.CThe hidden rule.DThe added step.19What attitude may Dr Thomas Andrillon hold to the technique used by Edison and Dali?ADoubtful.BCritical.CIndifferent.DFavorable.04（2022重庆巴蜀中学高三阶段练习）Some bees seem to be able to choose whether to become a worker or a queen but thousands of c

23、ompetitors for the throne (王位) are killed in each hive (蜂巢).About one-fifth of all Melipona beecheii bee larvae (幼虫) start to develop as queens, but the colony accepts only one. The rest are attacked by strong-jawed workers.Biologists suspected that colonies of this species overproduce queens as an

24、evolutionary strategy to take over other hives. But it now seems that it is simply a result of the “selfishness” of individual larvae, to the detriment of the whole colony, says Caliari Oliveira at KU Leuven in Belgium.Unlike most bee colonies where workers select one larva to become the only queen

25、by feeding it a special diet, the M. beecheii colony is spending a lot of resources to produce new individuals, and then all they do afterwards is waste those resources and kill the queens. “This is a very good example of the tragedy of the commons, when a chase for personal gain harms society,” say

26、s Caliari Oliveira.In the past, researchers suggested that M. beecheii workers were feeding a chemical called geraniol (香叶醇) to the future queens. Oliveira and his colleagues wondered if the bees chose so many queens in order to spread the colonys DNA into other hives.To investigate further, they to

27、ok genetic samples of queens and workers from 25 free -ranging M. beecheii colonies. In the lab, they also gave higher doses of geraniol to more than 600 larvae. To their surprise, they discovered that extra geraniol didnt affect larval development, so workers werent controlling queen production aft

28、er all. Genetic analysis revealed that the DNA of each hive remained 100 per cent consistent.The new study “settles a bit of a controversy” about Melipona bees, says Christoph Grueter at the University of Bristol, UK. But it doesnt offer a new explanation for how the larvae “decide” to become queens

29、. “For me, this is still one of the biggest puzzles in biology.”20What does the underlined phrase “to the detriment of” mean in Paragraph 3?ATaking charge of.BFalling victim to.CProviding support for.DCausing damage to.21Why did the researchers feed extra geraniol to the larvae?ATo test their assump

30、tion.BTo simplify their research.CTo apply new techniques.DTo confirm previous findings.22What does Christoph Grueter think of the new study?AIt is fruitless.BIt is innovative.CIt is insufficient.DIt is satisfactory.23What is the main idea of the text?ASome bee colonies adopt effective evolutionary

31、strategies.BSome bee colonies have to kill thousands of wannabe queens.CSome bee species overproduce queens to conquer other hives.DSome bee species rely on a chemical to spread the colonys DNA05（2022江苏南通二模）People who regularly sleep for six hours or less each night in middle age are more likely to

32、develop dementia than those who routinely manage seven hours, according to a major study into the disease.Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s, 60s and 70s consistently had a short nights sleep, regardless of other risk factors such as heart condition and po

33、or mental health.Sabia, an author of the study at the university of Paris and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College Londons Whitehall study, which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10,000 British volunteers. The French team focused on nearly 8

34、,000 participants who self-reported their sleep patterns.During 25 years of follow-up. 521 participants developed dementia, with most diagnosed in their late 70s. Writing in Nature Communications, the scientists described how those who routinely got six hours of sleep or less each night in their 50s

35、 and 60s were 30% more likely to develop dementia than those who typically managed seven hours.The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dementia, since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease. But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence th

36、at continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.The first pathological changes that lead to dementia occur one to two decades before the disease becomes obvious, as sticky proteins called amyloid build up in the brain. When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep of volunte

37、ers who later developed dementia, this process had probably not started. This meant that if they were sleeping too little, it was unlikely to have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life,” s

38、aid Dr. Liz Coulthard, a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology. “It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight hours to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep, avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine, particularly before bed, and f

39、inding a bedtime routine that works for you.”24What risk factor for dementia does the passage focus on?ASleep loss.BAge.CPoor mental health.DHeart condition.25How did French scientists get the research findings?ABy making a comparison.BBy monitoring sleep patterns.CBy interviewing British volunteers

40、.DBy analyzing previous survey data.26In what tone do the scientists talk about the research?ACasual.BDoubtful.CNegative.DCautious.27What is the purpose of the last paragraph?ATo give examples.BTo collect proofs.CTo offer suggestions.DTo present arguments.参考答案：1various2as3meaning4visited5who6an7free

41、ly8organization9found10difficulties【解析】这是一篇说明文，本文介绍了维基百科的创办历程、现状以及面临的一些挑战。1考查形容词。句意：百科全书是关于各种事物的翔实文章的集合。空处修饰名词things，应用形容词作定语，various各种各样的。故填various。2考查介词。句意：百科全书过去是以书籍的形式印刷的。结合句意可知，此处指“作为”，应用介词as。故填as。3考查现在分词。句意：Wiki是一个网络术语，意思是“公众可以编辑的网站”。动词mean和逻辑主语term之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作定语。故填meaning。4考查过去分词。句意：它现在是互联

42、网上访问量第五大的网站。visit和名词website之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填visited。5考查定语从句。句意：它有300种语言的600万篇文章，每天有数十亿人访问它，他们想要找到关于任何科学、数学、语言、艺术、文化和公司历史的信息。分析句子可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是people，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who引导，故填who。6考查不定冠词。句意：维基百科采用开放编辑模式。model是可数名词，此处泛指“一个开放的编辑模式”，应用不定冠词，open是以元音音素开头，故填an。7考查副词。句意：只要能上网，任何人都可以免费使用维基百科。修饰形容词a

43、vailable应用副词，故填freely。8考查名词。句意：毫无疑问，许多维基百科页面包含错误，尽管该组织试图解决其内容审查系统的问题。分析句子及空前的the可知，空处应填名词作从句的主语，organization组织，根据助动词 does可知应用名词单数。故填organization。9考查一般过去时。句意：事实上，自然杂志2005年的一份报告发现，它的可靠性仅略低于大英百科全书。由a 2005 report可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填found。10考查名词复数。句意：尽管困难重重，吉米威尔士说他仍将坚持自己的愿望“为世界做一些有用的事情。”此处应填名词作介词Des

44、pite的宾语，difficulty困难，是可数名词，由these可知应用复数形式。故填difficulties。11F12B13D14G15E【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了为什么速滑运动员要佩戴眼镜的问题。11根据上文“The reasons skiers and snowboarders wear goggles or glasses might seem a little obvious, especially if youve ever hit the slopes yourself. Sunlight reflected off the snow can make it ha

45、rd to see, and UV rays can even damage your eyesight. Special colored lenses also create contrast, so your whole path wont look like one flat expanse of whiteness.(如果你自己也玩过滑雪，滑雪和滑板运动员戴眼镜的原因应该是显而易见的。雪面上反射的阳光会让你睁不开眼，强烈的紫外线甚至可能损害你的视力。此外，特殊的有色眼镜会让你眼中看到的颜色出现反差，整个雪道不会看起来一片白茫茫)”可知，上文提到了有色眼镜的作用，本句为本段最后一句，应承

46、接上文继续说明有色眼镜的作用。故F选项“更不用说眼镜可以帮你遮风挡雪，防止运动过程中飞溅起的雪跑进你的眼睛里了”符合语境，故选F。12根据上文“Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside on smooth ice. (然而，奥运会的速滑选手是在室内的平滑冰面上比赛的)”可知，上文提到了室内的速滑选手也要佩戴眼镜，且下一段中进行了解释，可知本句为过渡句，提出他们为什么要佩戴眼镜的问题。故B选项“为什么他们也要佩戴眼镜呢？”符合语境，故选B。13根据上文“According to NBC Olympics, glasses can in

47、crease visibility on indoor tracks, too.(据NBC奥运频道报道，佩戴眼镜也可以增强在室内冰场的可视性)”可知，上文提到了佩戴眼镜也可以增强在室内冰场的可视性，故本句继续解释上文，戴眼镜是为了看得更清楚。故D选项“为了看得更清楚，一些速滑选手佩戴的还是有色眼镜”符合语境，故选D。14根据后文“Shot-track speed skaters (who race around a roughly 11-meter track) can go as fast as 30 miles per hour or more, and long-track speed

48、skaters (whose track is 400 meters long) sometimes hit about 35 miles per hour. The wind resistance generated by such speed- in a chilly arenais enough to make any skaters eyes start streaming with tears. Picture leaning your head out the window of a car thats going around 35 miles per hour on a col

49、d day: Youd probably want to be wearing glasses, too.(短道速滑（冰道周长约为111米）选手时速可达30英里（48千米）甚至更高，而速度滑冰（冰道周长为400米）选手时速可达近35英里。在寒冷的场馆内，这样的速度产生的强大风阻足以把运动员的眼睛冻到眼泪汪汪。想象一下大冷天里在一辆行驶时速35英里的汽车内，如果你要把头伸出车窗外，你应该也想戴一副眼镜)”可知，本段的主旨主要是说明佩戴眼镜主要跟速滑时速度过快，风阻过强，所以需要戴眼镜来保护眼睛有关。故G选项“但是速滑选手选择佩戴眼镜最主要的原因可能是与速度有关”符合语境，故选G。15根据上文“T

50、hat said, glasses arent a requirement.(尽管如此，速滑比赛并不强制选手佩戴眼镜)”以及后文“Belgiums Stijn Desmet, for example, has raced in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games without eyewear, as has Chinas Zhang Chutong. (举个例子，比利时选手斯泰恩德梅和中国选手张楚桐在北京冬奥会上就没有佩戴眼镜)”可知，后文的例子说明了也有选手不佩戴眼镜的情况，故E选项“所以你偶尔也会看到不戴眼镜的速滑选手”符合语境，故选E。16A17D18C

51、19D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍来自爱迪生和达利的启示：临睡状态可激发创造力。16推理判断题。根据第一段提到了爱迪生和达利偏爱的一个激发创造力的方法“Waking from a nap exactly at the point before deep sleep in an effort to inspire creativity.(在深度睡眠前从午睡中醒来，以激发创造力)”和第二段“Edison held a metal ball in his hand so that if he nodded off he would drop it and the sound would wa

52、ke him. For Dali, it was a key landing on a plate.(爱迪生手里拿着金属球为了当他低头时，金属球掉在地上的声音唤醒他。对于达利来说，他拿的是掉在盘子的钥匙)”可知，通过“金属球”和“钥匙”更直观地介绍了这种方法的操作方式，故选A。17细节理解题。由最后一段第一句话“the twilight zone between sleep and wakefulness”可知“the twilight zone”为半睡半醒状态。故选D。18词义猜测题。由上文“a “hidden rule” would allow them to bypass most of

53、 the steps and get to the solution much more quickly.”可知， “隐藏规则”可使他们绕过大多数步骤，更快地找到答案。再结合划线单词所在句“The results showed that 83 percent of those in the N1 group had found the shortcut(结果显示，在N1组中，83%的人找到了the shortcut)”可知，此处划线单词the shortcut指代前文的the hidden rule“隐藏规则”。 故选C。19推理判断题。最后一段“Researchers conclude th

54、at the brain activity common to the twilight zone between sleep and wakefulness set off creative sparks.（研究人员得出结论，睡眠和清醒之间的模糊地带的大脑活动会激发创造力的火花）”可知，研究结果证实临睡状态可激发创造力火花，同时博士的话“our findings suggest that there is a creative sweet spot within the twilight zone（我们的发现表明临睡状态确实存在创造力的最有效点）”推知，博士对爱迪生和达利使用的技术的态度是肯

55、定的。故选D。20D21A22C23B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。短文对此现象进行了研究和介绍。20词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线词前半句“But it now seems that it is simply a result of the “selfishness” of individual larvae,(但现在看来，这仅仅是单个幼虫“自私”的结果，)”可知，这种“自私”的结果损害了整个群体。所以to the detriment of为“对造成损害”。故选D。21推理判断题

56、。根据文章第五段“Oliveira and his colleagues wondered if the bees chose so many queens in order to spread the colonys DNA into other hives. (Oliveira和他的同事想知道，蜜蜂是否选择了这么多蜂王，以便将蜂群的DNA传播到其他蜂巢。)”可推断，研究人员要给幼蜂喂食额外的香叶醇是为了验证他们的假设。故选A。22推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The new study “settles a bit of a controversy” about Melipona bees

57、, says Christoph Grueter at the University of Bristol, UK. But it doesnt offer a new explanation for how the larvae “decide” to become queens. “For me, this is still one of the biggest puzzles in biology.”(英国布里斯托尔大学的Christoph Grueter说，这项新的研究“解决了一些关于无刺蜜蜂的争议”。但这并没有为幼虫如何“决定”成为蜂王提供新的解释。“对我来说，这仍然是生物学中最大的

58、谜题之一。”)”可推断，Christoph Grueter认为这项新研究是不充分的。故选C。23主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Some bees seem to be able to choose whether to become a worker or a queen but thousands of competitors for the throne (王位) are killed in each hive (蜂巢).(一些蜜蜂似乎能够选择是成为工蜂还是蜂王但是在每个蜂巢中，成千上万的竞争对手被杀死。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王

59、，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。故选B。24A25D26D27C【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。24主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s, 60s and 70s consistently had a short nights sleep, regardless of other risk

60、factors such as heart condition and poor mental health.(研究人员发现，无论是否存在心脏病和心理健康状况不佳等其他风险因素，那些在五六十岁和七十岁时夜间睡眠持续不足的人患痴呆症的风险要高出30%)”可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。故选A。25细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sabia, an author of the study at the university of Paris and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College Londons Wh

61、itehall study, which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10,000 British volunteers. (巴黎大学研究报告的作者之一Sabia和她的同事分析了伦敦大学学院白厅研究的调查数据。该研究于1985年启动，跟踪调查了1万多名英国志愿者的健康和生活方式)”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究结果。故选D。26推理判断题。根据第五段“The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dem

62、entia, since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease. But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.(这项研究并没有证明睡眠太少会导致痴呆，因为睡眠不足本身可能是这种疾病的早期症状之一。但一些科学家认为，该研究结果进一步证明，持续睡眠不佳至少可能导致这种疾病)”可推知，科学家们用谨

63、慎的语气谈论这项研究。故选D。27推理判断题。根据最后一段“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life,” said Dr Liz Coulthard, a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology. “It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight ho

64、urs to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep, avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine, particularly before bed, and finding a bedtime routine that works for you.”(老年痴呆症神经学高级顾问讲师Liz Coulthard博士说：“这进一步证明了中年睡眠不佳可能导致或恶化老年痴呆症。采取措施改善睡眠是有道理的，比如白天外出以保持促进良好睡眠的自然节奏，避免过多的酒精或咖啡因，尤其是在睡前，找到适合自己的就寝时间。”)”可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。故选C。