2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义:专题一第一讲 名词和冠词 WORD版含解析.doc
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1、高考资源网() 您身边的高考专家语法基础是高考江苏卷的重要考查内容,主要通过单项填空题来考查。单项填空是高考江苏卷的重要题型,重点考查基础语法运用、词汇辨析、交际用语及习语。本书进行系统化复习,词汇与语法并重;加强训练,提高理解应用能力;讲练环环相扣,帮助考生高效备考,轻松增分!第一讲名词和冠词学生用书P2 单项填空对名词的考查主要包括名词的辨析、单复数、名词的固定搭配、名词的格、名词在特殊语境中的应用、名词的熟词生义等。冠词在近几年高考中未考查,但对冠词的基本用法也应掌握。学生用书P2名词词义辨析() 示之以范 _原则这样运用1(2019江苏卷)Nowadays the _ for trav
2、elling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.ApriorityBpotentialCproportion DpensionA解析:考查名词辨析。句意:现在旅游的优先事项从购物转移到了食物和风景。 priority“优先事项,首要事情”;potential“可能性”;proportion“比例”;pension“养老金”。2(2018江苏卷)Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.Aassignment Bassoc
3、iationCacquisition DassumptionD解析:考查名词辨析。根据句中的actually可知选择assumption,表示“要努力弄懂事实上正在发生的事情而不是把你的行为建立在假设之上”。assignment“任务,作业”;association“协会,团体,联系,联想”;acquisition“获得,习得”。 通关点击 _原则这样解读名词词义辨析主要考查考生对基本词汇的掌握程度和名词在具体语境中的运用。常见考查形式有:异义词辨析、同义词辨析和近义词辨析。在做题时,先弄清题中每个名词的意义及用法,然后根据语境选择符合句意的名词。常考的几组名词辨析有:1cause,reaso
4、n,excuse2award,reward,prize3sight,view,scene,scenery4anger,rudeness,regret,panic5condition,situation,state,position6reputation,influence,impression,attention7expectation,reputation,contribution,civilization8accommodation,occupation,adaptation,appreciation在高考词义辨析题中,有一种“熟词生义”题型,即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的,但所考查的含义
5、却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本词义的基础上,善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的含义。 常用名词的熟义和生义名词熟义生义failure失败;故障衰弱,减退performance表演,演出表现;成绩strength体力,力量优势,长处point点;要点;地点意义honor荣誉;信用尊重form形式表格cause原因事业practice实践;练习惯例,常规做法knowledge知识知道,了解 变式训练 _原则这样提升1(天津卷)The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight
6、.Aeffect BsenseCchange DchanceD解析:考查名词词义辨析。句意:天气预报说今晚晚些时候天气将转阴,降雨的可能性不大。chance表示“可能性”,符合语境。effect“影响”;sense“感觉,意识”;change“变化”。2(2019江苏名校高三摸底)Widespread _ about the worsening of environment caused by abandoned plastics has led Collins to name “singleuse” as its Englishlanguage Word of the Year.Adoubt
7、 BconcernCcomplaint DconfusionB解析:考查名词辨析。句意:对废弃塑料造成的环境恶化的广泛关注使得柯林斯将“singleuse”选为年度英语单词。concern“关切,担心”,符合语境。doubt“怀疑”;complaint“抱怨”;confusion“困惑”。名词的搭配1(2019天津卷)We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) _ on our lives in many ways.AstatementBimpactCimpression DjudgmentB解析:考查名词
8、辨析。句意:我们能够观察到,人工智能在很多方面已对我们的生活产生了影响。A项意为“陈述”;B项意为“影响”;C项意为“印象”;D项意为“判断”。结合句意可知,应选B。2(江苏卷)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does pushups too to stay _Ain place Bin orderCin shape Din fashionC解析:考查短语辨析。句意:汤姆总是在早晨慢跑,他通常也做俯卧撑来保持身体健康。in place“在适当的位置,在正确的位置,适当的,恰当的”;in order“整齐,秩序井然”;i
9、n shape“健康状况良好”;in fashion“流行”。根据题干中的goes jogging(慢跑)和does pushups(做俯卧撑)可知,是为了保持健康(stay in shape)。高考考查名词构成的固定搭配主要有两类:“介词名词”和“动词名词”。常考的名词短语:(1)out of ones reach在某人够不到的地方 beyond recognition无法辨认in great demand需求量很大in progress 在进行中out of question不成问题;无疑of great value(very valuable)非常有价值的(2)have/gain acc
10、ess to可以获得gain/have an advantage over胜过,优于take advantage of利用,趁之机pay attention to注意make the best of充分利用,妥善处理find fault with挑的错;吹毛求疵keep pace with与同步put an end to结束take notice of注意到take.into account考虑catch sight of看见have a good reputation 有个好名声make a difference有影响;有关系下列固定搭配中名词用复数形式:make preparations
11、for为做准备;take pains to do尽力,刻苦;make (both) ends meet使收支相抵;take turns to do轮流;be in high spirits兴致勃勃;make repairs修理;burst into tears放声大哭;in all directions向四面八方。 变式训练 _原则这样提升1(浙江卷)Most people work because its unavoidable._,there are some people who actually enjoy work.AAs a result BIn additionCBy contr
12、ast DIn conclusionC解析:考查语境选词。句意:大多数人工作因为这是不可避免的。_有一些人确实喜欢工作。 as a result结果,前后表示因果关系;in addition 况且,除此之外,前后表示递进关系; by contrast相比之下,表示前后对比; in conclusion总之,表示总结。由语境可知,此处表示前后对比,用by contrast,故C项正确。2(湖北卷)When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.Abalance BchanceCmemory D
13、placeA解析:考查语境选词。句意:当这个男孩追赶弟弟的时候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall可知,这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡,lose ones balance意为“失去平衡”。 chance机会;memory记忆;place地方。抽象名词具体化 (山东卷)Being able to afford _drink would be _comfort in those tough times.Athe;theBa;aCa;不填 D不填;aB解析:不可数名词可以和不定冠词连用,表示名词的具体化。句中的a drink表示“一杯饮料”,后面的a comfo
14、rt表示“一件令人感到安慰的事或一个令人感到安慰的人”。句意:在那些难熬的时光中,能买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等的名词,通常不与不定冠词连用。但是,当这些抽象名词表示具体概念时,前面可加不定冠词,用来表示具体的人或物。常译为“一次的事;一个的人;一种东西”。常见的此类名词:单词抽象名词具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失
15、败的人或事surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情experience经验经历1We need an effective strategy to help children living in_ poverty to have the opportunity to receive_good education.Athe;/ Bthe;aC/;/ D/;aD解析:第一空考查短语:in poverty,意为:在贫困中。第二空抽象名词具体化,receive a good education,意为:接受良好的教育。2(2019南京十校模拟)Life for_disabled in
16、 Uganda is difficult,but for children it can be _ shock that can never be overcome.Aa;the B不填;aCa;不填 Dthe;aD解析:句意:生活对于乌干达的残疾人来说是困难的,但对于孩子们来说,生活可能就是永远无法克服的一种震惊。第一空后是形容词,the 形容词表示一类人,the disabled残疾人;第二空属于抽象名词具体化,“一种震惊”。故选D。不定冠词的用法1(2017浙江卷6月)For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.2(全国卷)Give your body a
17、nd brain a rest by stepping outside for a while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy. 通关点击 _原则这样解读1在发音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a,在发音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。a university, a useful animal, a oneeyed dog, a European car, an hour, an honest boy, an Xray, an ugly man, an honor等。I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket
18、cashier.作为一名超市收银员我每小时挣10美元。2不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前,泛指一个人或一个事物。They found an apartment in America. They were there for only a month.他们在美国找到一个公寓,在那里待了仅仅一个月。3表示泛指。说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。At that time, I was working in a factory. The factory produces car parts.那时,我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车部件。4表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念
19、没有one强烈。As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.”常言道,冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。5“a(n)序数词”表示“又一,再一”;“a most形容词”表示“非常,很”。He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌,但是,在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。He put forward a most useful suggestion at the meeting.在会议上他提出
20、一个非常实用的建议。6具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用。如a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事。The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功,病人目前脱离了危险。7不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如:have a rest休息have a break休息take a walk散步have a look看一看in a moment立刻in a minute马上once upon a time曾经twice a month一月两次a type of一类a pi
21、le of一堆a great amount of大量的as a rule通常in a hurry立刻in a word总之in a short while不久have a good knowledge of熟知1Society even glorifies “burning the candle at both ends” as a sign of our devotion to work and family.2Ms.La Rosa put forward a policy that not many teachers gave a second thought to at the conf
22、erence.定冠词的用法1(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over the top.2(江西卷)They chose Tom to be thecaptain of the team because they knew he was a smart leader. 通关点击 _原则这样解读1特指某人或某事。The village where I was born has grown into a town.我出生的那个小村庄已经发展成了一个
23、小镇。2用在最高级或序数词前面或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前面。As is known to all, the Peoples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。3某些形容词、分词前表示一类人或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人,要想到用定冠词。As far as I know, the Greens are going to move to Beijing.据我所知,格林一家要搬到北京去。4在世界上独一无二的事物,西洋乐器以及发明物的名词
24、前要用定冠词。The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school.这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴,经常放学后演奏。5用于the more.the more.(越越)结构中。The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心,就会越少犯错误。6定冠词用于固定短语中make the most/best of充分利用in the end 最后by the way 顺便说一下in the distance 在远处in the way挡道on
25、the whole总的来说at the same time同时on the other hand另一方面to tell the truth说实话for the time being暂时on the spot在现场the other day前几天take the place of代替 变式训练 _原则这样提升1Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of the most important art forms in China.2Jurassic Park is a movie directed by Steven Spie
26、lberg in which the hero fights bravely and protects his friends and family from dinosaurs.零冠词的用法1(江西卷)Animals are obviously_lower form of life than_man.Aa;/ Bthe;theCa;the D/;/A解析:句意:很明显动物是比人类更低级的一种生物。form为可数名词,表示“类型,种类”,a form of意为“一种”;man用来泛指“人类”时,前面常不加冠词。2(全国卷)India attained _independence in 1947
27、,after_ long struggle.A不填;a Bthe;aCan;不填 Dan;theA解析:考查冠词。句意:印度经过了长期的斗争之后,在1947年赢得了独立。attain independence是一个固定短语,意为“赢得独立”,这里不需要用冠词。第二个空格填入不定冠词a表示“一个/段”,因此答案选A。 通关点击 _原则这样解读1在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词。Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which youll make great progress.记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。2用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯
28、工具的名词前。Are you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里?3用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后,汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一名优秀的经理。有无冠词意义不同的搭配:at table在吃饭;at the table在桌子旁at school在上学;at the school在学校in hospital/prison住院/坐牢;in the hospital/prison在医院里/在
29、监狱里in charge of掌管;in the charge of在掌管之中out of question毫无疑问;out of the question不可能take place发生;take the place of取代 1In Germany,_successful project,which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”,has been running with_great success.Aa;a Ba;不填Cthe;a D不填;theB解析:第一个空是泛指修饰名词project;第二个空后的名词success是抽象名词。
30、故选B项。2The peacemaking spirit of Nelson Mandela,who was elected _ president at the age of 76,has won him _ worldwide respect.A/;a B/;/Cthe;a Dthe;/B解析:句意:纳尔逊曼德拉76岁时当选总统,他的维和精神为他赢得了全世界的尊敬。句中的president指总统这个职位,作补足语时,前一般不加冠词;respect为不可数名词,故不加冠词。故选B。学生用书P5 单项填空1(2018天津卷)The _ that there is life on other p
31、lanets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.Aadvice BorderCpossibility DinvitationC解析:考查名词辨析。句意:宇宙中的其他行星上可能存在生命,这个可能性一直激励着科学家去探索外层空间。根据句意可知,这里用possibility表示“可能性”。advice“劝告”,order“命令”,invitation“邀请”都不符合句意。2(安徽卷)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it s
32、ome _ and then let me know.Athought BsupportCprotection DauthorityA解析:考查语境选词。句意:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。多思考(thought)一下,再让我知道。support支持;protection保护;authority权威。3(陕西卷)_ more learned a man is,_ more modest he usually becomes.AThe;the BA;aCThe;a DA;theA解析:考查固定句式中冠词的用法。句意:一个人越博学,他通常就越谦虚。分析句子结构可知,此处是“the比较级,the比较级
33、”句式,表示“越,就越”。前半句表示条件,后半句表示结果,故选A项。4(湖北卷)He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task.Aemotion BtalentCidentity DtreasureC解析:考查语境选词。句意:当他去执行这项秘密任务的时候,他给自己起了一个新的名字来隐藏自己的_。根据题干中的a new name和the secret task可知,在执行秘密任务的时候他的“身份(identity)”是保密的。emotion情感;talent天才;treasure
34、财富。5Although they had different views at first, they reached an _ between each other eventually.Aaccommodation BapplicationCadjustment DassociationA解析:考查名词辨析。句意:虽然他们一开始持有不同的观点,但最终双方达成了和解。accommodation“和解,调解,调和”,符合语境。application“运用,应用”;adjustment“调整,调节”;association“联系,联想”。 用适当的冠词填空1(2018全国卷)Im walkin
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2019届人教A版数学必修二同步课后篇巩固探究:2-1-1 平面 WORD版含解析.docx
