专题11阅读理解专题社会历史类 -(2018-2022)高考英语真题分项汇编.docx

1、阅读理解专题11社会历史类(2018-2022)高考英语真题分项汇编（全国）2022年(全国甲卷)Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally divers

2、e population. But it is the harborthat makes the city.Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways he fo

3、r a lunch break, I to explore the city.“Ill miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.“How do you mean?” I asked.“Oh, theyre replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but theyre not so elegant, and theyre not fun to pilot. But thats progress, I guess.”Everywhere in Sydney these days,

4、change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the citys official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she

5、 said. “We cant seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. Its a conflict that we arent getting any better at resolving (解决).”On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman na

6、med Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. Weve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but wit

7、h a drive and dynamism of a young country. Its a pretty hard combination to beat.”He is right, but I cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. Sydneys striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.C. The key to Sydneys development

8、.D. Sydneys tourist attractions in the 1960s.33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?A. He goes to work by boat.B. He looks forward to a new life.C. He pilots catamarans well.D. He is attached to the old ferries.34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?A. It is losing its traditions.B. I

9、t should speed up its progress.C. It should expand its population.D. It is becoming more international.35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?A. A city can be young and old at the same time.B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.C. Modernity is usually achieved at the c

10、ost of elegance.D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.【答案】32. C 33. D 34. A 35. A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。【32题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉

11、尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“Ill miss these old boats. (我会想念这

12、些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but theyre not so elegant, and theyre not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the citys official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much o

13、f its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when

14、I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。2022年（新高考I卷）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some so

15、uthern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that spee

16、ch sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teet

17、h of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected wi

18、th the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neol

19、ithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around

20、300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Mo

21、ran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damin Blasis research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower t

22、eeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further

23、explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evoluti

24、on of human beings.【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C【解析】【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and v, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer

25、foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的

26、“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门

27、牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkab

28、ly during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of speech sounds we

29、 use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steve

30、n Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。2021（全国乙卷）When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the

31、age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones accordin

32、g to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security blanket 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.More than

33、 half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素 ） only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers whove perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isnt the only factor; Id say

34、its also to do with themakeup of your household.Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby B

35、oomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milkdeliveries?44.What does paragraph 2 mainly te

36、ll us about mobile phones?A. Their target users.BTheir wide popularity.CTheir major functions.DTheir complex design.45.What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? AAdmit.BArgue.CRemember.DRemark.46.What can we say about Baby Boomers?B. They like smartphone games.BThey enjoy guessing

37、 callers identity. CThey keep using landline phones.DThey are attached to their family.47.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?C. It remains a family necessity.D. It will fall out of use some day.E. It may increase daily expenses.It is as important as the gas light.44B45A4

38、6C47B【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。44主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, an

39、ytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到 15 岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B 项。45词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security blanket 19 percent

40、say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it incase of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有 13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选 A 项。 46推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers whove perha

41、ps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有 84%的人可能已经有 50 年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选 C 项。 47推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How

42、long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B 项。2021年（新高考1卷）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misu

43、nderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and people skills. Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but

44、most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her

45、 patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have

46、 been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers

47、re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope

48、that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus or both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

49、A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps to exercise a persons mind.C. It includes a set of emotional skills.D. It refers to a persons positive qualities.33. Why does the author mention doctor and cheater in paragraph 2?A. To explain a rule.B. To clarify a concept.C. To present a fact.D. To m

50、ake a prediction.34. What is the authors attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?A. Favorable.B. Intolerant.C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.

51、C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B【解析】本文为说明文，主要对情商的概念进行了阐述，并介绍了对未来研究的期望等。32. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such a

52、s character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and people skills.”可知，许多人都误解情商是一个人的性格、动机、信心、心理稳定性、乐观主义和“人际交往能力”等无法用智商测试衡量的所有好的品质，故选D。33. 写作意图题。根据第二段第一句“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”可知，举这两个例子

53、是为了阐明“情商为一套特定的技能，既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。”，故选B。34. 观点态度题。从第三段的“.the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful”和第四段的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable”可知，作者持有积极的态度，故选A。35. 概括大意题。根据文章最后一段的“we hope that such attention will excite a g

54、reater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，最后一段主要是对未来研究的期望，故选B。2020年（江苏卷）Sometimes its hard to let go. For many British people, that can

55、 apply to institutions and objects that represent their countrys past-age-old castles, splendid homes and red phone boxes.Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Ad

56、apted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott the architect of the Batte

57、rsea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.About that time, Tony Inglis engineering and transport company got the job to remove p

58、hone boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.As Inglis and, later other busine

59、ssmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.In rural areas, where ambulances can take a r

60、elatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies.Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates repairing cellpho

61、nes rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016.The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.Inglis said phone boxe

62、s called to mind an age when things were built to last. I “like what they are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back,” he said.58. The phone boxes are making a comeback _.A. to form a beautiful sight of the cityB. to improve telecommunications servicesC. to remind people of a historical periodD

63、. to meet the requirement of green economy59. Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?A. They were not well-designed.B. They provided bad services.C. They had too short a history.D. They lost to new technologies.60. The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of _.A.

64、their new appearance and lower pricesB. the push of the local organizationsC. their changed roles and functionsD. the big funding of the businessmen【答案】58. C 59. D 60. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。【58题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes its hard to let go. For many

65、British people, that can apply to institutions and objects that represent their countrys past-age-old castles, splendid homes. and red phone boxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品-古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.(英格利斯说，电

66、话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。【59题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电

67、话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。【60题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as i

68、mportant for the community as their original purpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.(在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯

69、救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。2021 年（天津卷）Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely

70、considered to be the easy subject at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people att

71、end a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People dont just want material things anymore, they want to experience life 一 the

72、arts are a perfect crossover （交迭）between culture and commerce.Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bondsare created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expressi

73、on of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nations experience.The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health

74、 compared to those who do not;more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of peoples wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.Children w

75、ho are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment

76、in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes.

77、Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.36. Art products differ from most other commercial products because.A. most people purchase them for collectionB. they are more expensive and less accessibleC. they have both commercial and cultural valuesD. th

78、eir prices may climb up as time passes37. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can.A. keep the community safe from illnessesB. develop a stronger tie between themC. learn to appreciate their own works of artD. offer honourable solutions to their problems38. What can we learn about pe

79、ople who are involved in artistic activities?A. They enjoy better living conditions.B. They like to compare themselves with others.C. They are particularly good at both music and art.D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.39. How does kids engagement with the arts benefit them?A. It pr

80、omotes their academic performance and emotional growth.B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.D. It helps to make responsible people out of them.40. What is the best title for this passage?A. How Art Cures

81、 Our HeartsB. Art: A Blessing to HumankindC. How Art Benefits CommunitiesD. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。37.细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional an

82、d beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择 C。38.细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences throug

83、h reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor of events significant to a nations experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。39.细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cult

84、ural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择 D。40.细节理解题。根据第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education”（参与艺术的孩子

85、在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express themselves inconstructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择 A。41.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various pu

86、rposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择 B。2018年 (江苏卷)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享

87、有) a special meat soup called consomm.Although the main attraction was the soup，Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take

88、visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a darkcolored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin rest

89、aurant customers ate in darkness，they couldnt tell how much theyd had：those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaur

90、ants.Unlike fastfood places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特)When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also hav

91、e an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door，sayspent nearly as m

92、uch as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables，” given that theyre profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price l

93、ed customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.58The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .Anot aware of eating more than usual Bnot willing to share food with othersCnot conscious of the food quality Dnot fond of the food provide

94、d答案A解析词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“.those given extralarge shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller.”可知，那些被给以大份饭菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他们没觉得更饱，这说明在黑暗的就餐环境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此处的none the wiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故选A项。59How could a fine dining shop make more profit?APlaying classical music.BIntr

95、oducing lemon scent.CMaking the light brighter.DUsing plates of larger size.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.”可知，当演奏古典音乐而不是流行音乐的时候，食客们会花更多的钱。spent more就是对题干中make more profit的语意转化。故选A项。60What does the last paragraph talk about?ATips to attract more

96、 customers.BProblems restaurants are faced with.CWays to improve restaurants reputation.DCommon misunderstandings about restaurants.答案D解析段落大意题。根据最后一段首句中的“things that you might expect to discourage spendingbadtables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily”可知，你可能认为会打消你消费的念头的东西位置“不好”的桌位、拥挤和价格高未必如此(指在某些人看来

97、，这些不利因素未必不会带来利润的增加)。由此可知，作者认为这些对于餐馆的常见的观点是一种误解，故选D项。2018年（全国I卷）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own

98、 patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages

99、too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, a

100、nd dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, we

101、t zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that ha

102、lf the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the Unite

103、d States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A. They developed very fast.B. They were large in number.C. They had similar patterns.D. They were closely c

104、onnected.29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?A. Complex.B. Advanced.C. Powerful.D. Modern.30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A. About 6,800.B. About 3,400.C. About 2,400.D. About 1,200.31. What is the main idea of the text

105、?A. New languages will be created.B. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.C. Human development results in fewer languages.D. Geography determines language evolution.阅读理解C语言的消失说明文28. B 事实细节题 根据第一段第二句和第三句，When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers . they spoke perhaps 12,000 langu

106、ages between them.可知，在游猎采集时代，虽然人口很少，但语言种类很多。29. C 词义猜测题 根据第二段最后一句中的increasingly taking over，意为“越来越占据统治地位”，可知dominant意为“占优势的；占支配地位的”。30. B 事实细节题 根据第三段最后一句，The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.以及第四段第一句中的the total

107、 of 6,800 languages可知答案。31. C 主旨大意题 通读全文，可知文章主要讲述随着人类社会的发展，语言的种类越来越少。2018年（新课标III卷）Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, f

108、or example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderne

109、ss(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and

110、 sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peop

111、le who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded

112、with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City

113、 its present population is 762.24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?A. Its business culture.B. Its small population.C. Its geographical position.D. Its favourable climate.25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.B. One out

114、of five people got rich.C. Almost everyone gave up.D. Half of them died.26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?A. They found the city too crowded.B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.C. They were unable to stand the winter.D. They were short of food.27. What is the text m

115、ainly about?A. The rise and fall of a city.B. The gold rush in Canada.C. Journeys into the wilderness.D. Tourism in Dawson.【答案】24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. Pe

116、ople settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the fir

117、st 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。26. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开Dawso

118、n的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。27. 主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。【点睛】主旨大意题的解题技巧：一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主要围绕Dawson的发展展开，Dawson反复出现，再根据每一段的段首句可以总结出，文章第一段通过城市发展的原因引出Dawson，第二段介绍Dawson发展的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，从而总结出文章的主旨大意。