人教版2019届高考英语一轮复习讲义：专题四　介词与连词.docx

1、第二部分专题四介词与连词考点一介词1介词的分类介词可按其词义分为下列常见的几种：表时间about，after，around，as，at，before，behind，between，by，during，for，from，in，into，of，on，over，past，since，through，throughout，till(until)，to，towards，within等表地点(包括动向)about，above，after，along，among，at, before，behind，below，beneath，beside，between，beyond，by，down，from，in，int

2、o，off，on，over，through，throughout，to，under，up，upon，with，within等表原因、目的 for，because of，due to，thanks to，with，from等表条件on，without，considering表关于 on, about，concerning，regarding，with regard to，as for，as to等表除去besides，but，except, apart from, except for等表方式，by，in，through，with, by means of等表所属of，with等表对于 to，f

3、or，over，at，with等表比较as，like，above，over表让步despite，in spite of，not withstanding表反对against，with，for (支持)表结果to，with，without等表根据on，according to2.介词在句子里的成分(1)主语：From Beijing to Tianjin is two hours by train.(2)表语：She looks like an actress.(3)宾语：Ill give you until tomorrow.(4)定语：A friend in need is a friend

4、 indeed.(5)补语：They found themselves in a dark wood.3不同情况下的介词搭配由于英语名词的格的形态变化逐渐减少，因而介词与名词及其他词类的搭配关系也愈加重要。这种搭配，有许多已变成习惯，需要一一牢记。(1)与名词的搭配，有的与前面的名词搭配。如：attention to 对注意，contribution to 对贡献，desire for 对渴望，devotion to 献身于，independence of 独立于，interest in 对感兴趣，love for 对的热爱，objection to 对反对。有的与后面的名词搭配。如：at h

5、ome 在家，by the door 在门口，in the city 在城里，at three oclock 在3点钟，on Sunday 在星期日，during the night 在夜里，till next week 到下周为止，in 2009 在2009年，over the weekend 整个周末，with care 小心地，for good 永久地，across the country 全国，in excitement 激动地。(2)与动词的搭配。如：reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和着音乐唱(跳)，drink to为干杯，o

6、bject to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜索，ask.for.寻找，use.for用作，leave for前往，take.for误以为，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助(救)于，help oneself to随意，compare.to把比作，set out for动身去，go in for爱好 (3)与形容词搭配。如： far from离远，grateful for sth.to sb.为某事感激某人，free from没有(免除)，proud of

7、(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of/about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事。4一些常用介词的用法比较(1)at、in、on和during表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at，如小时、分钟等用at；表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in； 在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on；注意：in和during表一段时间内两词可互用，如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during

8、 the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：at breakfast(supper, lunch)，at six，at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)，in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring, on Tuesday morning，on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve, on Childrens

9、 Day，on March 8，on the morning，during the discussion/in discussing the problem。注意 ：有些时间名词前不接介词。如： next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years，one day，yesterday/afternoon，the night before。one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时间名词时，一般不用介词，如some day。(2)地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、belowat 在较小的场所

10、，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上。如：at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。 on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in; A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：来源:Z_xx_k.ComJapan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)A pro

11、vince lies on the west of B province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离) across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如： They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over、under、above和belowover、above译作“在之上”；under、below译作“在的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般

12、的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The window is well above the tree.(3)as和likeas 表示“作为”，强调身份；like (介词)表示“像”。As a teacher, he cares for these children.Like a teacher, he cares for these children.(4)w

13、ith和in with 表示“外貌特征或附带的东西”或“用作工具”；in 表示“衣着；用某语言”。A man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks.A man in black wanted to buy drinks.The boy is learning to write in pencil/with a pencil.He retold the text in English.(5)for和tofor表示“为了”；to 表示动作对象，“对， 向”。He would do anything for his motherland.Did you men

14、tion this to my father?for 表示“就某情况而言”；to 表示“对某对象而言”，注意下面两句的翻译：Its quite warm today for February.就二月的天气而言，今天够暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to me.他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。(6)except、besides和except for except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”， 与but 同义besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”except for除了(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此

15、时与except that意思相同。We all failed except him.我们都失败了，但他没有。He speaks German besides French.除法语外， 他还会讲英语。He was very clever except for carelessness.他很聪明就是有点粗心。注意：but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点： 前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one is here.Nobody but I like making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He ha

16、s nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不，but for. 要不是 5关于介词的一些注意事项：(1)词根或词源相同的名词、动词和形容词多共用一个介词。例如：make a desk of wood，make bread from flour，make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”的意义分别与of、from、into连用)但也有例外，如：

17、married to/marriage with 与结婚(2)一个名词、动词或形容词往往可以和一个以上的介词搭配，其意义有所不同。例如：rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow (“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)(3)介词the部位与动词的关系(动词sb.s部位，可换用)。例如：strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)，catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用

18、)，hit the boy in the face(“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)。(4)有一些介词可兼作副词或者连词。例如：My mother is in the house.(介词)Is there anybody in? (副词)He worked in that city after graduation.(介词)The ball goes up very high after it hits the ground.(连词)考点二连词1连词的分类连词按其性质可分为：(1)并列连词， 这种连词是用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句的，如and，or，but，for等。(2)从属

19、连词，用以引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。前者如that，whether等，后者如when，although，because等。详细列表如下：并列连词来源:1ZXXK并列关系来源:1ZXXKand, both.and., not only.but also.，neither.nor.来源:学&科&网来源:1ZXXK转折关系but, however, yet, still，while选择关系 or, either.or., whether.or.因果关系for(因为)，so从属连词时间状语从句before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since

20、, as soon as条件状语从句if(如果), unless(除非，如果不)等原因状语从句because, as, since让步状语从句although/though(虽然，尽管), even though/if 目的状语从句so that和in order that(以便，为了)等结果状语从句so that(结果是)和so/such.that.(如此.以至于)等比较状语从句as.as. (与一样), not as/so.as.(不及，赶不上), than(比)等名词性从句that，if/whether(是否)等 2.常用连词的比较连词是高考中的难点，在很多情况下难以把握，这时就需要我们

21、静下心来理清句子逻辑，既要保证句意畅通，又要保证符合语法规范。要根据两个词、短语、句子之间的内在联系，即：让步、转折、平行及因果等，从而确定选用哪个连词。(1)both.and “双方都”，连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常使用复数形式。Both the wheat and the barley are to be shipped tomorrow.小麦和大麦明天都要装船运走。(2)not only.but also, either.or与neither.nor连接主语时注意采取 “就近原则”，而且not only.but also强调的是but also之后部分。Not only is

22、he clever, but also he is hard working.他不光聪明，还很勤奋。(3)as well as, together with，other than 等只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。 Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.史密斯先生和他的妻子孩子到南京旅游了。 (4)以下是关于从属连接词的注意事项：when、while、as都表示“当时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动

23、作同时发生。如：When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.since，as，for，because都表示原因，since，as引导的从句一般放在主句之前；for连接的从句一般放在主句之后；because表示强烈的原因，引导的从句既可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后。I took this road because the policeman told me do.As it was raining, we went there by bus.Since ev

24、erybody is here, lets begin.It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.till和until均表示“到时候为止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到才开始发生”。如：She didnt get up until her mother came in.注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。though和although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽

25、然”，although较正式，though最常用。如：Though (Although)he was tired, he kept on working.注意：though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、as though, 而although则不能这样搭配。no sooner.than、hardly.when、as soon as三者都表示“一(刚刚)就” 。No sooner had we left home than it began to rain. We had

26、 no sooner left home than it began to rain. It began to rain soon after we left home.注意：hardly.when、no sooner.than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。 某些表示时间的名词(词组)也可用作从属连词。如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third .)time, the spring

27、(summer，autumn)，every(each, next, any)time(day)，by the time，都可引导时间状语从句。如：His mother died the spring he returned.Call me up the minute he arrives.3并列连词和从属连词之间的联系：(1)祈使句后接and，有条件句的作用，此时andif you.，youll. Go straight on, and youll see the library.If you go straight on, you will see the library.(2)祈使句后接o

28、r ，表 “如果，否则”，有转折的意思，此时 or if you dont., youll .Hurry up, or youll be late.If you dont hurry up, youll be late.一、使用合适的介词完成句子1I saw a stranger_at_ a distance of ten yards.2She went to Shanghai_by_ way of Nanjing.3Mr.Smith set out_for_ the USA last week.4._But_for_the leadership of the Party, we should

29、 not have succeeded.5Its wellknown_to_ all of us that Taiwan belongs _to_ China.6._At_what age do children begin to go to school?7My aunt came back_after_ three days.8What did people say_of_ me? 9In this company we are paid _by_the month.10Students who live in crowded homes find it difficult to stud

30、y _in_ comfort.二、使用合适的连词完成句子1The place isnt too bad, is it?No, _but_ its a bit too crowded.2Five minutes earlier, _and_ we could have caught the last train.3They may go to London, but they are not certain_yet_4This word may be used both as a noun _and_as a verb.5We cant see air, _however,_it does exist.6Do what you have been told, _or_ you will be punished.7I asked her to stay for tea, _for_ I had something to tell her.8I remember _when_ this used to be a quiet village. 9It will be hours _before_ she comes back.10I had no idea about it _until_ he told me.第二部分 语法专题