2014-2015学年高中英语（牛津译林版选修10）同步课件：UNIT 4 LAW AND ORDER PERIOD THREE TASK.ppt

1、课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地Unit 4 Law and order Period Three Task，Project and Selfassessment 课件（牛津版选修10）.单词识记1_vi.vt.replace or balance the effect of something bad2_nan official document that states that a fact or facts are true3_adj.done or made in the traditional or original wayauthenticcompensatecer

2、tificate课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地4_na product that is brought from one country into another so that it can be sold there，or the business of doing this5_vexamine something carefully in order to find out more about it or to find out what is wrong with it6_nthe cases，bags etc that you carry when you are

3、 travelling7_nhappening or operating successfully，without any problemssmoothimportinspectluggage课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地8_na small bag in which women keep paper money，coins，cards etc9_nsomeone who sails on the seas，attacking other boats and stealing things from them10_nwhen something is officially s

4、topped for a period of timesuspensionpursepirate课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地.短语天地1_ 面临2_把告上法庭3_非法拷贝4_目前5pose a challenge to_6buy pirated versions_7intellectual property_8belong to_属于be faced withtake sb to courtillegal copyingat present对构成挑战 购买盗版知识产权 课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地.句型搜索1Laws have been passed i

5、n most countries that make it illegal to copy intellectual property without paying the person who created the material.信息提取 本句使用了“vt.it(形式宾语)宾语补足语不定式(真正宾语)”结构。例句仿写 我发现学好英语很难。I_English well.I find it difficult to learn课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2If someone spends his or her time，effort and money writing

6、 a book，for example，he or she deserves to be paid for it.信息提取spend time doing sth 花时间干某事例句仿写 我每天花三小时练习弹钢琴。I spend three hours_everyday.practising playing the piano课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3Even more widespread is the copying of music，especially with the development of new computer progams.信息提取本句使用了完全

7、倒装句，主语为the copying of music，more widespread 是表语例句仿写 更为可怕的是有些人对这种疾病的忽视。More frightful is_.that many people ignore this disease课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地.预读理解1 Fast Reading：Scan the text(Page 62)and make best choices (1)What is the definition of intellectual property.AIt is the property that can be sold

8、 and bought.BIt is ideas that people think out.CIt is inventions that havent been put into practical use.DIt is inventions，writing，artwork，symbols and designs used in business.答案 D课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地(2)Why are ideas more valuable than many material things?ABecause research and development is ve

9、ry important in todays world.BBecause ideas can often be turned into reality.CBecause if you have good ideas，you will make a great fortune.DBecause ideas are invisible.答案 A课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地答案 B(3)How do you understand the sentence“Many countries are in legal straits now”AMany countries are le

10、gally located in oceans.BMany countries lack laws concerned.CMany countries are developing legally.DMany countries dont have any law at all.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地答案 A(4)To protect intellectual property，what should we do?ADont buy pirated products，or download music and films illegally.BNever downlo

11、ad anything online.CAlways buy products in shops.DDont listen to music online.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2Careful Reading：Read the text(Page 63)again and fill in each blank with a proper word(1)Laws have been_inmost countries that make_illegalto copy intellectual property_paying the inventor or creator

12、.(2)If someone spends his or her time，effort and money_(write)a book，for example，he or she deserves to be paid for it，_ _it is just a draft.even ifpasseditwithoutwriting课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地(3)Because of this，the Chinese government has added its signature_severallaws_(protect)intellectual propert

13、y.(4)In 2003，_was estimated that 35 percent of software on computers worldwide was pirated，_equaled a loss of$29 billion for the original producers.(5)If you buy a product_you think might be pirated，such as a designer purse，ask to see a certificate_(show)it to be real.showingtoprotectingitwhichthat课

14、前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地1effect n效应，结果，影响，印象，效果Some ancient laws are still in effect.有些古时的法律现在仍然有效。The room shows off her paintings to good effect.这个房间把她绘画的优点充分显示出来。The aspirins soon took effect.服下的阿司匹林药片很快见效了。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【归纳拓展】have an effect on._ 因果bring/put.into effect 将付诸实施take effect

15、_in effect 事实上，起作用对有影响cause and effect起作用课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【完成句子】While men also secrete(分泌)oxytocin，_(它的效果减少了)by male hormones.(2012上海卷，SectionC)From the letter，the writer learnt _(老师对他的学生会产生多么大的影响)(2012广东卷，写作)its effects are reducedteacher might have on his studentswhat great effects a课前自主学习课

16、堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】Now the situation is getting worse.We cant ignore the bad _inflation is having on the global economy.(2012长沙周南中学月考)Aeffect BfailureCresult DimpressionA课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2product nC产品【归纳拓展】produce vt.生产，出示producer n生产者，制作者；制片人produce vt.&vi.生产，制造；产生，造成，引起production nU生产，产

17、量productive adj.能生产的，多产的productivity nU生产率课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地用produce的适当形式填空Australia_wool and meat.The century_few great men.Gordons jokes_a great deal of laughter.The_of anything is the person who makes or grows it.Our car is a_of that factory.The factory was built for the_of cars.productionp

18、roducesproducedproducedproducerproduct课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3apology n道歉【归纳拓展】make/offer an apology to sb for sth因某事向某人道歉接受道歉refuse an apologyapologize/apologise vi.认错；道歉apologize to sb for(doing)sthsay sorry to sb for(doing)sth因某事向某人道歉Ive regretted to say.非常抱歉地说Im sorry/Excuse me，but理由accept an a

19、pology拒绝道歉因某事向某人道歉课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地We should offer our apologies for the delay to your flight today.我们应该为你航班的延误道歉。【单项填空】How dare you say it like that!Youd better_an apology to her at once.AHave Bdo Cgive Dmake答案 D课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地1pay back偿还(借款等)【归纳拓展】_付的钱pay sb some money for.付给某人钱买_注

20、意()It pays to do sth 干某事是值得的_ 付清(债务)；得到了回报pay out 花费(钱)pay for.pay attention(to)pay off课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地用适当的介、副词填空Youll sooner or later be paid _ for what you are doing now.I managed to get to the top of the company，and the ten years of my hard work finally paid _.You will pay _ it at the tim

21、e you order it.back off for课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】Li Feng won the first prize in the national English competition.Oh，really？Im glad that her efforts at last_.Aworked out Bgot backCpaid off Dturned outMom，I cant see any point in studying hard at all the subjects at school.Come on，dear！Years of

22、 hard study and work will surely_in the future of your career.Amake sure Bpay offCbring back Dpay backCB课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2because of因为，由于【归纳拓展】because of“因为”，后面跟n./pron.作状语。because后面跟从句，作原因状语。thanks ton./pron.“多亏，由于”，作表语或状语。due ton./pron.“由于”，作表语或状语，不可放于句首。as a result of“因为的结果”，作状语。owing ton.

23、/pron.“由于”，作表语或状语。on account of“因为”，作状语。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【完成句子】因为生病，她没参加我们的聚会。She didnt take part in our party_her illness.She didnt take part in our party_she was ill.【单项填空】Her face went red_what he had said.Abecause of Bbecause Cas Dto答案 Abecause ofbecause课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地1 If someon

24、e spends his or her time，effort and money writing a book，for example，he or she deserves to be paid for it.(P62，L8)例如，如果某人花了时间、精力和钱财写了一本书，他/她应该因为这本书而得到报酬。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【比较网站】spend/cost/pay/take(1)spend多指花费时间，金钱和精力，它的主语必须是人，其结构为：sb spend.on sth/(in)doing sth(2)cost常指花费金钱、精力、劳力、生命、健康等，一般不用于花费

25、时间。其主语必须是“事或物”，不以人作主语，它可以接一个宾语，也可接双宾语。结构为：sthcost money，sth cost sbmoney/energy/life/health(3)pay的主语是人，宾语可以是人或金钱等，与介词for搭配。结构为：sb pay sbelse/money/sb else moneyfor.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地(4)take作“花费”讲时，可用来指花费时间、精力；take意为need或require需要，后可接勇气，想象力等，主语常用it，可以是“事情”，有时也可以是人。常用于以下句型：It takes sb some time

26、to do sth花费某人一段时间干某事sb takes time to do sth某人花费时间做某事sth takes sb some time to do某事物花费某人一些时间来做It took me one hour to drive from the village to the town.驾车从村子到小镇花了我一个小时的时间。It will take a lot of courage to tell the truth.说真话需要很大勇气。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地用take，spend，cost，pay的适当形式填空Every morning he_half

27、 an hour on English.Making experiments like this_much time and labour.He had to_50,000 yuan for his new house.He_the taxi and hurried to the station.paid forspendscostspay课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】Some passengers complain that it usually_so long to fill in travel insurance documents.Acosts Btake

28、s Cpays Dspends答案 B课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地You_only half the price，how would the seller sell the jacket to you?Aspent Bpaid Ccharged Doffered答案 D课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2However，in everyday life，we are now faced with decisions about how to respect intellectual property rights.(P63，L35)但是，在日常生活中，我们现在

29、面临着如何重视知识产权的决定。face n脸，面孔，面容，表情；面子，体面；外观，局面vt.面向，面对，朝；正视(事实等)vi.向，朝Youll lose(your)face if you break your promise.你如果违背诺言，就丢脸了。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地France is Europes third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.法国是欧洲第三大国，它隔英吉利海峡与英国相望。The window faces(to the)south.

30、这扇窗户朝南。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【归纳拓展】be faced with面临_面对面lose face丢脸，失面子_勇敢地面对/接受in(the)face of_make a face/faces做鬼脸，做苦脸face to faceface up to面临，不顾课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【完成句子】_(我们的脸表达情感)，but we should not attempt to“read”people from another culture as we would“read”someone from our own culture.(201

31、2大纲卷，阅读理解C)Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than _(那些曾面对男人们)as they walked from village to village.(2012江西卷，阅读理解D)Our faces show emotionsthose which once faced men课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【单项填空】_with a difficult situation，Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.ATo face

32、 BHaving facedCFaced DFacingC课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作任务】请以“你喜欢哪一种学习方式？”为题，谈谈你的看法。【写作内容】学生在课堂里学习主要有两种学习方式，即以老师为中心的学习方式和以学生为中心的学习方式。你认为这两种学习方式能否得到协调(balance)？为什么？词数：150左右。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作要求】1要点齐全，叙述有层次，连贯自如，准确地运用时态，并尝试着用较为复杂的句式。2要分清主次。注意层次清楚，不能平均用力。3词汇和句式要尽量避免单调。4开头和结尾要前后照应。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解

33、码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作分析】本文应写成议论文。首先应该说明你在课堂上是以什么方式进行学习的，然后说出自己的观点：是喜欢以教师为中心的学习方式，还是喜欢以学生为中心的学习方式，然后说出自己的理由。最后说明你认为这两种学习方式是否能够协调。时态应用一般现在时。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【参考范文】I am in a teachercentered class，in which teachers instead of students decide what we learn and how we learn.SoI would like very much to stu

34、dy in a studentcentered class.Iprefer an active studentoriented class not simply because its fun，but because it can help me keep my knowledge permanent and develop creativity as well as my learning ability.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地In a word，which one to use depends on the difficulty of the course，tea

35、chers knowledge and students quality.Maybea balance lies in the combination of the advantages of the two.This practice can use the good and delete the bad of both.For example，a studentcentered class can be used in an easy lesson，while a teachercentered class can be applied to the opposite.课前自主学习课堂互动

36、探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【亮点展示】1I am in a teachercentered class，in which teachers instead of students decide what we learn and how we learn.2I prefer an active studentoriented class not simply because its fun，but because it can help me keep my knowledge permanent and develop creativity as well as my learning a

37、bility.3 Maybe a balance lies in the combination of the advantages of the two.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作模板】I am in.class，in which.So I would like very much to study.I prefer a.，but because it can help me.and develop.as well.In a word，which one to use depends on.Maybe a balance lies in.This practice

38、 can.For example，.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地如何提高英语阅读速度阅读理解题是高考试卷中分值最高的题型，它能检测学生获取英语信息的能力及理解的准确程度，在某种意义上对考生试卷总分起着决定作用。理解的正确率和速度是阅读理解成败的关键。回顾多年的教学实践，下面就如何提高高中阶段英语阅读速度谈谈自己的做法：课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地一、增加词汇量词汇量偏低是制约学生阅读速度的瓶颈。据统计，每年高考试题中都有超出考纲的词汇，如果考生只满足于记住课本以内的词汇和用法，甚至连课本上的词汇都要大打折扣，怎么能适应大容量、快节奏的高考阅读要求？因此，

39、扩大常用词汇必须成为我们英语教学中一项常抓不懈的工作。扩充词汇主要有三个渠道：精读、泛读、构词。在课本教学时要特别重视对学生词汇的考查，要通过听写、替换、造句等手段，促使学生首先记住课本上的基本词汇。其次教师要重视学生的泛读教学，通课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地过补充大量英语课外读物，让学生在阅读中复习词汇、巩固词汇、增加词汇，并将补充词汇纳入考查范围之内。适当教给学生一些基本的构词知识有助于学生快速、高效地积累词汇，同时也为猜测生词提供一定的参考依据，便于学生在阅读过程中遇到生词时能观其形，知其意。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地二、扩大知识面阅读速度与阅读

40、材料所涉及的话题有很大的关系。如果阅读材料是自己熟悉的内容，阅读速度就会自然加快；反之，如果阅读材料所涉及的是非常陌生的话题，阅读速度便会很慢。所以增加一些题材广泛的泛读，扩大学生的知识面，让学生多掌握一些文化背景知识，了解当今英语国家历史文化、人物传记、科技教育等方面的社会知识对提高阅读速度是极其重要的，即便是增加非英语阅读也有助于英语阅读速度的提高。因此，除了教材外，我们还应该重视泛读教学，要选定一种内容课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地广泛、话题时兴、难度适当的国内外优秀英语教材，(如New Concept English，Oxford English，the Multic

41、ultural Workshop等)作为泛读课本，并将其列入正式的教学计划，与精读一起进行考查。另外，还要鼓励学生多读英语报刊、杂志，切勿将英语教学局限在有限的课文教学之内，否则，想要大幅度提高阅读速度就是不现实的。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地 三、克服不良阅读习惯，坚持意群阅读在快速阅读过程中，应注意克服一些不良阅读习惯以促进阅读速度有效提高。常见的不良阅读习惯有：指读、声读和回视。指读是指为了在阅读时能集中注意力，同学们常常用手指、铅笔、尺子等指着一个个的字或放在这些字的下面阅读。指读减慢了阅读速度，分散读者的注意力，因此，阅读中一定要克服这个毛病。声读一般有三种形式：

42、出声读、默读和心读。事实证明，阅读速度缓慢一般都是因为读者采用了某种声读的方式，所以要提高阅读速度就必须自觉地克服这种习惯。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地回视又叫返读或复视。如果我们在阅读中多次返回重读，既会影响速度，也会影响理解。所谓意群，就是有意义的短语和语法结构。意群阅读是以意群而不是单词为最小阅读单位的一种快速阅读方法。它不仅可以提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解，而不是死抠字眼，逐词理解。因此，坚持意群阅读，要克服以下不良习惯：指字读、声读、不断回视，一次一词。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地四、掌握阅读技巧，使用文题文阅读方式对于怎样在提高阅

43、读速度的同时，又能提高做题的准确性，历来有三种阅读方法：1先文后题。即先把全文读懂，然后做题。这种方法的缺点是在读懂全文的同时，容易降低读速。另外，由于阅读的目的性不明确，记住的细节内容未必有用，有用的内容未必记住。答题时仍需到短文中去寻找，实际上等于降低了读速，降低了效率。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2先题后文。即先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点是目的明确，在阅读时有所侧重，能节省时间。缺点在于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而不可能很快找到所需信息，但这种方法比较适合于类似广告性质的阅读理解题。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地

44、 3文题文阅读。这个方法的过程如下：(1)快速阅读材料，掌握主旨大意。(2)粗读思考题，明确考查重点，排除干扰项。(3)复读阅读材料，通篇跳读(寻读)局部精读。(4)理解全篇，初选答案。(5)解答思考题，精读(细读)，确定答案。该种方法避免了前两种方法的缺点，使同学们在快速阅读的过程中了解全文的题材、主要结构、中心思想、主题段、主题句。在跳读时，一目十行，目光自上而下寻视与答题内容有关的词句，无关的内容掠过，使回答有关who，what，when，where等文章细节问题时，能很快找到答案，这样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。因此，文题文阅读理解方法是多数人采用的、可提高阅读速度的有效

45、方法。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地五、注重长句、复杂句的理解近几年的高考阅读理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用的能力。所选阅读材料均有大量复杂单句和复杂复合句，单句采用非谓语动词，独立主格结构等高级语法；复合句采用多种从句叠现的复杂句型，来增强句子结构的复杂性和语境理解难度。所以，理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料，提高阅读速度的关键。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地五、注重长句、复杂句的理解近几年的高考阅读理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用的能力。所选阅读材料均有大量复杂单句和复杂复合句，单句采用非谓语动词

46、，独立主格结构等高级语法；复合句采用多种从句叠现的复杂句型，来增强句子结构的复杂性和语境理解难度。所以，理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料，提高阅读速度的关键。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地比如有这样一句话：例1：Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the hightechindustry itself，which sees printing as one of its most promising new markets

47、.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地解析 这是一个典型的长句，有“how”引导的从句修饰sign，也有which引导的定语从句。在看这个句子时，如果一不小心就会很容易看不明白，因为use，pushes up；comes from这些词充当什么句子成份？哪个是谓语？该怎么理解？事实上，这里use是作名词用，意为“的使用”即“电脑和网络的使用推动了纸张的需求”。全句的真正主语、谓语、宾语应该分别是：sign，comes from和the hightech industry。后面的定语从句则比较好理解，是see.as(把看成)的用法。只有透彻分析长句，才能明白全文章的意思，才能提高阅读

48、速度。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地一般地说，造成长句的原因主要有三个方面：(1)修饰语过多。(2)并列成份多。(3)语言结构层次多。在分析长句时要采用下面的方法：(1)利用句子成份分析法理解(长、难)单句。根据词不离句的原则，正确判断单词词性及其充当的句子成份。首先找出主语、谓语、宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。抓住句子的主、谓、宾成份，就等于抓住了句子的主干，对长句的基本意思也就理解了。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地 努力找出谓语动词和非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句的引导词。分析从句的功能和短语的作用。例如：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。分

49、析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。例如：定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰的哪个词等等。注意插入语和其他成份，正确分析句中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。(2)利用结构引导词进行单句重排理解复合句。对于阅读理解题中出现的多种从句叠现的复合句，我们可以用结构引导词进行单句重排，从而将这些复合句进行化简。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地又如有这样一个句子：例2：Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of re

50、ading aloud in a group，often have lower selfrespect，and regard reading as a headache.分析：认真分析语境逻辑和句子结构可知，that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主语又带有一个由who引导的定语从句，宾语从句的谓语由三个并列动词构成，分别为are often afraid of，often have，and regard，我们可根据语境含义和结构引导词将该复合句作如下单句重排。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地In the opinion of literacy specialists，some chi

51、ldren read below the level of their fellow pupils.They are often afraid of reading aloud in a group.They often have lower selfrespect.They regard reading as a headache.课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地全句意思逐渐明朗：一些文学专家认为，有些阅读能力低于同龄人的孩子不爱在小孩群里高声读书，他们自尊心不强，经常将读书看成心痛的事。只要我们在平时的教学中注意加强学生分析长句、难句的训练，持之以恒，学生在阅读过程中碰到长句、难句后一定会快刀斩乱麻，迅速理清句子结构，通晓句意，从而大大提高阅读速度。课前自主学习课堂互动探究解码书面表达勤思巧学园地六、加强计时和限时阅读训练，提高阅读速度任何一种技能的获得都必须经过大量的实践训练。正如游泳一样，只知道游泳的要领，而不亲自到水里去体味，去实践，是不能学会游泳的。在平时的阅读教学和阅读训练中，教师要引导学生养成科学的阅读方法，要注重对学生进行计时和限时阅读训练，在平时的训练中有意识地计算自己的阅读速度。事实上，英语听、说、读、写四种能力是相互制约、相辅相成的，因此，加强听、说、写的训练也有助于提高阅读速度和阅读能力。