2021届高考英语二轮复习备考专项冲刺专题12定语从句含解析202103022160.doc

1、专题12 【定语从句】解题指导触类旁通寻方法，求策略，掌握“套路”1. “一判三看”破解定语从句一判：判断是不是定语从句设空处无提示词，而设空前的主句完整；设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用，考虑填定语从句关系词。注意是否已有并列连词(如but、 and)和从属连词(如if、 when)，注意是否是强调结构。若是疑问句可将其变为陈述句语序。一看：在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”。as引导非限制性定语从句，可置句中或句首或句尾，意为“正如”。 其

2、后的谓语动词多是be seen、 be known、 be reported、 be mentioned、 be said、 be often the case等。二看：寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表时间地点，还是原因)先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose；先行词指物：that/which/whose等；表时间/地点/原因：when/where/why。三看：判断所缺成分，确定关系词缺少主语：that/which/who；缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；缺少定语：whose；缺少时间、地点或原因状语时：用whe

3、n、 where、 why。2. 定语从句的1个难点当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词，如point、 situation、 case、 stage等，若在从句中作状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句；若作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that/which。先行词指人时不能用which, whom只作宾语。that两个不能：不能用在介词后，不能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词表时间或地点，关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that、 which；作状语用when、 where。that在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，其余情况一般不可省略。what引导的名词性从句作介词和动词的宾语，是常考点应多关注。3. “缺什么

4、，补什么”，准确选用关系词1如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that，非限制性定语从句中用who。2如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom，非限制性定语从句中用whom。3如果先行词指物，且定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that，非限制性定语从句中用which。4如果先行词指时间或地点，且定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。5不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。6如果先行词指人

5、，“介词关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。考点突破针对提能明考点，攻重难，有效提升 考点一、关系代词引导的定语从句1关系代词及其用法关系代词用法who用于指人，在从句中作主语或宾语whom用于指人，在从句中作宾语，可用who代替；若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替which用于指物，在从句中作主语或宾语that既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语whose表示所属关系，既可指人又可指

6、物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whomas引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，意为“正如；像”2.关系代词的用法区别关系代词that和which的用法区别只用that的情况先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等不定代词时先行词被the only, the very, the same, all等修饰时先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时先行词既有人又有物时只用which的情况引导

7、非限制性定语从句时关系代词指物，且前有介词时关系代词as和which的用法区别as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如，正像”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系(2018北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。(2017北京卷

8、)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.在日常生活中我们遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。(2017天津卷)My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.我的大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。(重庆卷)Well reach the sales targets in a month which/that we

9、set at the beginning of the year.我们将在一个月内达到年初所定的销售目标。(江苏卷)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如报道的那样，烟民的数量仅在一年内就已经下降了17%。【名师点津】(1)whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于下列句式：such名词as(像一样的，像之类的)；the same名词as(和同样的)。Such machi

10、nes as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。考点二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词用法when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“表时间的介词(in，at，on，during等)which”where指地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于“表地点的介词(in, at, on, under等)which”why指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于“forwhich”(天津卷)The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a

11、 living.完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。(福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。Do you know the reason why he didnt attend the meeting yesterday? 你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？【名师点津】当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语

12、时，也要用关系副词where引导。(2019天津卷)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.他们的孩子处于能说一些个别的单词但不能说完整句子的阶段。考点三、“介词关系代词”结构引导的定语从句1“介词关系代词”结构引导的定语从句。其中关系代词只能用which和whom，且不能省略。(安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.一

13、些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。2“the名词of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。这类定语从句一般为非限制性定语从句，且该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。(江苏卷)The newlybuilt caf，the walls of which (whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.这家新建成的咖啡馆的墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。3“表示全部或部分的词语of whi

14、ch/whom”结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有：不定代词(all, both, none, some, most等)；数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数、several等)；the形容词的比较级/最高级。(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。(江苏卷)Many young people, most of whom were well

15、educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。4“介词which名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的类似结构：during which time 在此期间at which time 在这时at which point 在这一时刻for which reason 由于这个原因 in which case 在这一情况下(辽宁卷)He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into th

16、e national team.他可能会赢得这场比赛，如果这样的话他就可能进入国家队。【名师点津】“复合介词短语which”结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。跟踪检测迁移应用练模拟，练规范，夯基提能I.高考真题诊断单句语法填空1.(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesf

17、ield, _ she opened with her late husband Les.2.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.3.(2019全国卷)They were well trained by their masters _ had

18、 great experience with caring for these animals.4.(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soiltesting program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.5.(2020全国卷III)In ancient C

19、hina lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.【答案详解】1.答案：which 解析：根据设空处前边有逗号可知，设空处为非限制性定语从句代替前边的句子，先行词为the pet shop，故用引导词which引导。句意：现在，艾琳阿斯特伯里每天早上9点到下午5点在麦克莱斯菲尔德的宠物店工作，这家宠物店是她和她已故的丈夫莱斯一起开的。2.答案：that/which 解析：分析句子结构可知，名词study为先行词表示事物，其后为定语从句故用that或which引导，在从句中做主语。句意：该综述的两位作者还在2014年发表了一项研究，该研究

20、表明，每天只要跑步5到10分钟，就能降低患心脏病和各种原因导致的早死的风险。3.答案：who/that 解析：根据语境可知，masters为先行词表示人，故用who或that引导定语从句，在从句中做主语。句意：他们的主人在照顾这些动物方面经验丰富，训练有素。4.答案：that/which 解析：根据语境可知program为先行词，表示事物，其后为定语从句故用that或which引导，在从句中做主语。句意：中国农业部发现，从2005年政府开始土壤测试项目(向农民提供特定肥料建议)到2011年，化肥使用量减少了770万吨。5.答案：whose 解析：根据语境可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为arti

21、st，在从句中作定语修饰paintings，故用whose。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画栩栩如生。II.精选典题定语从句专题对点训练单句语法填空6.(2020太原期中)In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, _ is the result of the competition with online bookstores.7.(2020保定摸底)For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more th

22、an 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of _ were set up by local doctors.8.(2020大连双基测试)The 55km Hong KongZhuhaiMacao Bridge, _ was opened on Oct.24, 2018, connects Guangdong Province with Chinas two special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macao.9.(2020陕西汉中一模)Our office wasnt far from

23、 Chinatown, _ I found some very good Chinese restaurants.10.(2020天津河西质量调研)This was returned because the person to _ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.11.(2020大庆一中二模)As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those

24、_ live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces.12.(2020齐齐哈尔一模)The video, _ length was just 7 seconds, has been viewed more than 19 million times in just two days.13.(2020衢州模拟)He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people _ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.14.(

25、2020烟台期末)His interest started a few years ago, _ he was in college and studying wildlife science.15.(2020河北一模)He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.【答案详解】6.答案：which 解析：根据设空处前边有逗号可知，设空处为非限制性定语从句代替前边的句子，故用引导词which。句意：在过去的几年里，中国超过一半的书店倒闭了，这是与网上书店竞争的结果。7.答案：which 解析：分析句子结构可知

26、，设空处是“代词of+which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句。先行词是many theories，指物，故关系代词只能用which。句意：例如，在秘鲁首都利马，有50多家中医诊所，其中70%是当地医生开设的。8.答案：which 解析：根据语境可知先行词为bridge，根据设空处前边有逗号可知，bridge之后为非限制性定语从句，故用引导词which。句意：港珠澳大桥全长55公里，于2018年10月24日通车，连接了广东省和中国两个特别行政区香港、澳门。9.答案：where 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词为 Chinatown，在从句中做地点状语，后接定语从句时，应该用关系副词where引

27、导。句意：我们的办公室离唐人街不远，在那里我发现了一些非常不错的中国餐馆。10.答案：whom 解析：分析句子结构可知，设空处是“to+which/whom引导的定语从句。先行词是person，指人，故关系代词只能用whom。句意：这封信被退回了，因为收信人三年前就去世了。11.答案：who 解析：考察定语从句的引导词，根据语境可知those为先行词，为不定代词表示人，在从句中做主语。定语从句的引导词只能用who不能用that。句意：随着越来越多的人拥有私家车，停车已经成为许多车主头疼的问题，特别是那些居住在市中心没有足够停车位的人。12.答案：whose 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词是 t

28、he video,空处在定语从句中作定语，这里限定 length, 故填 whose。句意：这段时长仅7秒的视频，在短短两天内的浏览量就超过了1900万次。13.答案：who/that 解析：分析句子结构可知先行词为people, 故用who引导定语从句，who在从中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。句意：他决定去斯坦福，因为那里有很多机会提供给那些想在硅谷工作的人。14.答案：when 解析：根据语境可知，先行词是表示时间的a few years ago,且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。句意：他的兴趣是几年前开始的，当时他还在大学学习野生动物科学。15.答案：whe

29、re 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词为letter表示物，后接定语从句时，从句中缺少状语，应该用关系副词where，表示在信中。句意：他写了一封信，在信中解释了事故发生的原因。III.精选典题定语从句专题对点训练单句改错16.This is such a place that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting. 17.It has also been a social center that we can connect with other children and find out activities tha

30、t are going on. 18.Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience. 19.There are many problems when I am abroad alone，especially when I am in the Czech Republic，its official language is not English.20.At noon, we play Room Escape, an interesting game

31、 what challenged our IQ and teamwork.【答案详解】16.答案：thatas或在visiting后加it 解析：that之后为定语从句，所以要用关系词引导；因句子中含有such 因此定语从句的引导词只能用as。或在visiting后加it，将句子变成结果状语从句，it代替上文提到的place。17.答案：第一个thatwhere 解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，此处为定语从句先行词为activities，关系词指代先行词且在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。18.答案：thatwhich 解析：根据语境可知，原句中that代替逗号之前的句子

32、指事，关系词在定语从句中作through的宾语， 且介词through在前面， 故改为which。19.答案：itswhose 解析：句中含有一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Czech Republic.关系词在从句中作定语，所以用whose，故将its改为whose。20.答案：whatthat/which 解析：根据语境可知game是先行词，指物，之后为定语从句，bridge在从句中作主语，故用that或which引导该从句。故将what改为that或which。IV.精选典题定语从句专题对点训练短文语法填空There was a time_21_I was tired of lea

33、rning English and disliked speaking English. And this was the reason_22_my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club，_23_I met many strangers， I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted

34、to go home. Fortunately， my guide，_24_teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face-to-face，from_25_I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me，and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Everyday I would talk to other teenagers and

35、set down a series of activities_26_we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide，_27_encouraged met of all in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into_28_I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions. B

36、efore I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through_29_I can memorize a large number of new words. _30_our Eng sh teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will master English sooner or later.”【语篇解读】本文为记叙文，叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的训练的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老

37、师使作者对学习英语产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。21. 答案：when 解析：There was a time when.有一段时间。 句意：有一段时间，我厌烦学英语并且不喜欢山说英语。22.答案：why 解析：This is/was the reason why.这就是的原因。23.答案：where 解析：先行词是the club， 关系词在从句中作地点状语， 故填where。24.答案：whose 解析：先行词为my guide， 代人定语从句后为：My guides teacher was Yu Minhong. 由此 可见， 关系词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用who

38、se引导。25.答案：which 解析：先行词指事，关系词在定语从句中作from的宾语， 且介词from在前面， 故填which。26.答案：that/which 解析：先行词是activities，且关系词在定语从句中作宾语， 故用that或which引导。27.答案：who 解析：先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，且指“人”， 所以用who引导。28.答案：which 解析：先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语， 且介词into在前面， 故填which。29.答案：which 解析：先行词为一个句子，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语， 且介词在前面，故用which引导。句意：人睡前我回忆文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的生词。30.答案：As 解析：非限制性定语从句置于句首，故需用as引导。 句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会掌握英语。”