英语必修Ⅲ外研版MODULE6宏志课件（共56张）GRAMMAR.ppt

1、Module 6 Old and NewGrammar非限制性定语从句以及定语从句的简化【探究寻规】用关系词(which/who/as/whom/where)完成下列句子，并观察在下列句子中所作的成分。1.The Three Gorges Dam is the biggest construction project in China,_ will generate a large amount of energy.()2.Mao Zedong wrote a poem about a dam across the Yangtze River,_ is a great leader of Ch

2、ina.()which从句的主语who从句的主语3.They have a son and two daughters,all of _ live in the city.()4._ you know,this is the day when the quake happened five years ago.()5.Qingdao is a beautiful city,_ Ill pay a six-day visit.()whom从句的主语As从句的宾语where从句的地点状语【语法精点】.非限制性定语从句一、基础点拨非限制性定语从句是对主句内容或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行

3、词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有as，which，who，whom，whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。引导词也可以是介词+which(whom,whose)，但在固定短语里，介词一般是不可分开而提前用于该结构的。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。We walked down the village street,where the villagers were having market day.(where引导的非限制性定语

4、从句)我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,which surprises all the people present.(which引导的非限制性定语从句)一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到惊讶。We will put off the outing until next week,when we wont be so busy.(when引导的非限制性定语从句)我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。Bobs father,who worked on the

5、 project,spent four years in Egypt.(who引导的非限制性定语从句)鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。He spoke of a penfriend,the name of whom/whosename Ive never forgotten.(of whom/whose引导的非限制性定语从句)他提到一个笔友，那个笔友的名字我从来没有忘记。2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别。区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式与先行词之间不用逗号隔开与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开功能与先行词的关系十分密切，限制先行词的意义。如果去掉该从句，剩余部分的意思往往不完

6、整，甚至失去意义是先行词的附加说明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句先行词先行词一般为单个的名词或代词先行词既可为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或其中一部分引导词可用所有的关系代词副词引导，且关系词作宾语时可省略在所有的关系词中不能用that或why引导非限制性定语从句，且其他引导词不能省略翻译常译成前置定语常译成并列的分句*The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.(who引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语)住在我们隔壁的那个人卖菜。*This is George,whose class you will

7、 be taking.(whose引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语)这是乔治，你将接手他的班级。*Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语)足球是一项非常有趣的运动，世界各地都踢足球。*Mr Smith,for whom I was working,was very generous about overtime payments.(介词+whom引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作状语)我曾为史密斯先生工作，他在付加班费方面很大方。二、难点突破

8、as,which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：项目aswhich指代引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容，又可指代主句的一部分位置可位于主句之前、之中或之后引导的从句不能位于主句之前意义正如这，那项目aswhich功能起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句 *As can be seen from his face,he is quite pleased.从他的表情可以看出来，他非常高兴。(as引导的定语从句位于句首，此处不能用which)He came to my birthday,which I

9、didnt expect at all.我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会了。(从句中的谓语动词是否定结构，这时关系代词只能用which，而不可以用as)【名师点津】as通常用于以下句式中：as we all know,as it is known,as is known to all,as it is,as is said above,as always mentioned above,as is usual,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspapers。*He forgot to bring his pen with him,

10、as was often the case.(as在从句中作主语)他忘了带笔，这是常事。*He is absorbed in work,as he often was.(as在从句中作表语)他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。.定语从句的简化1.在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时，关系代词可省略。*The dam(that)we saw in the film wasnt the Three Gorges Dam.我们在电影中看到的大坝不是三峡大坝。2.在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中作介词宾语而介词在句尾时，关系代词可省略。*I met a man(whom)my g

11、randfather worked with thirty years ago.我遇到了30年前和我爷爷一起工作的那个人。3.定语从句简化为分词短语。一般情况下，在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，从句转化为现在分词短语；如果谓语动词是被动语态，则从句转化为过去分词短语。*The girl who is reading English aloud is my younger sister.The girl reading English aloud is my younger sister.大声朗读英语的是我妹妹。*I have heard the report which was made

12、 by Professor Li.I have heard the report made by Professor Li.我听了李教授所做的报告。4.定语从句简化为不定式短语。如果定语从句中的谓语是一般将来时或先行词前有序数词或last，only等修饰语时，该从句往往简化为不定式结构。*Mary is the only person that can save me from danger.Mary is the only person to save me from danger.玛丽是唯一一个从危难中解救我的人。5.定语从句简化为“介词+which+不定式”的形式。*The farmer

13、s use wood to build a house in which they can store grain.The farmers use wood to build a house in which to store grain.(in which不可用where代替)农民用木头建造房子用来储存粮食。6.定语从句简化为形容词短语。如果定语从句中的表语是形容词短语，则该定语从句可简化为形容词短语。*The bottle which is full of milk is on the table.The bottle full of milk is on the table.装满牛奶的瓶

14、子在桌子上。7.定语从句简化为介词短语。如果定语从句中的表语是介词短语，该从句常可简化为介词短语。*The apples which are in the box are bad.The apples in the box are bad.箱子里的苹果是坏的。【名师点津】以下定语从句不能简化：定语从句的谓语动词是现在完成式的主动语态。*The man who has finished the work is Jack.完成工作的那个人是杰克。定语从句中的谓语动词含有情态动词。*The professor who can speak French is from France.会说法语的教授来自

15、法国。定语从句的谓语动词是一般过去式的主动语态。比较：*The man who gave us a talk was his father.给我们做报告的那个人是他父亲。(做报告为过去的事)*The man giving us a talk was his father.(做报告的动作正在进行)正在给我们做报告的那个人是他父亲。【高考体验】限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句做题四部曲：1.分析句式结构，明确限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别；2.明确定语从句中所缺少的句子成分；3.明确选项中引导词在定语从句中的作用；4.确定从句的先行词。1.(2013山东高考)There is no sim

16、ple answer,_ is often the case in science.A.as B.that C.when D.where解题关键：本题后半句应为非限制性定语从句。思路分析：选A。考查定语从句。句意：没有一个简单的答案，这在科学领域里是常有的事。as引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，代替前面的情况，意为“正如，正像”。2.(2013安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,_ made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.

17、A.it B.that C.what D.which思路分析：选D。考查定语从句。句意：2012年莫言被授予诺贝尔文学奖，这使得中国人民多年以来的一个梦想实现了。本题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整句话的内容，关系代词which在从句中作主语，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。3.(2013重 庆 高 考)John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of _ are family members.A.them B.that C.which D.whom思路分析：选D。考查定语从句。句意：约翰邀请了大约40人来参加他的婚礼，其中大多数都是

18、他的家人。先行词为40 people，在定语从句中作of的宾语并指人，用关系代词whom，故选D；A项为代词，放入之后前后为两个完整的句子，两个完整句子不可仅用逗号隔开，需在两句中间加入连词才对；B项that一般不放在介词后面；C项which指代物。知识拓展：英语中逗号前后两个句子之间是必须有一个连词的，简单说，如果在一个逗号的前后句子间没有连词的话，这个句子就是错误的。4.(2013江苏高考)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,_ he remembers starting as early as h

19、is childhood.A.where B.which C.what D.when思路分析：选B。考查定语从句。句意：世界银行的总裁说他热爱中国，这种热爱早在他的童年时代就开始了。此句中passion(热爱，激情)为先行词，在定语从句中starting之后缺少宾语，因此排除A、D两项，when和where为关系副词，不能充当主语或宾语。C项的what不能引导定语从句，故选B。5.(2011江苏高考)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval,_ the audience can buy ice-cream.A.when B.wher

20、e C.that D.which解题关键：interval在从句中作时间状语思路分析：选A。句意：音乐会的两部分之间会有一次中场休息，这时观众可以购买冰激凌。由句式结构可知，该从句为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，先行词为an interval。选项A when可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。6.(2011陕西高考)I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends,_ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A.which B.where C.who D.that解题关键：t

21、he top of the hill在句子中作地点状语思路分析：选B。句意：我和我的朋友们一直走到了山顶，在那里我们欣赏了湖的美景。由句式结构可知，该从句为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，先行词为the top of the hill。选项B where可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。易错误区：选项C who可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，指人。学生易误选C，把my friends当作了先行词。此题中的先行词与定语从句分隔开来，做题时应从句式结构和句意上去判断哪个是先行词。7.(2012福建高考)The air quality i

22、n the city,_ is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.A.that B.it C.as D.what思路分析：选C。句意：正如报告里所显示的那样，这个城市的空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到了改善。本句把定语 从 句 分 隔 出 来 放 在 句 首 就 很 明 了 了，把 句 子 转 换 成_is shown in the report,the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.就能直接看到非限制性定语从句引导词放

23、句首指的是下文所提到的一句话，用as引导“正如报告里所显示的那样”。8.(2011浙江高考)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of _ uses it somewhat differently.A.which B.what C.them D.those思路分析：选A。句意：英语是一种被几种不同文化共享的语言，其中每一种文化使用英语时都多少有些不同。分析句式结构可知本句是一个非限制性定语从句，从句的先行词是cultures；从句的主语为“each of _”，谓语动词为uses，宾语是it，somewhat

24、 differently副词短语作状语，显然从句缺少主语“each of_”中of的宾语。选项A which可以引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作of的宾语。9.(2012辽宁高考)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _ the main road at the far end of the lake.A.to B.for C.off D.out思路分析：选C。Well宾馆坐落在湖的远远的尽头的一个安静的地方，那里远离主干道。这里off the main road作定语修饰place，相当于定语从句which is off the main road。o

25、ff 意思是“离开,隔着”，表示“与隔着一定的距离”。10.(2012山东高考)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope _.A.providing B.providedC.having provided D.provide思路分析：选B。句意：完成并签名后，请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。此处动词provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系，在句中作定语，相当于which is provided。.单项填空1.The humans are destroying nat

26、ure day by day,_ of course,will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.A.who B.whenC.on which D.which【解析】选D。考查定语从句。句意：人类正一天天地破坏着大自然，而这当然迟早会受到大自然的严惩。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，在从句中作主语。2.Three minutes of silence on May 19th were kept to mourn for those _ died in the earthquake.A.what B.whom C.w

27、ho D.which【解析】选C。考查定语从句。句意：五月十九号的三分钟默哀被保持了下来，以缅怀那些在地震中逝去的生命。在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时，关系代词用who。3.Michael Phelps,_ the feet are bigger than others,won eight gold medals at the Beijing Olympic Games.A.whose B.whomC.of who D.of whom【解析】选D。考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句中缺少定语，所以用of whom。此题容易误选A。因为缺少定语，马上想到选whose，但是句中有the。即the f

28、eet of whom相当于whose feet。4.The man _ was a friend of mine.A.you just talked toB.whom you just talked to himC.who you just talked to himD.which you just talked to【解析】选A。考查定语从句。句意：你刚刚与之说话的那个人是我的一个朋友。whom引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语时，可省略。5.The scientists went into a large house _ gold and treasure by chance.A.was fu

29、ll of B.was filled withC.full of D.that filled with【解析】选C。考查形容词短语作定语。句意：那些科学家偶然走进一间充满金银财宝的大房子。形容词短语作后置定语修饰house。这里full of.=which is full of.。6.Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.A.which B.that C.this D.it【解析】选A。考查非限制性定语从句。句意：吉姆通过了驾照考试，这使得办公室的人大为吃惊。从句中缺少作主语的关系代词which。that

30、不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，this和it不可用于引导从句。7.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003，_ he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.A.during which time B.or which timeC.during whose time D.by that time【解析】选A。考查介词which引导非限制性定语从句。句意：从1999年到2003年马克是这所大学的学生，在这(4年)期间他学习很用功并被选为学生会主

31、席。由题意和所缺词前面的逗号可判定题干是含非限制性定语从句的复合句，先行词是表示一个时间段的短语from 1999 to 2003；所缺词的意思为“在这期间”，故选A项。8.Her sister has become a lawyer，_ she wanted to be.A.who B.that C.what D.which【解析】选D。考查非限制性定语从句的用法。句意：她姐姐成为了一名律师，而那也是她一直想成为的。先行词为表示职业的名词a lawyer。who指代人；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；what只能引导名词性从句。9.The Science Museum，_ we visit

32、ed during a recent trip to Britain，is one of Londons tourist attractions.Awhich Bwhat Cthat Dwhere【解析】选。考查非限制性定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是The Science Museum，并且关系词在从句中作visited的宾语。what不引导定语从句；that不引导非限制性定语从句；where是关系副词，不作宾语，故选A。10.He is good at English,_ we all know.A.that B.as C.whom D.what【解析】选B。考查as引导

33、的非限制性定语从句。句意：众所周知，他擅长英语。as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。as指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中，as作宾语。11.The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A.owns;are B.owns;isC.own;is D.own;are【解析】选C。考查定语从句中的主谓一致。who引导的定语从句的先行词是people，因此，定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是the number of指“的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动

34、词要用is。12.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_ he could see _ was going on inside the house.A.which;whatB.through which;what C.through that;whatD.what;that【解析】选B。考查介词which引导定语从句和宾语从句。句意：那个聪明的男孩在墙上弄了个洞，通过这个洞，他可以看到房间里发生的事情。through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole，在定语从句中作状语。what引导的是see的宾语从

35、句，并作从句的主语。13.I shall never forget those years _ I lived on the farm with the farmers,_ has a great effect on my life.A.when;who B.that;whichC.which;that D.when;which【解析】选D。years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,when在从句中作时间状语。第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句,先行词也是those years,which在从句中作主语。14.(2013济南高一检测)Its based on the i

36、dea _ all people are created equal,_ is accepted by most people.A.that;that B.which;whichC.which;when D.that;which【解析】选D。考查名词性从句和定语从句。句意：这建立在人人生来平等的观点上，大部分人都能接受。第一个空that引导的是同位语从句，从句完整，不缺成分。第二个空引导的是非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作主语。.补全下列含有定语从句的句子1.He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday,_ pleased her

37、a lot.2._ is said above，the number of the students in our school has increased3.Write a letter to a friend,_ has some difficulties with his studies4.There are four rooms in the house,_ is a drawing roomwhichAswhoone of which5.We will move into the new house next week,_ it will be completed6.He is a

38、model worker,_ we can learn a lot7.The workers,_ stayed there for two years,came from Africa8.Jim changed his mind,_ made me very angry.9.We shall have to make a decision about Ms King,_ story Ive just told you10.He has two sons,_ lives with him.whenfrom whomwhowhichwhoseneither of whom.将下列句子转换为定语从句

39、的简化形式1.You need someone who can look after you.You need someone _ you2.The book which is written by my father is my favourite.The book _ is my favourite.3.The boy who is in blue is my brother.The boy _ is my brother.4.The company wants employees who have experience.The company wants employees _.to l

40、ook afterwritten by my fatherin bluewith experience5.The puppy,which was too excited to be calmed,barked furiously.The puppy,_,barked furiously.6.The problem which is bothering everybody is the lack of money.The problem _ is the lack of money.7.The book that has been given to him is an English novel.The book _ is an English novel.8.They live in a room that faces the sea.They live in a room _.too excited to be calmedbothering everybodygiven to himfacing the sea