2020高考英语新素养大二轮专题突破江苏版讲义：专题4 任务型阅读 第一节 WORD版含解析.docx

1、1.考纲要求任务型阅读是江苏自2008年开始将阅读理解与语言表达有机地结合在一起的新题型。要求考生首先阅读一篇300600词左右的文章，然后根据文章提供的信息，用恰当的词语完成与文章相关的图表，并限填一个最恰当的词。考查的形式有两种：表格式和树状式。2.命题规律任务型阅读就是对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括，然后准确、有序地完成表格的空缺(根据说明，一空只填一词)。主要要求考生对原文充分理解和归纳，对原文进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。今后任务型阅读还会继续考查考生单词拼写的能力、解剖文章的脉络和理解文章结构或框架的能力、科学表达信息的能力、灵活运用语言的能力及归纳总结的能力。3.解题步

2、骤(1)考生应快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即Topic sentence 和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。(2)扫读表格，分析表格结构，理清其显示的层次关系，准确定位其考查要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。(3)深入理解文章内容，精读与空格中要填的信息相关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或者从文章中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当的词的恰当形式。4.解题技巧(1)文章中标题和小标题的作用：标题的作用是突出文章的主题或主线；小标题提示了段落主题，是文章的行文脉络。读懂各种标题有助于把握文章大意和表格结构。(2)图

3、文结合的作用：在前面已经提到了图表结构和文章脉络的关系，在做题时可以通过图表中给出的文章结构，定位各题在文中出现的大概段落，再根据所在句子中的关键词定位答案所在位置，这样可以保证做题的速度和准确度。(3)联系所要求的答案与文中词汇的关系：最后所填的正确答案必须符合表格中所在句子的语法需要，一般在文章中知道答案或答案提示后，要核实表格中所填入单词的具体语法需要，如人称、主谓一致、时态与语态、词性、非谓语动词、固定搭配等，同时还可以对比表格中上下结构的对应关系、所给句子中的平行关系来确定最终的答案形式。(4)掌握一些常见的概括性词汇的正确拼写，考试说明中词汇的词性变化和一些常见词组或者句型转换形式

4、。(5)多训练，平时训练要由浅入深，提高训练的针对性。因为高考的任务型阅读有较大的难度，所以平时要多做各市模拟题。做过之后，要多总结反思。同时，多做一些句意转换方面的题，提高自己的信息转换能力。温馨提示在解答转换词汇题和概括词汇题时要注意以下几点：1.字母大小写。2.名词的数和所有格。3.动词的形式。4.形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。5.动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。6.时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。7.格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。第一节原文词汇类(2019江苏)The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences，all hum

5、an beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals.It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals

6、(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 12001400 cm3.We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power，more must be better.Unfortunately，that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge

7、 drainconsumption of energyon the body.Its not easy to carry around，especially when boxed inside a massive skull(颅骨).Its even harder to provide energy.In modern man，the brain accounts for about 23% of total body weight，but it consumes 25% of the bodys energy when the body is at rest.By comparison，th

8、e brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy.Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways.Firstly，they spent more time in search of food.Secondly，their muscles grew smaller and weaker.Its hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive.A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) cant win

9、an argument with a modern man，but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that they walk upright.Standing up，its easier to find food or enemies.In addition，their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or

10、signaling.As a result，humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage.The bone structure of their ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and had a relatively small head.Adjusting to an upright position

11、was quite a challenge，especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull.Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages.It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on e

12、arth.But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures.Thus humans who lived a million years ago，despite their big brains and sharp stone tools，lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.The Cost of ThinkingIntroductionLar

13、ge brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 71._ of human beings.The 72. of large human brainsThe larger brains may not be better because of the cost.The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy.The animal brain requires less 73. when the b

14、ody is at rest.Large human brains consume more food，and weaken muscles.The 74. of walking uprightWalking upright makes it easy to find food or 75. against enemies.Freed hands can serve some 76. purposes and perform complex tasks.Walking upright challenges the human bone structure，and 77. the size of

15、 brains.Walking upright results in 78. sufferings.ConclusionsWith a large brain，human beings 79. other beings in terms of intelligence.Weak and marginal，human beings remained 80. of meat-eating animals.考场思维模式第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题文章标题是“The Cost of Thinking”， 主要叙述人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：超大的脑容量和直立行走。超大的脑容

16、量使人类拥有更高的智商，但却要消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类更容易寻找食物和发现敌人，解放了的双手被用来做更复杂的事，但它却让人类遭受腰疼和颈部疼痛等。人类成为地球上最强大的动物，享受无与伦比的优势，却对食肉动物怀有恐惧。试着先填概括性试题：72 disadvantages和74 impact(s)，从而为填好所有空打下基础。第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词，定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词等)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1.原文词汇类71.答案char

17、acteristics解析根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics，such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。73.答案energy解析根据第三段中的“the brain accounts for.the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑休息时需要较少的能量，故本题答

18、案为energy。76.答案other解析根据第四段中的“are freed for other purposes，like throwing stones or signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。2.转换词汇类75.答案guard/defend解析根据第四段中的“its easier to find food or enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard/defend。78.答案physical解析根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。79.答案beat/defeat解析根据最后

19、一段内容可知，脑容量大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat/defeat。80.答案fearful/afraid解析根据最后一段最后一句中的“lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。3.概括词汇类72.答案disadvantages解析根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑容量大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。74.答案impact(s)解析根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。77.答案lim

20、its解析根据第五段中的“had a relatively small head.especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的大小有限制。第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关

21、单词；有时候试题和原文句型的句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应的单词，不需变化，直接填入。解题关键是信息的定位和筛选。这类题目要求考生快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：ADo the Right Thing(2019苏州、无锡、常州、镇江四市高三联考)In life，people feel most satisfied when they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.Heres how to stay true to yours.If you h

22、ope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.Perhaps begin sessions by identifying the concepts that are most important from a list：honesty，structure，family and so on.Those qualities are influenced by your parents，your culture and society as a whole，bu

23、t you have to take ownership of your own decisions.Almost all of these qualities are things most of us desire to hold dear.To determine which principles are more than just desires，reflect on situations that resonate(共鸣) with yourself.Identifying your values will guide you in the right direction，but

24、a few strategies can help you follow through.Before you make a big decision，do something that will put you in high spirits：exercise，socialize with friends，volunteer.Researchers theorize that such activities improve our mood，which promotes dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain，improving our c

25、ognitive abilities and helping us weigh different options.Trouble is，the toughest decisions often arrive at the most inconvenient times.When youre under force，ask a family member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.They can provide advice thats not slightly influenced by the work

26、deadline，or leaky roof gradually weakening your mental energy.Of course，people make decisions that contradict their ideals all the time.There are lots of values we hold dear and they frequently come into conflict with one another.Its not so much that people don t know what they want；its that there a

27、re many things we desire，and we dont always know how to compromise.While a single decision can seem like a tug-of-war between competing desires，broader life choices don t need to be a definitive either/or question.One who likes traveling worldwide might temporarily put off a grand trip to explore lo

28、cations closer to home or commit to setting aside time for vacation with their family every summer，no matter what else comes up.Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.A group can remind you，“Hey，we are doing this because we love it.”If you

29、re still struggling，even after seeking out community support，theres no shame in revising your core values.If youre determined to take part in a charity program but spend the evening with friends instead，it may be time to accept that friendship is more important to you than volunteerism.Better yet，fi

30、nd opportunities to continue the charity program with your friends.You may learn that what you believed was a core priority actually has much more to do with：living up to what your parents，co-workers or others expect.If your values agree with who you really are，no one will have to ask you to make th

31、ose choices.Title：Do the Right ThingPassage outlineDetailed informationProblemIts most satisfying to make choices which 1. your values.But how can you stay true to yours？Solutions to the problem Know your valuesIdentify your values.It can help 2. your life according to your ideals.Many 3. as a whole

32、 influence life concepts，but you have to take ownership of your own decisions.Consider situations resonating with yourself when 4. which principles are more than just desires. Find the best timeDo something putting you in a good 5. before making big decisions.6. other people at the inconvenient time

33、s. Balance all optionsLearn to make 7. among desires.Avoid limiting choices to a definitive either/or question. Stay the courseStay with people who encourage you to stay true without a slight 8. .It is not 9. to revise your core values sometimes，but better find opportunities to make some compensatio

34、n.ConclusionYour values may agree with the 10. of your parents，co-workers or others.If your values agree with who you really are，no one will have to ask you to make those choices.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。在生活中做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的事，但是怎么做到呢？文章介绍了几种方法。1.答案match解析转换词汇题。根据第一段的首句“In life，people feel most satisfied when

35、 they choose options that side with their most deeply held values.”可知，做出符合自己价值观的选择是最令人满意的。故答案为match。2.答案shape解析原文词汇题。 根据第二段的第一句“If you hope to have your life shaped according to your ideals，you have to know what those ideals are.”可知，你的理想可以帮你塑造你的人生。被动改为主动，故答案为shape。3.答案factors解析概括词汇题。根据第二段可知，许多因素作为一个

36、整体影响着生活理念，但你必须对自己的决定负责。故答案为factors。4.答案determining/deciding解析转换词汇题。根据第三段的最后一句可知，当你决定哪些原则不仅仅是欲望时，要考虑与自己产生共鸣的情况。注意when后跟动名词，故答案为determining/deciding。5.答案mood解析转换词汇题。根据第四段的第二句可知，在做重大决定之前，做一些让你心情愉快的事情。in high spirits与in a good mood同义，故答案为mood。6.答案Consult解析概括词汇题。根据第五段的第二句“When youre under force，ask a fam

37、ily member，a friend or in certain cases，a professional for advice.”可知，当麻烦来临却又在不方便的时候，咨询一下别人。故答案为Consult。7.答案compromises/choices解析原文词汇题。根据第六段的最后一句“.its that there are many things we desire，and we dont always know how to compromise.”可知，我们渴望很多东西，但是不知道如何在它们之中做出让步或妥协。故答案为compromises/choices。8.答案hesitatio

38、n解析转换词汇题。根据第八段的第一句“Surround yourself with people who，besides sharing your passion，can also prevent you from hesitating.”可知，要和那些鼓励你毫不犹豫地保持真实的人在一起。故答案为hesitation。9.答案shameful/disgraceful解析转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段的第三句“If youre still struggling，even after seeking out community support，theres no shame in revising y

39、our core values.”可知，修改你的核心价值观并不可耻。故答案为shameful/disgraceful。10.答案expectation(s)解析转换词汇题。根据最后一段的第一句“You may learn that.what your parents，co-workers or others expect.”可知，你的价值观可能符合你父母、同事或其他人的期望。故答案为expectation(s)。B(2019南京金陵中学、海安中学、外国语学校高三四模)Waiting in line is a pest of modern society.According to David A

40、ndrewss book，Why Does the Other Line Always Move Faster？，it wasnt common until the Industrial Revolution synchronized (同步) workers schedules，causing lines that run out of lunch hours and evenings.Given that Americans are estimated to collectively waste tens of billions of hours a year in lines，its n

41、o wonder that some people try to cut，and others bitterly resent them.Yet jumping the queue without inviting violence is possible.Below are some tips，courtesy of social science.First，pick the right queue.Its virtually impossible to cut in line for a once-in-a-lifetime eventthe Cubs playing the World

42、Series，say.But in a repeating situation like a security line，people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.Using game theory to determine what conditions would make line-cutting socially permissible，researchers found that people queuing just onc

43、e display little tolerance for line-cutting.But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.An excuse for cutting helps，but it neednt be bulletproof.In one much-cited study，experimenters tried to jump photocopier queues using one of thr

44、ee explanations.A small，polite request without justification“Excuse me，I have five pages.May I use the Xerox machine？”enabled them to cut 60 percent of the time.Adding that they were rushed allowed them to cut 94 percent of the time.And “May I use the Xerox machine，because I need to make copies？” wa

45、s almost as effective，despite its lame offer.Bribing(贿赂) can also work，and it may not even cost you.In one study，queuers were offered cash by an undercover researcher if theyd let the researcher cut.A majority agreed，but oddly，most of them then refused the cash.They appreciated the offer not out of

46、greed，but because it proved the intruders desperation.Keep in mind that tolerance for line-cutting varies across cultures.One survey of foreigners living in Spain revealed many differences in queuing rules.An Irish respondent said indignantly，“They say I just want to ask a quick question and go righ

47、t up to the counter.Im ready to explode.” A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper：“A woman walked right in front of me and put her things on the counter.She says No its okay，were together，pointing to the other woman who had just finished paying.It seems that in Spain thats al

48、lowed.Incredible.”Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending youre not doing it.Like members of any community，queuers want their customs observed.Wed all escape line-waiting if we could，but that way chaos lies.So if you must cut，just asknicely.Doing so strengthens the social contrac

49、t，and it works.Brief introduction to waiting in line*With the rise of the Industrial Revolution，cutting in line grew in 11. .*It is 12. that Americans attitudes towards line-cutting vary from person to person in view of wasting a considerable amount of time a year in lines.Tips on cutting in line po

50、litely*Given that they are likely to be in your 13. some day，queuers probably allow you to jump the queue in repeating situations.*According to game theory，the action of line-cutting cannot be 14. when people queue just once.*When you assume an air of 15. ，you will have a greater possibility of bein

51、g allowed to cut in line.*Actually queuers allow you to cut in line not due to your bribing but your 16. .17. distinctions in tolerance for line-cutting*Line-cutting meets with a(n) 18. response from the Irish and the German，while the Spanish seem to react 19. .*Americans strongly 20. to it when que

52、ue-jumpers pretend they are not doing it.11.答案popularity/currency解析概括词汇题。由第一段可知，直到工业革命统一了工人的工作时间，排队才变得常见。通过common，可以判断出填popularity/currency。12.答案understandable/acceptable解析概括词汇题。根据第一段的第三句可知，鉴于美国人每年要浪费大量的时间在排队上，因此他们对待插队的态度因人而异，这也是可以理解/接受的。故可以判断出填understandable/acceptable。13.答案shoes/position/situation

53、解析转换词汇题。由第二段中的“.people are more likely to let you in，perhaps because they anticipate needing a similar favor someday.”可知，如果他们处在你的境地来思考，他们可能会让你插队。所以通过a similar favor可以判断出填shoes/position/situation，表示“处于某人的境地或处境来设想”。14.答案tolerated解析转换词汇题。由第二段中的“.researchers found that people queuing just once display l

54、ittle tolerance for line-cutting.”可知，根据博弈论，仅仅排队一次的人对插队是不能容忍的。根据tolerance可以判断出填tolerated。15.答案hurry/rush/emergency解析转换词汇题。由第二段的最后一句“But when the queue repeats，people let in intruders who claim an urgent need or who require minimal service time.”可知，当你装出一副匆忙的样子时，你被允许插队的可能性会更大。通过“urgent need，minimal ser

55、vice time”可以判断出填 hurry/rush/emergency。16.答案desperation/despair解析原文词汇题。 由第四段的最后一句“They appreciated the offer not out of greed，but because it proved the intruders desperation.”可知，排队者允许你插队不是因为你的贿赂，而是因为你的绝望。本句属于desperation的再现。故填desperation/despair。17.答案Cultural解析转换词汇题。由第五段的首句“Keep in mind that tolerance

56、 for line-cutting varies across cultures.”可知，不同文化对插队的容忍度各不相同。通过culture可以判断出填cultural。此处首字母应大写，故填Cultural。18.答案angry解析转换词汇题。由第五段中的“An Irish respondent said indignantly.A German subject angrily described a fellow supermarket shopper.”可知，插队遭到了爱尔兰人和德国人的愤怒回应。通过indignantly，angrily可以判断出填angry。19.答案differen

57、tly解析概括词汇题。由第五段的最后两句“It seems that in Spain thats allowed.Incredible.”可知，在西班牙，似乎是允许插队的。对比爱尔兰人和德国人对于插队的反应，西班牙人的反应截然不同。故填differently。20.答案object解析概括词汇题。由最后一段的首句“Back in America，the worst sin of line-cutting is pretending youre not doing it.”可知，在美国，插队最大的过失就是假装你没有插队。通过“the worst sin”可以看出，美国人非常反对插队。object to反对，为固定短语。故填object。