2018高考英语语法考点归纳总结 构词法素材.doc

1、构词法英语中的构词法主要包括: 转化词, 派生词, 合成词, 混成词, 截短词, 缩略词等, 其中前三种最为重要转化词转化词就是词形不变, 由一个词类转化成另一个词类的词一.转化动词, 如: mark评分, stage上演, warm加热,使温暖, further促进, water浇水a. Warm the milk before drinking it.b. She waters the flowers every day.c. Cool the water before you drink it.d. The train slowed down as it entered the stat

2、ion.二.转化名词, 如: cause起因, use用处, native本地人, major主修科目a. Lets go for a drive next Sunday.b. You can ask for a help.c. They stopped there for a swim.派生词派生词就是通过在词根上加前缀或后缀构成的另一个词. 后缀通常改变词根的词类; 前缀通常改变词根的词义一.构成反义词的前缀, 如: un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, non-, de-1.前缀un-, 如: unpleasant, unusual, unwanted, unco

3、mfortable, unimportant, unsold, undivided, unreserved2.前缀in-用于除l, b, m, p, r起首的词之前, 如: incomplete, inconvenient, inability, independent3.前缀im-用于以b, m, p起首的词之前, 如: impossible, impatient, improper4.前缀il-用于以l起首的词之前, 如: illegal不合法的, illogical不合逻辑的5.前缀ir-用于以r起首的词之前, 如: irregular, irrelevant, irresponsibl

4、e6.前缀dis-, 如: dishonest, dislike, disagree, discover, dissatisfied, disadvantage, disabled7.前缀non-, 如: non-stop, non-violent, non-smoker, nonmember非成员8.前缀de-, 如: devalue减少的价值二.其他前缀:1.前缀en-表示 使得, 使成为, 如: enlarge扩大, enable使能够, endanger危害, encourage鼓励2.前缀re-表示 再, 重新, 如: reprint, redesign, rebuild, reus

5、e, review, repay, rewrite3.前缀mis-表示 坏的, 错误的, 不利的, 如: misunderstand, misspell拼错, misplace放错, misname误称, mislead误导, misremember记错4.前缀counter-表示 反对, 逆, 对付, 如: counterculture反主流文化, counterpart对应的人或物, countermeasure对抗手段, countermarch向后转行进5.前缀anti-表示 反对, 抵抗, 排斥, 如: anti-American反美分子, antigas防毒气的, antisoci

6、al孤僻的, anticraft防空炮火6.前缀pro-表示 赞成的, 亲的, 如: pro-American亲美的7.前缀mono-表示 单一, 单独, 如: monoplane单翼飞机, monologue独白, monotone单独8.前缀semi-表示 一半的, 如: semifinal半决赛, semimonthly半月地, semiconductor半导体, semicircle半圆9.前缀bi-表示 两个的, 两倍的, 双重的, 如: bicycle, biweekly双周的, biyearly每两年的, bilingual双语的10.前缀tri-表示 三, 三倍, 三重的, 如

7、: tricycle三轮车, triangle三角形11.前缀ultra-表示 极端的, 超过的, 过于的, 如: ultra-left极左的, ultra-democracy极端民主, ultra-short超短的, ultrasound超声12.前缀over-表示 过度的, 太多的; 在上面; 全面地; 超越; 翻倒, 如: overbold过于胆大的, overcareful过分小心的, overcrowd挤满, overlook眺望, overwork劳累过度, overcoat大衣13.前缀under-表示 不足的; 劣于; 之下的, 如: undersea海底, undershir

8、t内衣, underworld地狱14.前缀super-表示 上, 超级, 过度, 如: superhighway, supernatural超自然的, superman超人, superheat使过热, supermarket15.前缀ex-表示 到外面, 向外的, 以前的, 如: ex-wife前妻, exclude除外, ex-president前总统, ex-change交换16.前缀sub-表示 下; 低位; 副, 如: subhead副标题, subdivide再分, subcontinent次大陆, subtopic副主题, subtitle小标题17.前缀inter-表示 间;

9、 相互的, 如: international, interchange交换, intercommunicate互联通讯, interact相互作用, interphone对讲电话18.前缀co-表示 共同, 共通,如: co-exist共存, co-author合著者之一, cooperate合作三.构成名词的后缀:1.后缀-er / -or表示 的人; 供做的物, 如: islander, bottle-opener, thinker, writer, learner, passenger, designer, photo copier2.后缀ist表示 做的人; 家; 主义者, 如: co

10、mmunist共产主义者, Marxist马克思主义者, socialist社会主义者, pianist钢琴家, typist打字员, journalist记者3.后缀ism表示 主义; .学说; 行为; 状态, 如: socialism社会主义, Marxism马克思主义, tourism旅游业4.后缀-ness, 如: darkness, carelessness, gentleness, kindness, business, sadness5.后缀-ing, 如: sightseeing, feeling, painting, finding, saving, earning, mea

11、ning, training, belonging, greeting6.后缀tion, 如: invitation, invention, pronunciation, composition, contribution, collection, situation7.后缀sion, 如: expression, impression, procession, permission8.后缀ment, 如: government, movement, development, equipment, announcement, punishment, treatment9.后缀ship表示 的状

12、态; 的技能; 术, 如: friendship, partnership伙伴关系, seamanship航海术, hardship困苦, readership读者群, scholarship会员身份, ownership所有制10.后缀hood表示身份, 资格, 时间, 集体, 状态, 如: brotherhood兄弟般的关系, likelihood可能性, neighborhood邻里, childhood童年时代, boyhood少年时代, girlhood少女时代11.后缀ity, 如: reality现实, ability能力, activity活动, possibility可能性,

13、 regularity正规, nationality国籍, disability残疾, minority少数12.后缀ence, 如: difference区别, existence存在, silence沉默, occurrence事件, reference提及, conference会议13.后缀-ance, 如: appearance出现, performance表演, acceptance接受, assistance帮助, distance距离14.后缀-ure, 如: pleasure快乐, failure失败, exposure暴露, closure关闭, mixture混合, ge

14、sture姿势15.后缀ess表示女性或雌性, 如: hostess女主人, mistress主妇, lioness雌狮子, waitress女服务员16.后缀th, 如: truth真理, strength力量, length长度, growth成长, depth深度17.后缀al, 如: removal除去, survival幸存, proposal建议, trial试验, approval承认18.后缀ant表示 做事的人或物, 如: accountant会计, applicant申请者, consultant请教者, servant服务员, assistant助手, expectant

15、期待者19.后缀ee表示 受者,行为者, 如: employee受雇者, payee收款人, referee受委托者, appointee被任命者20.后缀eer表示 与有关者, 从事者, 如: volunteer自愿者, profiteer不当得利者, racketeer诈骗者21.后缀-ful表示 满量, 如: basketful一篮, handful一把, houseful满屋子22.后缀ese表示 的人, 语, 如: Japanese, Cantonese广东人, Vietnamese越南人, Viennese维也纳人四.构成形容词的后缀:1.后缀ful表示 充满的, 有性质的, 如:

16、 careful, useful, helpful, hopeful, powerful, painful, merciful2.后缀less表示 无; 不做; 不能, 如: careless, hopeless, fatherless丧父的, harmless, rainless, countless无数的, speechless无言的3.后缀able表示 能够; 适于; 值得, 如: eatable, acceptable, laughable可笑的, comfortable4.后缀ible表示 可(被)的; 能的, 如: responsible有责任的, permissible可允许的,

17、 divisible可分的, possible可能的5.后缀ic表示 与有关的; 像的; 由产生的, 如: heroic英雄的, historic有历史意义的, atomic原子的, energetic精力旺盛的, electric电的6.后缀ive表示 拥有的性质; 有的倾向, 如: inventive发明的, imaginative富有想象力的, sensitive敏感的, effective有效的, expressive表情丰富的7.后缀 ous表示 具有的; 多的; 有特性的, 如: various, nervous, continuous连续的, poisonous有毒的, anxi

18、ous, mountainous多山的, dangerous, courageous英勇的8.后缀y表示 有的; 由构成, 似的; 有点的, 如: healthy, wealthy, rainy, windy, silky, greedy, smelly有臭味的9.后缀ly表示 像的; 有性质的; 反复发生的, 如: friendly, motherly母亲似的, manly在男子气的, monthly每月的10.后缀ant表示 有性质的, 如: important, distant, ignorant无知的11.后缀ent表示 的状态, 如: different, independent,

19、impatient, frequent经常的, excellent极好的12.后缀en表示 由制的, 如: wooden, woolen羊毛的, golden金的13.后缀ern表示方向, 如: western, eastern, northern, southern14.后缀al表示 像的; 与有关的, 如: personal, electrical电的, cultural, natural, national15.后缀ish表示 似的; 的, 如: selfish自私的, childish似孩童的, foolish16.后缀like表示 像的, 如: childlike孩子般天真的, go

20、dlike上帝般的, lifelike栩栩如生的17.后缀ary表示 与有关的; 的, 如: revolutionary革命的, imaginary虚构的, momentary瞬间的, primary首要的, ordinary普通的18.后缀ed表示 有的; 特有的, 如: skilled有技术的, talented有天赋的, wooded林木茂密的19.后缀some表示 易于的, 有倾向的; 产生的, 如: lonesome寂寞的, handsome英俊的, tiresome讨厌的, fearsome可怕的, burdensome沉重的20.后缀an表示 的, 与有关的, 风格的, 如: C

21、anadian加拿大的, Australian澳大利亚的, Mexican墨西哥的, American, European欧洲的五.构成动词的后缀:1.后缀ize / -ise表示 使成为, 使能够, 作处理, 如: realize实现, industrialize工业化, mechanize机械化, nationalize使国有化, revolutionize使革命化, modernize使现代化2.后缀ify表示 使成为的; 使化, 如: beautify美化, terrify使惊吓, electrify电气化, magnify放大3.后缀en表示 使有, 使得, 如: strengthe

22、n加强, deepen加深, darken使变黑, shorten使变短, fasten扎牢4.后缀ate表示 使, 作为, 如: activate使活动, motivate激发, liberate解放, separate分开, hibernate冬眠六.构成副词的后缀:1.后缀-ly, 如: really, simply, happily, publicly, happily, lastly, lately, excitedly2.后缀ward表示方向, 如: upward, inward, westward, homeward, backward合成词合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成的一个

23、新词一.合成名词, 如: workforce, haircut, postman, X-ray, mailbox, landowner, farmland, handstand, handshake, coastline, gunfire, short-wave, gentleman, newcomer, tightrope, best-seller, mainland, freeway, second-hand, midday, front-runner, pickpocket扒手, breakwater防波堤, runway, sit-downer静坐罢工者, breakthrough突破

24、, runaround借口, runaway逃亡, sell-out售完, handout传单, breakdown衰落二.合成形容词, 如: worldwide, nationwide, duty-free, snow-white, world-famous, lifelong, English-speaking, noise-killing, hand-made, peace-loving, horse-drawn, fun-loving, ready-made现成的, good-looking, easy-going, low-lying地势低洼的, well-known, hard-w

25、orking, well-informed消息灵通的, widespread, ill-formed, first-rate, second-hand, worthwhile, everyday, middle-aged, warm-blooded, good-tempered, bare-footed三.合成代词, 如: himself, herself, themselves, something, someone, anything, nobody四.合成动词, 如: overthrow, output, input, uphold, uplift, downgrade, sleep-walk, typewrite, brainwash, handpick精选, daydream, whitewash, deep-freeze五.合成副词, 如: meanwhile, midway, everywhere, somewhere, anyway, otherwise, sometime, beforehand, onshore, inside, offhand, headfirst头朝下地, daylong