湖北省2014高考英语二轮针对性训练课件：阅读理解 第5讲“藏而不露”的推理判断题.ppt

1、第五讲“藏而不露”的推理判断题推理判断题是阅读理解题中难度较大的一类题，它包括判断和推理的过程。解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多步推理。考生解题时通常需要透过文字的表层意思，在全文的背景下理解文章的深层含义。(2013湖北卷)A German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than tho

2、se pessimists who expected their future to be worse.The paper，published this March in Psychology and Aging，examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.Survey respondents(受访者)were asked to estimate thei

3、r present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10，among other questions.The researchers found that young adults(age 18 to 39)routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction，while middleaged adults(age 40 to 64)more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65

4、 and older，however，were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would，the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio(比率)of disability and death for the study period.“We observed that being too optimistic in pre

5、dicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，”wrote Frieder R Lang，a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about the

6、ir future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions(预防措施)，”the authors wrote.Surprisingly，compared with those in poor health or who had l

7、ow incomes，respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also，the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness，medical treatment

8、 and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.However，the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood，individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic，to accurate，to pessimistic，”the authors concluded.语篇解读德国的一项研究表明，与悲观者

9、相比，对自己的未来过于乐观的人在未来10年更容易出现残疾或死亡。该研究还发现，年轻人组对自己未来生活的满意度的期望过高，中年人预测相对准确，而老年人往往低估自己未来生活的满意度。1According to the study，who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?AOptimistic adults.BMiddleaged adults.CAdults in poor health.DAdults of lower income.解析：细节理解题。第四段说，1839岁的年轻人组高估自己对未

10、来生活的满意度，65岁及以上年龄组往往低估，而4064岁的中年人组对自己未来生活的满意度估计更准确一些。答案：B2Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people _.Ato fully enjoy their present lifeBto estimate their contribution accuratelyCto take measures against potential risksDto value health more highly than wealth解析：推理判断题。第六段说，Lang和他的

11、同事认为，对自己未来悲观的人比乐天派对自己的日常行为更小心，第七段说，这样的人可能会采取预防措施(应对潜在的危险)，因此选C项。答案：C3How do people of higher income see their future?AThey will earn less money.BThey will become pessimistic.CThey will suffer mental illness.DThey will have less time to enjoy life.解析：推理判断题。第八段说，与身体不好、收入不高的人相比，身体好或者收入高的受访者往往预料自己这两方面(好

12、身体或高收入)将来会下降得更厉害，研究者说高收入往往与身体出现残疾的风险相联系，因此选A项。B项说他们将来会很悲观，而文章讲的是他们现在对将来的估计；C项说他们将来会出现精神疾病，而本段说的是这样的人群对将来的预计，觉得自己将来的身体和收入状况都会下降，因此B、C不对。答案：A4What is the clear conclusion of the study?APessimism guarantees chances of survival.BGood financial condition leads to good health.CMedical treatment determines

13、 health outcomes.DExpectations of future life satisfaction decline with age.解析：推理判断题。文章前几段提到不同年龄组对自己未来生活满意度的估计。从叙述看，年轻人太乐观，中年人较实际，老年人更悲观，看来对未来生活满意度的期望是随着年龄而递减的，最后一段也有明确的提示，因此选D项。答案：D1细节性推理判断题不同于一般的细节理解题，它要求考生要根据文章的内容去推断言外之意，而细节理解题只需要在原文中去寻找恰当的内容。因此此类命题往往是以文章要体现的观点、作者对某一事件的认识为命题点，往往会出现在文章本身或某个段落的开头、结

14、尾的要点归纳的地方。例如：真题示例第4题为推理判断题。由第四段可知，年轻人对未来太乐观，中年人较实际，老年人太悲观，故推断出对未来生活的满意度是随着年龄递减的，故D项正确。2综合性推理判断题通常围绕文章的若干个段落或整个文章提出，如果单纯只看文章中的某一个句子或段落都很难得出全面而准确的答案，因此要综合考虑。在所给的选项中，有的是阅读材料中的细节，并非推理；而有的推理，虽然在文章中可以找到依据，但只是从某个细节或段落得出的内容，而不能概括整篇的内容要求，因此解答这类题目时一定要把所有的信息都综合起来考虑，与整篇文章相吻合，而不只是与一个点相吻合。Test 1(2013湖北省襄阳市普通高中调研统

15、一测试)Crying babies，buzzing mosquitoes，ringing car alarmstheyre all annoying noises.But whats the worst？A recent survey lists the things we hate to hear.However，number one on the list was the sound of a dentists drill.“That_sound_sends_shivers_down_my_spine，”said one respondent.“After a visit to the d

16、entist，I sometimes wake up at night with that sound in my head.Itshorrible，”said another.“Ive seen patients shaking with fear when I bring out the drill，”explained a dentist.Of course，anyone whos actually been to the dentist and heard the sound will probably agree with that.But theres some good news

17、.A new device developed by experts at Kings College London，BrunelUniversity and London South Bank University can cancel out the sound of the frightening drill.The tiny machine allows patients to listen to music on an MP3 player while the sound of the drill is eliminated.However，patients are still ab

18、le to hear the dentists voice because not all sounds are filtered out(滤除)The theory behind it is fairly straightforward.Microphones are placed close to the dental drill.They pick up any sounds and transform them into digital signals.Then，electronic filters cancel out any unwanted sound waves.This ca

19、n be done even if the waves amplitude(振幅)and frequency change.However，the great thing is that this technology also allows other sounds，such as the dentists voice to come through.Its easy to use，too.Patients simply plug the soundfilteringmachine into their MP3 players.Then，via headphones，they can lis

20、ten to music and hear the dentists voice without being disturbed by the noise of the drill.Fantastic!So，next time you go to the dentist，remember to bring your MP3 player.语篇解读一项调查表明，最烦人的噪音是牙医手中钻头的声音，这让人不寒而栗。然而，最近的一项发明能将这种噪音选择性地滤除，这必将受到牙科病人的喜爱。1What is the purpose of the text?ATo announce a recent sur

21、vey.BTo introduce a new product.CTo list some annoying noises.DTo remind patients to bring their MP3 player.解析：写作意图题。本文主要介绍了一项新发明，该发明可以将钻头钻牙齿的声音选择性地滤除，以此来消除病人对钻头的恐惧，因此选B。答案：B2 What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?AIt makes me surprised.BIt makes me delightful.CIt makes me

22、wide awakeDIt makes me scared.解析：句意猜测题。根据画线部分前面的“被列为头号的噪音是牙医的钻头声”以及画线部分后面的“有时半夜醒来脑子里还有那钻头的声音，它太可怕了”可知，画线部分的含义是“让我感到害怕”。答案：D3What technology is the tiny machine based on?AIt can get rid of all sounds.BIt can transform sound waves into digital signals.CIt can filter out unwanted sounds.DIt can change

23、the sound waves amplitude and frequency.解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的内容可知，在牙医的钻头附近安置麦克风可以把各种声音都转化成数字信号，然后电子过滤器把不需要的声波去掉然而，重要的是该技术能让其他的比如牙医的声音被病人听见，因此选C。答案：C4 Which of the following can best describe the tiny machine?AHeavy and useless.BSimple and practical.CClear but frightening.DFantastic but noisy.解析：推理判断题。从文章对

24、这项发明的描述看，B项“操作简单、实用”符合文意。答案：BTest 2(2013湖北省八校高三第二次联考)Forbes set out to determine which masters degrees would provide the best longterm opportunities，based on the salary and employment outlook.To find the midcareer average pay for the 35 popular degrees，we turned to P，which lets users compare their s

25、alaries with those of other people in similar jobs by gathering realtime salary data from its 35 million profiles.We then looked at the Bureau of Labor Statistics employment estimate data to see how fast employment was expected to increase between 2010 and 2020 in popular jobs held by people with ea

26、ch degree.Finally we averaged each degrees pay rank and estimated growth rank to find the best and worst masters degrees for jobs.Physician assistant degree is at the top of the Forbes thirdannual look at the best masters degrees for jobs.Physicianassistants are medical professionals who provide dia

27、gnostic and preventative health care services under the guidance of doctors.“Both an aging population and health care reform are contributing to a higher demand for health care services，”says Katie Bardaro，Payscales lead economist.”They dont earn as much as doctors，but their midcareeraverage pay is$

28、97,000.Another advantage of a physician assistant degree：employment opportunities are expected to grow 30%by 2020(from the 2010 employment numbers)，according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.By our count，computer science follows close behind as the No.2 best advanced degree for jobs.Midcareer avera

29、ge pay for these grads is$109,000，sixth best out of the 35 degrees in our survey.Employment opportunities for computer science degree holders are expected to expand about 22%between 2010 and 2020.Electrical engineering，physics and economics degrees also make the top 10，all with an average midcareer

30、salary of more than$110,000 a year.Not all masters degree holders enjoy anywhere near such optimistic job prospects(前景)or extraordinary pay.Biology，chemistry and history degrees are toward the bottom of the list，but that doesnt mean theyre useless.If youre enthusiastic about these fields，the lower p

31、ay and slimmer job prospects shouldnt prevent you from pursuing a masters degree.Before you make a decision，you should bear one thing in mind：masters degree holders dont necessarily earn more than other people in similar jobs，so dont base your decision to pursue one on the idea that youll bring in b

32、igger paychecks.Its also important to think about worklife balance and employee satisfaction for the common jobs associated with these degrees.“You need to consider overall happiness，”Bardarosays.“If obtaining a masters degree causes an imbalance due to time devoted to education and potentially more

33、 stress at work，then one will need to decide if these costs are worth it.”语篇解读为了弄清楚哪些硕士学位能提供最好的长期的机会，福布斯从薪水和就业前景两个方面对获得硕士学位的人作了一个调查。调查表明，医师助理最热门，其次是计算机行业，而生物、化学和历史学位垫底。5Forbes turned to P to_.Alet users compare their salaries with those of other people in different jobsB see how fast employment was

34、expected to increase between 2010 and 2020Csum up the pay of those graduates with the 35 popular degrees in different fieldsDfigure out the midcareer average pay in popular jobs held by people with different degrees解析：细节理解题。第一段说，福布斯借助这个网站是为了找到35个热门硕士学位的职业中期的平均薪酬数据，以比较出就业最好和最差的硕士学位，因此选D。答案：D6Physicia

35、n assistant degree ranks first on the list because _.Aphysician assistants are medical professionalsBphysician assistants enjoy the highest pay compared with other gradsCthe qualifications of physician assistants are not second to those of doctorsDthe demand of physician assistants is expected to ex

36、pand largely and they are well paid解析：细节理解题。第三、四段在分析其原因时说，人口老龄化和医疗改革都使人们对医疗保健的需求增加，医师助理的薪水不如医生高，但职业中期的平均薪酬能达到97 000美元，由此可判断这一行业的薪水较高，且人们对这一职业的需求在上升，因此选D。答案：D7What can be inferred from the passage?A$100,000 is a satisfying pay for most of the grads.BIt is the first time that Forbes has done a survey

37、of this kind.CBiology degrees were once hot for those masters degree pursuers.DDoctors earn more than those in electrical engineering on average.解析：推理判断题。第五段最后说排名前十位的平均薪水是一年十一万美元，因此A项“对大多数毕业生来说，年薪十万美元是一个令人满意的薪水标准”正确。答案：A8According to what Bardaro said in the last paragraph，we may conclude that_.Aobt

38、aining a masters degree is a mustBa masters degree is not always worth pursuingC obtaining a masters degree leads to an imbalance between work and lifeDthose with masters degrees are bound to earn more than other people in similar jobs 解析：推理判断题。在最后一段中Bardaro说，你要综合考虑幸福的内涵，如果为了获得硕士学位而引起对教育投入时间的不平衡和更大的

39、工作压力，那么就需要判断一下这样的代价是否值得，故B项正确。答案：BTest 3(2013湖北省八校高三第二次联考)He wrote that the“human mind is capable of excitement without the application of gross(粗俗的)and violent stimulants(刺激物)”And it appears that simply reading those words by William Wordsworth can prove his point.Researchers at the University of L

40、iverpool found the works of Shakespeare and Wordsworth and the like had a beneficial effect on the mind，lifting the readers spirits by catching their attention and leading to moments of selfreflection.Using equipment，they examined the brain activity of volunteers as they read pieces of classical Eng

41、lish literature both in their original form and in a more simplified，modern translation.And，according to The Sunday Telegraph，the experiment showed the more“challenging”works set off far more electrical activity in the brain than the ordinary versions.The research also found poetry，in particular，inc

42、reased activity in the right hemisphere of the brain，an area concerned with“autobiographical memory”，which helped the reader to reflect on and reevaluate their own experiences in light of what they had read.The academics said this meant the classics were more useful than selfhelp books.The brain res

43、ponses of 30 volunteers were monitored in the first part of the research as they read Shakespeare in its original and“modern”form.In one example，volunteers read a line from King Lear，“A father and a gracious(仁慈的)aged man：him have you madded”，before reading the simpler.“A father and a gracious aged m

44、an：him you have enraged(使暴怒)”Shakespeares use of the adjective“mad”as a verb caused a higher level of brain activity than the straightforward translation.“Reading classics is not just a matter of style.It is a matter of deep versions of experience that promotes the cognitive(认知的)ability，”said Prof.D

45、avis，who will present the findings at the North of England education conference in Sheffield this week.语篇解读你平时喜欢阅读英文经典文学作品吗？最近的一项研究表明，在读英文经典作品时，大脑的活跃程度比读那些粗俗的、充满暴力的作品时的高。9What does the author suggest by saying“simply reading those words by William Wordsworth can prove his point”？AWilliam Wordsworths

46、 poems are full of wisdom.BIt excites readers to read William Wordsworths poems.C Only gross and violent words can arouse peoples excitement.DWilliam Wordsworths poems are the application of gross and violent stimulants.解析：推理判断题。由第一段可知不需使用粗俗的、充满暴力的刺激物就会使人脑兴奋，拜读一下Wordsworth的那些话就能证明这一点，也就是说，他的诗句没有使用粗俗

47、的话语，但能让人脑兴奋，因此选B。答案：B10In what way did the researchers make their conclusion?ABy questionnaire.BBy online chatting.CBy lab experiment.DBy telephone interview.解析：细节理解题。第三段说这些研究人员使用一些设备来查看那些志愿者在阅读英文经典文学作品时的大脑活动，再结合第四段中的“experiment”一词可知他们是通过试验得出结论的。答案：C11 According to the researchers at the University

48、of Liverpool，reading classical works can benefit readers in_.Ahelping relieve their pressureBhelping them focus more on their workChelping them think about themselves carefullyDhelping keep their spirits up for a whole day解析：细节理解题。第二段说，这些研究人员发现，莎士比亚和华兹华斯的作品能吸引读者的注意力，让他们进行自我反思，从而升华其灵魂，因此C项正确。答案：C12 Which of the following sets off the most electrical activity in the brain?AReading nursery rhymes.BReading selfhelp books.CReading an adapted version of King Lear.DReading Shakespeares sonnets(十四行诗)in Middle English解析：推理判断题。倒数第二段说，莎士比亚的原文把mad用作动词，这比现代版的直接意译更能促使大脑活动，再由第四段的内容可知，D项最能引起大脑的电波活动。答案：D