精品高二英语同步课件：UNIT1 SECTIONⅣ GRAMMAR .ppt

1、Section Unit 1语法讲座写作讲座知识必备专题练习佳作观摩技法指导专题练习动词不定式一、概念动词不定式由“to动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。二、时态与语态主动语态被动语态意义一般时to doto be done表示动作与谓语动作同时发生完成时to have doneto have been done表示动作发生在谓语动作之前进行时to be doing表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行They seem to have known each other for a long tim

2、e.他们好像认识好长时间了。They pretended to be working hard when the teacher came in.老师进来时他们假装正在用功。I wanted the letter to be typed at once.我要这封信立刻打印出来。I think its an honor to have been given a chance to speak at the meeting.被给予机会在会上发言我感到荣幸。点津当不定式逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，就要在不定式前加上其逻辑主语，该逻辑主语通常由for或of引出。Its easy for him to w

3、ork out this math problem.对他来说解出这道数学题很容易。Its careless of you to make such a mistake.出了这样的错误，你太粗心了。三、动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定式是在不定式符号to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not。Zhang Ming asked me not to stay at home all day.张明要我不要整天待在家里。My mother let me not do it by myself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。四、动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以作主语、宾语

4、、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。1不定式作主语不定式短语作主语时，句子的谓语动词用单数形式。若不定式结构比较复杂，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语放在句子的后面。To catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea.赶早晨5点的公共汽车不是个好主意。It is not a good idea to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning.早晨很早赶5点的公共汽车不是个好主意。点津在“It is形容词不定式复合结构”句型中，当其中的形容词用来说明不定式逻辑主语的性格特点时，要由

5、of引出逻辑主语，不能用for。这类形容词主要有bold,brave,careful,careless,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,honest,kind,nice,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,wise等。It is very kind of you to help me.你帮我真是太好了。2不定式作宾语(1)下列动词的后面常跟不定式作宾语：decide/determine,learn,choose,plan,refuse,promise,want/attempt,pretend,offer,manage,expect/wis

6、h/hope,agree,ask/beg,help,prepare,threaten,tend,claim,desire/long,apply,fail,hesitate。The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。He cant afford to buy the expensive car.他买不起那辆昂贵的小汽车。点津常接不定式作宾语的动词的记忆口诀：决心学会选计划，拒绝答应想假装；主动设法愿希望，同意请求帮一帮；准备威胁易声称，渴望申请败踌躇。(2)常用句型“主语v.itadj./n.to do sth.”。其

7、中，it为形式宾语，to do.为真正的宾语。能用于这一句型的动词有：think,find,make,believe,consider,suppose,feel等。I think it useful to learn a foreign language.我认为学门外语很有用。考题印证1(2012安徽高考)I remembered _ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.Alocking Bto lockChaving locked Dto have locked解析：选 考查非谓语动词。句意：

8、我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。remember to do表示“记得要做”，与后半句中的“forgot to.”相对应。B3不定式作表语放于be,become,sound,taste等系动词后面常表示将来的动作或起解释说明作用，其主语常常是wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job等表示意向、打算、计划的词。His dream is to be a doctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。My work is to clean the room every day.我的工作是每天清扫房间。4不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语(1)常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask,t

9、ell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等；有些动词常跟“to be形容词”构成复合结构，如think,consider,imagine,prove,find,know,suppose等。Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。(2)在make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,

10、observe,listen to,look at等动词(词组)后的复合宾语中，不定式不带to，变为被动语态时则要带to，此时不定式作主语补足语。在help后，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。The boss made the workers work 10 hours a day.老板让工人们一天工作10小时。(宾语补足语)The workers were made to work 10 hours a day by the boss.(主语补足语)工人们被老板要求一天工作10小时。考题印证2(2012江西高考)Having finished her project,she was inv

11、ited by the school _ to the new students.Aspeaking Bhaving spokenCto speak Dto have spoken解析：选 考查非谓语动词。invite sb.to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，其被动形式为：be invited to do sth.由于还没有去，所以用不定式的一般式。C5不定式作状语动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。(1)表示目的：也可用于so as和in order之后表强调。She went to the hospital to se

12、e her grandfather yesterday.昨天她去医院看望了她爷爷。She asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5：00 plane.为了赶上5点的飞机她让我开车把她送到机场。考题印证3(2012四川高考)Simon made a big bamboo box_ the little sick bird till it could fly.Akeep BkeptCkeeping Dto keep解析：选 考查非谓语动词。句意：Simon 做了一个大竹筐饲养那只生病的小鸟，直到它能飞起来。此处是动词不

13、定式作目的状语。D(2)表示结果：可用于enough to,so.as to,such.as to,only to.以及too.to等结构中。Have you got enough room to seat all of us?你有足够的空间让我们都坐下吗？She is too weak to join us in the outing.她太虚弱以至于不能加入我们的旅行。点津only to do sth.与only doing sth.都可作结果状语，其区别是：only to do sth.表示一个与主语愿望相反或出乎主语意料的结果，或用来暗示最初的未能实现的动作；only doing sth

14、.表谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果，另外，only doing也可作伴随状语表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。He searched the room only to find nothing.他搜索了房间，没发现什么。His father passed away,only leaving him a little money.他父亲去世了，只给他留下了少量的钱。(3)表示原因：常用于表情绪或心理活动的形容词之后。They were surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这个消息他们很惊讶。Im glad to hear this.我很高兴听到这个。(4)用

15、于“be性质形容词不定式”结构中。常见的形容词有：easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,light,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。The box is not easy to carry.这个箱子不易携带。点津在这一结构中，不定式to do用主动形式表示被动意义。考题印证441(2012辽宁高考)This machine is very easy _.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.Aoperating Bto be

16、 operatingCoperated Dto operate解析：选 考查非谓语动词。在句型“主语beadj.to do”中，如果主语与动词do为逻辑上的主动关系，用不定式的主动形式表被动，故选D。D42(2012四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only _ his plane high up in the sky.Afinding Bto findCbeing found Dto have found解析：选 考查非谓语动词。句意：汤姆乘的士赶到机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已经飞入高空了。此处only后接动词不定式短语表示意想不到的结果。故选B。B6

17、不定式作定语(1)动词不定式常常放在抽象名词attempt,ability,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,plan,way或不定代词something,nothing等后面作后置定语。Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你具备读写英语的能力吗？I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会外出观光。(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系。He was the best man to d

18、o the job.他是做这项工作最好的人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女性。点津不定式作定语时，如果其逻辑主语是句子的主语，不定式用主动形式；如果这个不定式是不及物动词，其后应有相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。考题印证5(2011湖南高考)The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself

19、.Aexpressing Bexpressed Cto express Dto be expressed 解析：选 考查非谓语动词。ability 后常接不定式一般时的主动形式作定语，意为“做的能力”。句意：表达思想的能力和思想本身一样重要。C五、“疑问词动词不定式”结构疑问词“what,how,when,where,which动词不定式”结构可作主语、表语和宾语等。How to solve the problem is still a challenge for us.如何解决这个难题对我们仍是一个谜。I dont know where to buy books of this kind.我

20、不知道到哪里去买这种书。六、动词不定式的省略一些动词、词组式句型中用省略to的不定式。(1)Why./Why not.？表示建议，后接省略to的动词不定式。Why not visit the World Expo?为什么不去参观世博会呢？(2)would rather,had better,may as well等后接省略to的不定式。Youd better lose some weight.你最好减减肥。(3)cant help but,cannot but,do nothing but等后接省略to的不定式。I cant but choose to go.我不得不去。I could do

21、nothing but wait until he came back.我什么也不能做，只能等他回来。They had nothing to do but move.They had no choice but to move.他们别无选择，只好搬家。(4)使役动词let,have,make和感官动词see,hear,feel等后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但当宾语补足语变为主语补足语时，不定式必须加to。Let him try once more.让他再试一次吧。I saw him enter the room.我看见他进了房间。He was seen to enter the room

22、.有人看见他进了房间。点此进入建 议 信假如你是李华，经常和你的澳大利亚笔友Tony用英文通信。最近他来信说打算买一台笔记本电脑(laptop computer)以促进学习，想征求你的意见。请根据下列提示回信：1建议他放弃这个想法。2你的理由是：(1)容易染上坏习惯；(2)学习好坏的关键在于自身努力。注意：1.文章要包括以上所有要点；2词数100左右。Dear Tony，Thank you for your letter.To tell you the truth,Ive thought a lot about whether you should buy a laptop computer

23、to help you with your study.In my opinion,youd better not.For one reason,its very easy for you to form some bad habits once you have it,such as playing computer games,seeing movies and so on,which will be a waste of time.For another reason,buying a laptop computer doesnt mean you can study well.If y

24、ou want to make progress,you need to put your heart into your study and work hard.Whether you have a computer or not is not the most important.Do you agree with me?Looking forward to your reply!Best wishesLi Hua本文分三段。第一段表明自己对此事的看法；第二段陈述理由；第三段表达了自己的愿望。(1)句使用了宾语从句；句使用了itsadj.for sb.to do句型，once引导的条件状语

25、从句及which引导的非限制性定语从句；句使用了if引导的条件状语从句；句使用了whether引导的主语从句。这些复合句的使用显示出作者具有很强的驾驭语言的能力。(2)句、for one reason,for another reason连接词的使用，使文章过渡自然，表达顺畅。(3)句、分别使用了had better,a waste of,make progress,put your heart into及look forward to等短语，体现了作者扎实的语言功底。如何写建议信建议性书信是向别人提出建议的书信，其目的是要使对方接受自己的想法、主张，解决有关问题。因此建议性书信要写得简明扼要

26、、目的明确、理由充分、具有说服力。正文是建议信的主体部分，其结构如下：第一部分：写信的目的及建议的理由。可以包括某种现象或危害，然后很自然地引出建议的理由，理由要合情合理，语气得当，委婉且有礼貌。第二部分：建议的内容。根据问题所在有针对性地提出建议，同时可以适当地阐述这种建议的理由，以使人信服和接受。第三部分：希望对方采纳并表示感谢。黄金表达建议信开头常用句式1I am writing to express my views about.2You have asked for my advice on.and I will try to make some suggestions.表达建议常用

27、句式3If I were you,I would.4I would like to suggest that.5It would seem to me that you could.6I think it would be more beneficial if you could.7In my opinion,you should.8In my experience,it seems that.建议信结尾常用句式9I believe you will take my advice into account.10I hope you will find these proposals/recommendations practical/helpful.点此进入