2023届新教材高考英语全程一轮复习 第五讲 构词法.docx

1、第五讲构词法12021浙江6月卷 In 1844 they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their _ (marry)ceremony in 1842.22021全国乙卷It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become _(educate) about the areasboth in terms of geographical conditions and cultu

2、ral characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the _(develop) of the local areas.32020北京卷Because of the confidence she inspired in me, Ive carved out a _ (success) profession as a journalist.42020北京卷Oliver says if youre _(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enj

3、oys cooking, ask them if/whether you can join in when its possible. 考点研析多维讲练 考点一 名词的构词规律1.动词变名词的后缀(1)-al表示人、物、行为、状态(特殊：去e-al)approve 赞成approval 赞成survive 幸存survival 幸存arrive 到达arrival 到达；到达者；到来物refuse 拒绝refusal 拒绝propose 提议proposal 提议；建议(2)-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为appear 出现appearance 出现；外貌perform 表演perf

4、ormance 表演exist 存在existence 存在prefer 较喜欢preference 偏爱refer 参考；查阅reference 参考；查阅depend 依靠dependence 依赖；依靠guide 指引guidance 引导；指导(3)-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为direct 指挥；指导direction 方向；指导expect 期待expectation 期待；期望explain 解释explanation 解释invite 邀请invitation 邀请；请柬solve 解决solution 解决compete 竞争competition 比赛；竞

5、争pronounce 发音pronunciation 发音describe 描述description 描写repeat 重复repetition 重复(4)-s(s)ion表示行为或状态discuss 讨论discussion 讨论admit 承认admission 承认；准许加入decide 决定decision 决定(5)-ing具有(特征)的hear 听hearing 听力；听觉listen 听listening 听；听力begin 开始beginning 开始部分(6)-ment表示行为、结果等achieve 达到；完成achievement 成就develop 发展developm

6、ent 发展(去e)argue 争论argument 争论；论据(7)-ure/-ture表示行为或状态fail 失败failure 失败press 压；挤pressure 压力mix 混合mixture 混合物expose 暴露exposure 面临；暴露(8)-y表示的动作(或过程)recover 恢复recovery 恢复；痊愈discover 发现discovery 发现(9)其他常见变化：choose 选择choice 选择vary 相异variety 多样化；品种tend 倾向tendency 趋向；趋势grow 生长growth 生长marry 结婚marriage 婚姻carr

7、y 搬carriage 客车厢；运输pack 收拾(行李)package 包；盒post 邮寄postage 邮资；邮费store 贮存storage 贮存2形容词变名词的后缀(1)-cy表示性质、状态fluent 流利fluency 流利；流畅accurate 准确的accuracy 准确(性)private 私有的privacy 隐私efficient 效率高的efficiency 效率(2)-dom表示地位、状况等free 自由的freedom 自由wise 明智的wisdom 智慧(3)-ness表示性质、状态dark黑的darkness 黑暗weak 虚弱的weakness 虚弱ki

8、nd 友好的kindness 善良cold 寒冷的coldness 冷淡；冷漠aware 知道的；意识到的awareness 知道；意识(4)-th表示结果、过程、性质、状态warm 温暖的warmth 温暖true 真的truth 真相deep 深的depth 深(度)strong 强壮的strength 力量long 长的length 长度wide 宽的width 宽度(5)-y/-ity表示性质或状态difficult 困难的difficulty 困难honest 诚实的honesty 诚实safe 安全的safety 安全cruel 残忍的cruelty 残忍responsible 负

9、责的responsibility 责任(6)-ent变为-ence，-ant变为-ance, -nd变为-nsedifferent 不同的difference 不同(之处)silent 沉默的；不说话的silence 寂静respond 回应response 响应patient有耐心的patience 耐心absent缺席的absence 缺席present 出席的presence 出席confident 自信的confidence 信心convenient方便的convenience 便利important重要的importance 重要(性)defend防御；保卫defense/defen

10、ce 防御；保护即学即练(单句语法填空)12022山东省泰安市模拟 In the eyes of the Yi people, fire is the symbol of light, which is believed to have the ability to drive away insects and pests and protect the _ (grow) of crops.22022河南省实验中学联考 This _(achieve) marks that China has reached the first great breakthrough on the path to

11、 full-scale quantum computinga quantum computational advantage, also known as “quantum supremacy”32022银川市考前适应性训练“The new robotic arms cost no more than 1，000 yuan，” said Chen Xiaoping, _ (direct) of the Robotics Laboratory at USTC, adding that this gives them an advantage for much wider application.

12、42022湖南长郡中学二模 Chinese people are proud of their food. However, when foreigners like Britons think of Chinese food, their _ (impress) of it is different to what you might think.考点二 形容词和副词的词形转换1.形容词的构词规律类别例词词尾加-ycloudcloudy, lucklucky, healthhealthy, sleepsleepy词尾加-(e)dgiftgifted, talenttalented, adva

13、nceadvanced, exciteexcited词尾加ingsurprisesurprising, convinceconvincing, frightenfrightening词尾加-ful/-lessmeaningmeaningful/meaningless, carecareful/careless, helphelpful/helpless, harmharmful/harmless, homehomeless, colourcolourful/colourless, useuseful/useless, thankthankful/thankless, peacepeaceful

14、/peaceless词尾加-ablecomfortcomfortable, knowledgeknowledgeable, acceptacceptable, respectrespectable词尾加-ousdangerdangerous, couragecourageous, humourhumorous词尾的-ce变为-tconfidenceconfident, differencedifferent词尾加-almusicmusical, personpersonal, nationnational, educationeducational, traditiontraditional词

15、尾加-lyfriendfriendly, weekweekly, lovelovely词尾加-enwoodwooden, woolwoolen其他常见变化energyenergetic, foolfoolish, pleasurepleasant/pleased, sciencescientific以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加-y(如sunsunny, funfunny等)，以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加-y(如noisenoisy, iceicy, tastetasty等)动词词尾加ive/ativeattractattractive, talktalkative,

16、preventpreventive, protectprotective提示如何区分-ed形容词与-ing形容词解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人”(-ing)，还是“感到”(-ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(-ing)，还是感受(-ed)。具体如下：(1)-ing型形容词主要用于修饰物或事，表示事物的性质特征，常译为“令人的”。(2)-ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑), feeling(感觉), appearance(外貌), cry(哭), face(面部表情), voice(声音),

17、mood(情绪), look(表情)等表示人的情绪状况的名词。2副词的构词规律类别例词形容词后缀-lyclearclearly, greatgreatly, loudloudly, suddensuddenly, sinceresincerely以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词，把y变成i再加-lyhappyhappily, heavyheavily, angryangrily, luckyluckily, noisynoisily*shyshyly(y的发音为/a/，直接加ly)词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加-yterribleterribly, possiblepossibly, g

18、entlegently, probableprobably, comfortablecomfortably, responsibleresponsibly, suitablesuitably (例外：wholewholly)词尾为-ue的形容词，去掉e再加-lytruetruly(高中阶段仅此一例)词尾为-ll的形容词，直接加-yfullfully, dulldully词尾为-ic的形容词，加-allybasicbasically, scientificscientifically, specificspecifically, automaticautomatically即学即练(单句语法填空

19、)12021浙江卷1月 But 30 years later, the BMI differences between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed _(sharp).22020新高考卷 In the 18th and 19th centuries，_(wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art.3江苏高考 Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench

20、, hands trembling as he _(gentle) placed his fingers on the keys.42022昆明三诊一模David Katz was upset by all the plastic going into the ocean. To help solve the problem，he had a _ (create) ideato treat plastic like money.考点三 动词的构词规律前/后缀例词前缀enableenable 使能够 largeenlarge 扩大richenrich 使充实；使丰富 dangerendanger

21、 危及courageencourage 鼓励 sureensure 保证后缀enbroadbroaden 使变宽riperipen 使成熟sharpsharpen 使尖锐 widewiden 加宽shortshorten 变短 deepdeepen 加深darkdarken 使变暗 hardharden 使变硬ifyclassclassify 把分类 justjustify 证明正确purepurify净化simplesimplify 简化 beautybeautify 美化izeapologyapologize 道歉 emphasisemphasize 强调memorymemorize 记住

22、 realrealize 认识到；实现即学即练(单句语法填空)1You can_ (large) your vocabulary in many ways such as reading books and listening to the radio.2In order to _(rich) our campus life, our school organized a 5 km cross-country running race last Sunday.32020全国卷 While Queensland Rail makes every effort to _(sure) trains

23、run as scheduled, there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.42022T8八校高三联考 This can _ (deep) their knowledge about the history of the moon and the solar system.名师指津转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词名词动词face (n.脸v.面

24、对)shoulder (n.肩v.肩负)water (n.水v.浇水)back (n.背v.支持)name (n.名字v.命名)动词名词look (v.n.)看try (v.n.)尝试dream (v.n.)梦想chat (v.n.)聊天形容词动词empty (adj.空的v.倒空)slow (adj.慢的v.减慢)dirty (adj.脏的v.弄脏)warm (adj.暖的v.使变暖)形容词副词hard (adj.难的adv.努力)high (adj.高的adv.高)deep (adj.深的adv.深)wide (adj.宽的adv.宽)名师指津 high、deep、wide用作副词时表示具

25、体概念，而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象概念。小试牛刀.语法填空2022兰州市高三诊断A Mirror of Chinese cultureWhat comes to mind when you think of kung fu？If your mind 1._ (fill) with images of Shaolin monks，Bruce Lee，jaw-dropping stunts or Kung Fu Panda，you wouldnt be wrong.But for Laurence JBrahm，an American documentary filmmak

26、er，the first thing 2._ springs to mind is the concept of non-violence.“Kung fu，in my eyes，is a mirror of Chinese culture，” Brahm said.“The traditional 3._ (value) of kung fu，actually，are in the minds of all Chinese people.”“China adopts a policy of not wanting 4._ (have) conflict with other countrie

27、s.Why does China want to be in harmony 5._ other nations？Its part of the psychology of the Chinese people.Its also 6._ (nation) psychology.”Brahm also believes that todays world 7._ (urgent) needs to restart equal exchanges between countries without stereotypes (成见)，and that culture and sports，such

28、as kung fu, can serve as 8._ great channel and platform.“In the same way，since pingpong as a cultural and sports exchange 9._ (open) relations for China with the West in the 1970s，kung fu can become the new cultural diplomacy (外交) of our time，10._ (bring) people together in mutual sharing of skills

29、and culture，and furthering respect and understanding.”.写作运用补全下面写作，注意构成法的运用。Dear Li Jiang，You mentioned in your letter that 1. _(你花费很多时间网上聊天和玩电子游戏)since you entered high school, which I totally disapprove of.2_ (网络有许多优点) such as abundant uptodate information accessible to us, which improves our learn

30、ing efficiency. 3._(也存在许多弊端). The teenagers 4._ (沉迷于玩电子游戏和网上聊天) will be more likely to withdraw from society, which 5._ (对身心有害).Therefore, I feel it vital for us to limit our use of the Internet and develop a positive attitude towards life. I do hope my advice will be of help.Yours，Li Hua第五讲构词法高考感悟1

31、答案与解析：marriage考查词性转换。根据句意可知，此处要用名词marriage作ceremony的定语，表示“结婚仪式，结婚典礼”。故填marriage。2答案与解析：educateddevelopment考查形容词。在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，educated“受过教育的，有教养的”。考查名词。空格在冠词the之后，应填名词development“发展”。3答案与解析：successful考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。profession 为名词， 意为“职业”，故应用形容词来修饰。故填successful。4答案与解析：lucky考查形容词。句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运

32、，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词，所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。考点研析多维讲练考点一1答案与解析：growth句意：火在彝族人眼中是光的象征，火被认为有驱除害虫和保护农作物生长的能力。空处作宾语，表示“生长”应用名词growth，表抽象概念，不可数。2答案与解析：achievement句意：这一成就标志着中国实现了全面量子计算道路上的第一个重大突破量子计算优势，也被称为“量子霸权”。空处作主语，表示“成就”应用名词achievement，this修饰可数名词单数。3答案与解析：director此处用direct的名词形式director作Chen Xiaoping的同位语，

33、意为“主管，负责人”。4答案与解析：impression句意：中国人对他们的菜感到自豪。然而，当像英国人这样的外国人想到中国菜时，他们对中国菜的印象与你想的可能不同。在形容词性物主代词their后应用名词作主语，名词impression意为“印象”，符合语境，根据is可知用其单数形式。 考点二1答案与解析：sharply考查副词。空格处修饰动词narrowed。故用副词sharply“急剧地，大幅度地”。2答案与解析：wealthy考查词性转换。根据空格后的名词people可知，这里应用形容词wealthy作定语。3答案与解析：gently考查词性转换。根据空格后的动词placed可知，这里应

34、用副词gently作状语。4答案与解析：creative考查词性转换(动词变形容词)。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰名词idea，应用形容词形式。故填creative。考点三1答案：enlarge2答案：enrich3答案：ensure4答案：deepen小试牛刀.语法填空【语篇解读】本文是说明文。介绍了Laurence JBrahm眼中的中国功夫。Brahm认为中国功夫是中国文化的一面镜子。1答案与解析：is filled考查时态和语态。文章的主体时态是一般现在时。mind和fill是被动关系，这里用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is filled。2答案与解析：that考查定语从句。空外引导定语从

35、句，关系词在从句中作主语，指的是物，先行词被the first修饰。故关系词用that。3答案与解析：values考查名词的数。根据谓语动词are可知，空处应该是复数形式。故填values。4答案与解析：to have考查非谓语动词。want to do sth.“想要做某事”为固定用法。故填to have。5答案与解析：with考查介词。be in harmony with为固定搭配。故填with。6答案与解析：national考查词性转换。空处修饰后面的名词psychology，应用形容词。故填national。7答案与解析：urgently考查词性转换。空处修饰后面的动词needs，应用

36、副词。故填urgently。8答案与解析：a考查冠词。空后的“channel and platform”是可数名词单数，表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且great的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。9答案与解析：opened考查时态。分析句子结构可知，空处作从句的谓语，根据时间状语“in the 1970s”可知，从句应用一般过去时。故填opened。10答案与解析：bringing考查非谓语动词。主句已有谓语“can become”，空处应填非谓语动词，bring和其逻辑主语kung fu是主谓关系。故填bringing。.写作运用1答案：you have spent much time chatting and playing computer games online2答案：There are many advantages of the Internet3答案：Meanwhile, there exist many disadvantages as well4答案：addicted to playing computer games or chatting online5答案：does great harm to physical and mental health