后置定语详解 状语位置研究.docx

1、后置前译 前言：为什么很多英语句子，单词都能看懂，但是就是翻译不出来，或者做阅读理解的时候因为翻译不准确造成丢分？其实是因为英语的表达顺序不一样。如果和汉语顺序一样，我们也就不需要学习语法了，只背单词就好了。顺序不一样就意味着我们翻译的时候必须将后面的一些短语或者句子翻译在前面，有些翻译在全句最前面，有些翻译在前面的单词的前面，在高考中，越长的句子，出现后置前译的次数越多。 一：定语篇 汉语中的定语永远是前置的：1我们学校的（领属性的）一个（数量）刻苦钻研的（动词豆语）年轻（形容词）语文教师（名词）在科研方面作出了优异的成绩。2国家队的（领属性的）一位（数量）有20多年教学经验的（动词短语）优

2、秀的（形容词）篮球（名词）女（名词）教练。排法：1一般的排序方法来看，一般的次序是所属数量动词短语形容词名词表领属性的或时间、处所的指称数量的短语动词或动词短语开容词或形容词短语名词或名词短语。所以英语中的前置定语我们不会翻译错，但是后置定语（放在名词后的定语）需要我们进行前置翻译。这样才符合汉语表达习惯。定语位置规则：1.单词作定语一般前置一个苹果 一个大苹果 一个红苹果an apple a big apple a red apple2.短语和句子作定语需要后置定语位于所修饰词语的前面叫前置定语，放在所修饰词语后面的定语叫后置定语。介词短语、分词短语和定语从句作定语时，通常作后置定语。如：（

3、1）介词短语：1.The penon the deskis mine.桌上的那支钢笔是我的。2.Threeof themare from China. 他们当中有三个人是来自中国。3.There are birdssinging in the tree.树上有正在歌唱的小鸟。（2.1）分词短语（现分doing和过分done）：1.The girlwearing a pair of glassesis Susan.戴眼镜的女孩是苏珊。2.The housebeing builtis Childrens House.正在建造的房子是“儿童之家”。3.The questionsraised at t

4、he meetingmust be paid attention to. 在会上被提出的问题必须得引起注意。（2.2）不定式短语(to do)：1.Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.库克船长是最后一个离开正在下沉的船的人。（3）定语从句：Jim began to talk to a girlwho sat next to him.吉姆开始和坐在他身旁的姑娘讲话。单个的单词作定语一般位于所修饰词语的前面，即前置定语。如：He is a clever boy.他是位聪明的男孩。不定式拓展,不定式作后置定语的特征: The

5、y have a lot of homework to do everyday.(homework和to do是动宾关系) 正译：每天他们有许多要做的作业。 Would you like something to drink? 你想要一些喝的东西么？ Captain Cook was the last one to leave the sinking ship.库克船长是最后一个离开正在下沉的船的人。（被only first last next 以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用to do作后置定语）抽象名词后表名词的内容：ability ambition attempt chance

6、courage time decision effort failure promise right(权利) way wish +to doHe has fulfilled(实现) his ambition（雄心）to be a writer.表即将发生的动过，相当于定语从句The conference to take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.=The conference which will take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance.二：状语篇

7、 状语的位置？Excuse me?状语（一） 副词1.时间副词和地点副词They went boating in Zhongshan Park yesterday.他们昨天去中山公园划船了。时间副词可以提前Yesterday they went boating in Zhongshan Park. 英语表达：先地点后时间2. 频度副词： always(100%),usually(80%),often(60%),sometimes(40%),seldom(20%),hardly(5%),rarely,never(0%)实义动词之前，情态动词，助动词或者系动词之后。（简称动前be后） He is

8、late. He is often late.He goes climbing on weekends. He often goes climbing on weekends. She is sometimes very busy.3.修饰全句的副词。位置灵活Fortunately, he escaped being killed in the car accident.Fortunately he escaped being killed in the car accident.He escaped being killed in the car accident, fortunately.

9、Nothing,certainly,is more important than health.4.动词+副词 动副短语 跟代词时有限制。Put it down. Put down it. Put down your book. Put your book down.5.修饰介短,放介短前。 Theres a house, right in front of you.6.否定副词never,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,little.I have never seen such a thing in my college days. 状语（二） 介词短语We li

10、ve in Guizhou.She got there at four.They came here by train.The game was put off because of rain.We went out for a walk after supper.=We went out to have a walk after supper. They play football in spite of the rain.状语（三）非谓语短语 现在分词作方式状语要前置翻译。 Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问

11、题to do作原因状语 I am sorry to hear that. 听到那件事情我很难过。状语（四）9种状语从句只有if条件句在后面的时候先翻译。If you work hard, you will succeed.=You will succeed if you work hard.附表1always频率最高，表示动作重复、状态继续，表示“一直、总是”，其反义词为never。always等与not连用时，表示部分否定。如：The rich are not always happy. 有钱的人并不总是快乐的。如果要变为否定句，应将always改为never才能全部否定。如：Li Ping

12、 is always late for school. 李平上学总是迟到。Li Ping is never late for school.（全部否定）Li Ping is not always late for school. （部分否定）频度副词通常和一般现在时连用，表示动作发生的频率。但always与进行时连用时，并不强调动作正在进行，而是表示赞叹、厌烦等情绪。如：He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。（赞叹）She is always asking silly questions. 她总是问些愚蠢的问题。（厌烦）usually意为“通常”，表

13、示习惯性动作或状态，很少有例外。如：We usually go to school at seven in the morning. 我们通常在早上七点上学。My mother and I usually go shopping on Sundays. 我和妈妈通常在星期天去买东西。Often意为“经常，时常”，表示反复性的动作或状态，中间有间断，不如usually那么频繁。其反义词是seldom。often在句尾时常被very或quite修饰。如：It often rains here in April. 这儿四月份常下雨。The boys often eat noodles and the

14、 girls sometimes eat them. 男生经常吃面条，女生有时吃。I often chat with my friends under the big tree. 我经常在这棵大树下和朋友聊天。He writes to his friends quite often. 他常给他的朋友写信。sometimes意为“有时”，频率不及often，表示动作偶尔发生，间断时间较长。其位置比较灵活，放在句首、句中、句末都可。如：Sometimes we go to the cinema and at other times we go for a walk.有时我们去看电影，有时我们去散步

15、。I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有时晚上看电视。My father has lunch in the factory sometimes. 我父亲有时在工厂吃午饭。seldom意为“很少”，这个副词表示否定意义，动作几乎不会发生。如：He seldom eats breakfast. 他很少吃早餐。The little girl seldom goes out. 这个小女孩很少外出。I will never forget your kindness. 我永远忘不了你的好意。hardly具有否定意义，表示“几乎不、简直不”，除非特殊情况，否则不会发生

16、。如：The boy is so young that he could hardly understand it. 这个孩子太小了，不可能懂得这件事。never意为“从不”表示动作不会发生.例如：I never go to school by taxi.我从不坐出租车去上学。The boys never eat chocolate and the girls seldom eat it. 男生从不吃巧克力，女生很少吃。对上述频度副词提问时，用how often。如：I write to my brothersometimes.How often do you write to your br

17、other？附表2（建议前面都理解后再看）：但是，单个的单词作定语在下列五点情况下则要后置：1.以a-开头的具有表语特征的形容词。如alive, asleep, awake以及present,accessible,等。1.We at last caught the wolfalive. 我们终于活捉了这匹狼。2.The personasleepis wounded badly.睡着的这个人受伤很严重。3.You can choose one from all the subjectsaccessible. 你可以从这些易于理解的主题中选一个。4.Everybodypresentwelcomed

18、 the decision.出席的人都欢迎那个决议。2.表示地点或时间的副词，如today, yesterday, here, there, downstairs, upstairs, abroad, above等。1.The temperaturetodayis seventy degreesFahrenheit.今天的气温是华氏70度。2.The sport meetingyesterdaywas very successful. 昨天的运动会非常成功。3.The peopleherelive a happy life. 这儿的人们过着幸福的生活。4.How about the livin

19、gthere? Is it cheap?那里的生活怎么样?便宜吗?5.He turned the radio down so that he shouldnt disturb the old ladydownstairs.为了不打扰楼下的老太太，他把收音机音量调低了。6.I had the good fortune to be chosen for a tripabroad.我真幸运，被选中出国旅行。7.Put the biscuits on the shelfabove.把饼干放到上面的架子上。3.else修饰疑问词或不定代词。1.Whatelsehave you seen there? 你

20、在那儿还看到别的什么？2.Whereelsewould you like to travel?你还想到别的什么地方去旅游？3.I have somethingelseto do. 我还有别的事要办。4.Do you have anythingelseto ask me? 还有别的事要问我吗？4.修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing的形容词。1.Theres nothingdifficultin the world. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。2.He told me somethingstrangetoday. 他今天告诉了我件怪事。5.单个分词作定语通常作前置定

21、语，但有时也见后置的情况，相当于一个定语从句。1.That manlaughing(=who is laughing) is Li Leis father. 那个大笑的人是李雷的爸爸。2.This will be the best novel of its kind everwritten(=that has ever been written).这将是这类小说中写得最好的。3.Dont worry! Theres a little timeleft(=that is left).不要担心!还剩下一点时间。4.The problemsconcernedwill be solved soon.(人们)所关心的问题将很快得到解决。