山西省武乡县第一中学英语人教版必修3 UNIT 4 ASTRONOMY：THE SCIENCE OF THE STARS 课文知识点解析.doc

1、Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars 课文知识点解析Warming UpDiscuss in pairs which science subjects are part of medicine,biochemistry,geophysics or astronomy.分组讨论哪些科学科目是医学，生物化学，地理学或天文学的一部分。in pairs=two at a time=in twos 一次两个，两个一组 e.g.Shoes and slippers are sold in pairs.鞋子都是论双卖的。注意：in+数词/名词（数词/名词以复数形

2、式）e.g.in threes and fours 三三两两的in groups 成群的思维拓展in在这里表示：以数量/形式、形状等。e.g.Tourists queue in thousands to see the tomb.游客数以千计排着队看陵墓。Reading1.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.这一问题变得越来越不确定，因为这一球体形状是否能够维持尚未明朗。(1)violent adj. 猛

3、烈的；激烈的；强暴的a violent language 激烈的语言a violent storm 猛烈的风暴a violent 猛攻思维拓展violence n.U1.暴力，强暴2.猛烈，剧烈，强烈(2)whether.or not. “是还是”在这里是主语从句,它还可以引导宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。e.g.I dont know whether he will agree with me.（宾语）我不知道他是否同意我的观点。The question is whether he will agree to my proposal.（表语）问题是他是否同意我的建议。I have

4、 no idea whether he can do it or not.（同位语）我不知道他是否能做这件事。2.It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to produce the water vapour,carbon dioxide,oxygen,nitrogen and other gases,.球体发生剧烈爆炸，伴有火焰和岩浆，这些最终生成水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧气、氮气及其他气体，全析提示whether or not 其后还可跟不定式， 构成whether to do or not。e.g.Whether to

5、go there or not is still a question.是否去还是个疑问。在此结构中，whether 不能用if 替换。explode v.爆发；爆炸e.g.The bomb fell in a field and exploded.一颗炸弹落在田野上爆炸了。At last his anger exploded.最后他发火了。explode with laughter 突然大笑3.As the earth cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.在地球冷却的过程中，其表面开始出现水。思维拓展explosion n.1.C

6、 & U爆炸；爆发2.C激增；扩大explosive adj.1.爆炸的;爆发的2.极易引起争论的cool vi. & vt. （使）凉快；（使）冷却e.g.The hot water began to cool.热水开始冷却。Cool the drinks,please; put some ice in them.请把这些饮料弄凉，在里面放些冰。思维拓展cool adj.凉的，凉快的；（指人）冷淡的，冷漠的：e.g.She was rather cool towards us.她对我们相当冷淡。4.What scientists think is that the earth was dif

7、ferent because of the arrival of small plants growing in the water on its surface.科学家认为,地球与众不同，是因为生活在水中的一些微小植物来到地球表面。这是一个复杂句式。其中what一词引导的是主语从句。全析提示what在主语从句中充当宾语。5.They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen.地球上的植物细胞增加并使海洋中富含氧气。(1)multiply vt.& vi.乘;增多，增加e.g.Multiply 3 by 5.用五来乘

8、三。Efficiency would be multiplied several times.效率将提高好几倍。Rabbits multiply rapidly.思维拓展multiplication n.1.C 乘法2.U 增加，繁殖兔子繁殖得很快。(2)fill.with 把装满；用充满e.g.He filled the glass with water.他把玻璃杯倒满水。It filled his heart with sadness.这件事使他心里充满悲伤。全析提示be filled with 充满；挤满e.g.I am filled with joy.我内心充满着喜悦。The stre

9、ets were filled with people.街上挤满了人。6.This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.思维拓展这促进了早期贝类、鱼类的进化。development n.U 发展;冲洗e.g.With the development of modern agriculture and industry,more and more waste is produced.随着现代农业和工业的发展，越来越多的废物产生了。He is engaged in the development o

10、f his business.他正忙于业务发展。The development of photo films requires a dark room.冲洗照片底片需要暗房。develop vt.发展，养成；开发；冲洗（胶卷）e.g.Can you develop this film for us?你能代我们冲洗这个胶卷吗？7.They produced young generally by laying eggs.思维拓展它们通常为卵生。generally adv.(1)广泛的，普遍地e.g.The new plan was generally welcomed.新计划受到普遍欢迎。(2)通

11、常；一般e.g.He is generally on time.他通常不迟到。generally speaking=in general一般说来e.g.Women,generally speaking,live longer than men.总的说来，女人比男人长寿。general adj.1.普遍的；全体的，总的，全面的a general strike总罢工a general election 大选2.泛指的；一般的general knowledge 一般知识3.大体的；笼统的8.They laid eggs too.它们也为卵生。lay vi.下（蛋），产（卵）e.g.Laying eg

12、gs is her full-time job.产卵是她的专职工作。The hens dont lay eggs during this cold weather.这样冷的天气母鸡是不会下蛋的。思维拓展lay还有其他含义：1.放，搁lay aside放在一边,搁一搁（暂不解决）2.安排，安置lay the table 摆桌子9.Small clever animals,now with hands and feet,appeared and spread all over the earth.一些灵长类动物，长有手和脚，出现并在世界各地蔓延开来。spread vi.伸展，延伸；传播,传开；展现

13、e.g.The city spreads for ten miles to the north.这座城市将向北延伸十里。But the story of the little boy spread quickly.但小英雄的故事很快传开了。思维拓展extend和spread都有“伸展、延伸”之意，但extend既可用作及物动词又可用作不及物动词，而spread常用作不及物动词。10.They developed new methods of growing food,hunting and moving around.它们开发出种植食物、狩猎、行走的新方法。method n.C 方法，办法e.

14、g.They use modern methods of teaching math.他们用现代教算术的方法。There is a method in doing anything.做什么事都有方法。思维拓展method n.U 规律，秩序e.g.He is a man of method.他是个有条理的人。There is method in his madness.他表面疯狂，实则理性。11.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from

15、the earth into space.它们向大气层中释放太多的二氧化碳，使得热量无法散发到太空。prevent sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止或妨碍某人/某事物 e.g.Nobody can prevent us/our getting married.谁也阻止不了我们结婚。The government took immediate measures to prevent the disease from spreading.政府立刻采取措施来阻止疾病的蔓延。类似的词还有：stop sb.from doing sth./keep sb.from doing sth.e.

16、g.Nothing can stop us from going there.什么也不能阻止我们去那里。They wanted to keep him from mixing with other children immediately.他们想让他暂时别和其他孩子一起玩。全析提示在主动语态中，prevent sb.from doing sth.和stop sb.from doing sth.中的from 都可以省略。但在被动语态中不可以。 注意：在keep sb. from doing sth.中，from 省与不省意思不同。keep sb.from doing sth.使某人不做某事kee

17、p sb.doing sth.使某人做某事e.g.Wed better keep the fire burning.最好让炉火继续烧下去。12.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.生命是否能够在未来几百万年继续在地球存在，将取决于这一问题能否得到解决。(1)depend on sth.根据某事物而定、取决于某事物e.g.A lot will depend on how she responds

18、 to the challenge.在很大程度上将取决于她对这一难题的反应。(2)depend on/upon确信，坚信，信赖e.g.You can never depend on his arriving on time.你决不可指望他能准时来。思维拓展depend on 同义词是：rely on/upon信赖;依靠count on/upon指望;仰赖;依赖e.g.We count on your help.我们仰赖你的帮助。You may rely upon my early arrival.你放心好了，我会早到的。A VISIT TO THE MOON1.Last month I was

19、 lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping,an astronomer.上个月我有幸和我的朋友李颜平(天文学家)一起去太空旅行。trip n.C 旅行；旅程全析提示表示进行旅行的短语有：take a trip go on a trip make a triphave a trip 去某地旅游，其后加介词,即trip to+some place2.Before we left,Li Yanping explained to me that the force of gravi

20、ty would change three times on our journey.出发前，李颜平对我解释说旅途中地心的引力会变化三次。force n.(1)力，力量e.g.Dont use force on your friend.对朋友不要动武。He had to use force to get the lid off the bottle.他得使劲才能打开瓶的盖子。(2)常用复数军队，生力军e.g.Both land and sea forces were stationed on that island.陆军和海军都驻扎在那个岛上。思维拓展force vt.强迫，迫使e.g.Don

21、t force yourself to write when you have nothing to say.写不出时，不要硬写。Dont force your ideas upon others.别将自己的意见强加于人。3.At first it pushed us so hard back into our seats that we could not say anything to each other.起初这种压力使劲把我们向后推倒在座位上，以致于我们彼此不能说话了。so.that “如此以至于” 引导结果状语从句。 so是副词， 后跟形容词、副词。e.g.He speaks so

22、fast that I can hardly keep up with him.思维拓展so+adj.+a/an+名词单数+that clause 可以和such +a/an+(adj.)+名词单数+that 引导的句子互换。但要注意不定冠词a/an 的位置。他说得太快了以致于我几乎都跟不上他。The views of the West Lake in Hangzhou is so beautiful that we are all struck by its beauty.西湖的景色太美了以至于我们都被它的美景给迷住了。比较：such .that 引导的结果状语从句。其中such 是形容词，

23、所以其后应跟名词。e.g.This is such a difficult problem that I can hardly work it out.这道题太难了以致于我几乎解不出来。They are such good students that the teacher takes pride in them.他们是如此好的学生以至于老师以他们为荣。注意：so.that 句型中，so 后有时也可跟名词，但名词前须有many,much,little,few。 e.g.I have so little money in my pocket that I have to ask my paren

24、ts for some.我兜里钱太少了以致于我得向父母再要点。e.g.It is such an interesting novel that we all like to read it.= It is so interesting a book that we all like to read it.这本书太有意思了以至于我们都喜欢读。4.Gradually the weight lessened and I was able to talk to him.逐渐地,重力减轻了,我能和他说话了。(1)gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地gradual adj. 逐渐的，逐步的 渐进的，

25、逐渐上升的全析提示a gradual slope 缓坡a gradual increase in the cost of living生活费的逐渐增高(2)lessen v.减少，变少；使变小，使较不重要e.g.lessen the impact/effect of sth.减少事物之冲击力（影响）lessen a persons importance贬抑某人的重要性 思维拓展less adj.更少（或更小）的；较少（或较小）的 a matter of less importance次要的事情5.“We are too far from the earth now to feel its pu

26、ll,” he explained.他解释道：“我们现在离地球很远已感受不到它的拉力。”too.to.太而不能e.g.The soldier was too weak to be sent to the front.那士兵身体太弱，不能送往前线。She has to help her mother,whos too old to work.她得帮助她母亲；她母亲年纪太大，不能干活了。思维拓展too与表示性质、程度或特征的形容词、分词或副词一起和动词不定式（短语）连用时，该不定式（短语）是肯定形式表示否定意义，但若形容词或过去分词是表示态度、情绪、心情或倾向时，该不定式表示的则是肯定意义。6.W

27、hen we get closer to the moon,we shall feel its gravity pulling us.当我们靠近月球时，我们会感到它的重力在拉我们get close to 走近，靠近close to 离很近，在附近be as close as lips to teeth 唇齿相依e.g.Come close to me.再靠近我一点。Someone followed close behind me.有人紧跟着我。思维拓展stand close to 紧挨着keep a close watch严密注视7. I cheered up immediately and

28、floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin.我立刻欢呼起来，身体失重在宇宙飞船中到处飘来飘去。cheer vt.欢呼；高呼e.g.Everyone cheered the news that the war was over.人人为战争结束的消息而欢呼。Your visit has cheered (up) the sick man.你的访问使病人高兴。cheer up 高兴起来e.g.He cheered up at once when I promised to help him.当我答应帮他忙时，他立即高兴起来。思维拓展英国人常用

29、cheers表示祝酒用语“干杯”，尤其用于打电话时说“再见”。Goodbye.Cheers.再会！再见！口语What cheer？=How do you feel?你好吗？cheerful adj.令人快乐的；高兴的；愉快的8.If you are right,my mass will be less than on the earth because the moon is smaller and I will be able to move more freely.如果你说的是正确的话，我的身体重量会比在地球上轻得多，因为月球要小得多，我能够更加自由地运动。（1）mass n.C 团；块e

30、.g.It is a mass of sand.这是一堆沙子。The trees are a mass of green to the eye.这些树木看上去是一片绿色。大宗；众多e.g.a mass of treasure 大宗财宝the great mass of the people 人民的大多数思维拓展（复数前加定冠词）群众，大众e.g.We should learn from the masses of the people.我们应该向人民群众学习。（2）less than:not as much as 不到，少于e.g.The total number of students is

31、 less than 100.学生总数不到100人。no less than:as much as 多达， 有之多（加上数字）（强调数量之多）e.g.No less than 3 000 people attended the lecture.参加讲座的人多达三千。He speaks English no less fluently than his partner.他讲英语的流利程度不亚于他的伙伴。not less than 不少于(不强调数量)e.g.Not less than 3 000 people attended the lecture.听讲座的人不少于3 000。more tha

32、n +名词 “不仅仅是”+adj. “极其”+数词“多”思维拓展no more than+数词=only not more than=数词“不超过,最多”e.g.A boy of no more than 6 got on the bus.一个只有6岁的男孩上了公共汽车。（只有6岁）A boy of not more than 6 got on the bus.一个最多6岁的男孩上了公共汽车。（可能不到6岁）9.I cried,“Walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.”我大叫：“走路确实需要练习，因为引

33、力已发生变化。”now (that) conj.由于，既然e.g.Now (that) you mention it,I do remember the incident.经你一提，我想起那件事了。Now youve passed your test you can drive on your own.驾驶考试既然合格了，你就可以独自开车了。思维拓展和now that用法相似的连词还有：as 由于/since 既然这三个连词引导的从句都表示已知或已经存在的事实。e.g.As you have known about it,I wont keep it secret.既然你已知道了，我也就不隐瞒

34、了。10.After a while I got the hang of it and we began to enjoy ourselves.过了一会儿，我熟悉了它。我们开始痛痛快快地玩起来。hang n.做法，窍门，要点get the hang of 熟悉，理解，掌握e.g.get the hang of driving a tractor得知开拖拉机的窍门I dont quite get the hang of the discourse.我并不十分了解谈话的要点。思维拓展go hang不再被关心，被忘却e.g.let things go hang 听之任之11.We watched,a

35、mazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.随着地球引力的增加，我们观察着，宇宙飞船的外面着火时，我们感到很吃惊。break out 不及物动词短语，（激烈的事件）突然发生e.g.A fighting between the two friends broke out ending the friendship kept for many years.两个朋友打起来了，同时也结束了两人多年的友谊。The war broke out in 1937.战争爆发于193

36、7年。全析提示break out的主语一般是fire,fight-ing,quarrel,war,rioting（骚乱），argument 等。Grammar主语从句以句子作主语成分的句子叫主语从句。1.引导主语从句的连接词引导主语从句的连接词可分为三类：(1)连接词：that,whether(不充当从句的任何成分)(2)连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which(3)连接副词：when,where,how,whye.g.That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。When we sh

37、all have our sports meet is still a question.我们何时开运动会仍然是一个问题。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光线沿直线运动是众所周知的。How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。2.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末，用it充当形式主语。e.g.It is not important who will go.谁去，这不重要。It is still unknown which team will wi

38、n the match.到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。It is important that we study English well.我们学好英语是很重要的。It is a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。要点提炼1.what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语的结构。e.g.误：It is a book what he wants.正：What he wants is a book.他要的东西是一本书。2.whether和if均有“是否”的意思，但引导主语从句并在句子前面时常用whether。e.g.Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.它是否对我们有害仍需要观察。3.it作形式主语代替主语从句,常见的结构有：(1)It is+名词that.It is a fact that.It is a pity that.(2)It is+形容词that.It is possible that.It is strange that.(3)It is+过去分词that.It is said that.It is reported that.(4)It is+不及物动词+that.It seems that.It happened that.